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{{Short description|1942 incident in Japanese-occupied Korea}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Prose|date=February 2024}}
{{Confusing|date=February 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{short description|incident in 1942 during the Japanese colonial rule of Korea}}


The '''Korean Language Society Incident''' refers to the arrest, torture, and imprisonment of members of the Korean Language Society, which occurred in 1942 under the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule of Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=글로벌 세계 대백과사전/한국사/민족의 독립운동/신문화운동과 3·1운동/신문화운동 - 위키문헌, 우리 모두의 도서관 |url=https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EA%B3%BC_3%C2%B71%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ko.wikisource.org |language=ko}}</ref>
The {{Nihongo|'''Korean Language Society Incident'''|朝鮮語學會事件|Chōsengo gakkai jiken|4={{Korean|hangul=조선어학회 사건}}}} refers to the arrest, torture, and imprisonment of members of the Korean Language Society, which occurred in 1942 under the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule of Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=글로벌 세계 대백과사전/한국사/민족의 독립운동/신문화운동과 3·1운동/신문화운동 - 위키문헌, 우리 모두의 도서관 Global World Encyclopedia/Korean History/National Independence Movement/New Cultural Movement and March 1st Movement/New Cultural Movement|url=https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EA%B3%BC_3%C2%B71%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ko.wikisource.org |language=ko}}</ref>


== Description ==
In October 1942, the [[South Hamgyong Province|South Hamgyong Provincial]] Police arrested members of the [[Korean Language Society]] on charges of violating the Public Security Act.<ref name="shin2016">{{cite Q|Q119269132}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=민족문제연구소 |date=2017-03-27 |title=[근현대사 25] 조선어학회사건과 조선인 형사들 |url=https://www.minjok.or.kr/archives/87611 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=민족문제연구소 |language=ko-KR}}</ref> Following torture, a confession was obtained that the [[Korean Language Society|Joseon Language Society]] was an organization having as its purpose the [[Korean independence movement|independence of Korea from Japan]]. However, at that time, the society was engaged in researching the Joseon language, establishing spelling rules, and compiling a dictionary of the Korean language. Members did not engage in group activities that would violate the (Japanese) Public Security Act.
In mid-1942, an investigation by the provincial police of [[Kankyōnan-dō]] led to the discovery of a female Korean high school student's diary. Therein she stated that she was punished at school for speaking Japanese,
which led to the arrest of teachers at her school.{{sfn|Miyata}} Consequently in October, police arrested members of the [[Korean Language Society]] in [[Keijō]] on charges of violating the [[Peace Preservation Law]].<ref name="shin2016">{{cite Q|Q119269132}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-27 |title=[근현대사 25] 조선어학회사건과 조선인 형사들 The Joseon Language Society Incident and Korean Detectives|url=https://www.minjok.or.kr/archives/87611 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=[[Center for Historical Truth and Justice]] |language=ko-KR}}</ref>{{sfn|Miyata}} Following torture, a confession was obtained that the [[Korean Language Society|Joseon Language Society]] was an organization having as its purpose the [[Korean independence movement|independence of Korea from Japan]]. However, at that time, the society was engaged in researching the Joseon language, establishing spelling rules, and compiling a dictionary of the Korean language. Members did not engage in group activities that would violate the Peace Preservation Law.


In the late 1950s, [[:ko:이희승|Lee Hee-seung]] (李熙昇) left a memoir closest to the truth. In the early 1970s, a new 'memory' was created in celebration of the 25th anniversary of liberation and the 50th anniversary of the Korean Language Society. In particular, the happening at [[Chonjin station|Jeonjin Station]], which was the beginning of the incident, was reconstructed to fit the status of the Joseon Language Society.
In the late 1950s, [[Lee Hee-seung (writer and linguist)|Lee Hee-seung]] (李熙昇) left a memoir closest to the truth. In the early 1970s, a new 'memory' was created in celebration of the 25th anniversary of liberation and the 50th anniversary of the Korean Language Society. In particular, the happening at [[Chonjin station|Jeonjin Station]], which was the beginning of the incident, was reconstructed to fit the status of the Joseon Language Society.

The writing in the diary, which is a private area, has been changed to an open space, a conversation in the train. The use of Korean, not Japanese, became a problem. From the beginning, it was 'Korean language common use' that could be interpreted in various ways. The Japanese police interpreted it in Japanese, and Korea in the 1970s interpreted it in Korean. In the 1980s, there were rebuttal recollections by the parties to the incident, but the historical narrative did not change. It was because the Joseon Language Society was already a symbol of suffering and resistance through the medium of the national language.

In October 1942, the [[South Hamgyong Province|Ham-kyung Nam-do Provincial]] police agency arrested people concerned in Korean Language Society for an offense against the peace preservation law. With brutal torture, the police got a confession from them that 'the society was organized for the purpose of the independence movement.' However, Korean Language Society had as its aims the study of the Korean language, the standardisation the orthography, and the compilation of a Korean dictionary. The members had a national consciousness, but their group activities were not against the peace preservation law.

In the late 1950s, [[:ko:이희승|Lee Hee-seung]] (李熙昇) wrote his memoir that approximated to the facts. In the late 1970s, 'a new memory' was made around the 25th anniversary of national independence and the 50th anniversary of Korean Language Society. In particular, the rise in the affair that happened in [[Chonjin station|Jeonjin Station]] was reconstituted as befits the status of Korean Language Society.

The private record in a diary was turned into a conversation in a train, an open space. The problem was the use of Korean language, not Japanese. 'The common use of National language' had been interpreted in many different ways. Japanese police interpreted it into Japanese, and Korea in the 1970s did it into Korean. In the 1980s the person involved wrote his memoir so as to refute it, but historical presentation has not changed. It is because Korean Language Society was already a symbol of sufferings from national language and of resistance.<ref name="shin2016" />


The writing in the diary, which is a private area, has been changed to an open space, a conversation in the train. The use of Korean, not Japanese, became a problem. From the beginning, it was 'Korean language common use' that could be interpreted in various ways. The Japanese police interpreted it in Japanese, and Korea in the 1970s interpreted it in Korean. In the 1980s, there were rebuttal recollections by the parties to the incident, but the historical narrative did not change. It was because the Joseon Language Society was already a symbol of suffering and resistance through the medium of the national language.<ref name="shin2016" />


== Laws leading to the event ==
== Laws leading to the event ==


* In 1936, the Japanese government in Korea passed the <Chosun Ideological Crime Protection Ordinance 조선사상범보호관찰령>.
* In 1936, the Japanese government in Korea passed the ''Chosun Ideological Crime Prevention Ordinance'' (조선사상범보호관찰령).
* In 1941 , the <Chosun Ideological Criminal Prevention Ordinance조선사상범보호관찰령> was modified.
* In 1941, the ''Chosun Ideological Crime Prevention Ordinance'' was amended.
* In 1943, the 4th Joseon Education Ordinance policy abolished Korean language education, banned the use of Korean, and forced the use of Japanese.
* In 1943, the 4th Joseon Education Ordinance policy abolished Korean language education, banned the use of Korean, and forced the use of Japanese.


Line 27: Line 27:
== Timeline ==
== Timeline ==


* In July 1942, Park Byeong-yeop (wearing Korean traditional costume) was waiting for a friend at Jeonjin Station in Hongwon-eup, South Hamgyeong-do. He was questioned and taken into custody at the Hongwon Police Station. The Hongwon police searched his house, and the diary of Park Young-ok (his niece) was confiscated. This contained a phrase apparently showing that one of her teachers at Yeongsaeng High School 4 in [[Hamhung|Hamheung]] rejected the Japanese law to teach using only the Japanese language. Young-Ok Park and her friends Soon-Nam Choi, Soon-Ja Lee, Jeong Seong-Hee, In-Ja were arrested and interrogated. After enduring torture for several days, they finally incriminated two teachers, Kim Hak-joon and Jung Tae-jin, who had encouraged students to use [[Hangul]], and had tried to inspire a sense of independence by telling stories such as the fall of Japanese imperialism, the revival of the Joseon people, and the story of the sacrifice of Gyewolhyang during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592]]. Both Kim Hak-joon and [[:ko:정태진|Jeong Tae-jin]] were members of the Korean Language Society.<ref name=":0" />
* In July 1942, Park Byeong-yeop (wearing Korean traditional costume) was waiting for a friend at Jeonjin Station in Hongwon-eup, South Hamgyeong-do. He was questioned and taken into custody at the Hongwon Police Station. The Hongwon police searched his house, and the diary of Park Young-ok (his niece) was confiscated. This contained a phrase apparently showing that one of her teachers at Yeongsaeng High School 4 in [[Hamhung|Hamheung]] rejected the Japanese law to teach using only the Japanese language. Young-Ok Park and her friends Soon-Nam Choi, Soon-Ja Lee, Jeong Seong-Hee, In-Ja were arrested and interrogated. After enduring torture for several days, they finally incriminated two teachers, Kim Hak-joon and Jung Tae-jin, who had encouraged students to use [[Hangul]], and had tried to inspire a sense of independence by telling stories such as the fall of Japanese imperialism, the revival of the Joseon people, and the story of the sacrifice of [[Gyewolhyang]] during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592]]. Both Kim Hak-joon and {{ill|Jeong Tae-jin|ko|정태진}} were members of the Korean Language Society.<ref name=":0" />
* In September 1942, a student at Yeongsaeng Girls’ High School was arrested for talking in Korean by the Japanese police and interrogated.
* In September 1942, a student at Yeongsaeng Girls’ High School was arrested for talking in Korean by the Japanese police and interrogated.
* On October 1, 1942, the police, having concluded that the Korean Language Society was an independence movement group. began to arrest members, including: [[:ko:이윤재_(1888년)|Lee Yun-jae]] (李允宰), Choi Hyun-bae, [[:ko:이희승|Lee Hee-seung]] (李熙昇), Jeong In-seung, Kim Yoon-kyung, Kwon Seung-wook, Jang Ji-young. Eleven people, including Han Jing, Lee Jung-hwa, Lee Seok-rin , and [[:ko:이극로|Lee Geuk-ro]], were arrested in Seoul and sent to [[Hongwon County|Hongwon]], Hamgyeongnam-do.
* On October 1, 1942, the police, having concluded that the Korean Language Society was an independence movement group. began to arrest members, including: {{Ill|Lee Yun-jae|ko|이윤재 (1888년)}}, Choi Hyun-bae, [[Lee Hee-seung (writer)|Lee Hee-seung]], Jeong In-seung, Kim Yoon-kyung, Kwon Seung-wook, Jang Ji-young. Eleven people, including Han Jing, Lee Jung-hwa, Lee Seok-rin, and {{ill|Lee Geuk-ro|ko|이극로}}, were arrested in Seoul and sent to [[Hongwon County|Hongwon]], Hamgyeongnam-do.
* On October 18, 1942, [[:ko:이우식_(법조인)|Lee Woo-sik (李愚軾)]] and [[:ko:김법린|Kim Beop-rin( 金法麟)]] were arrested.
* On October 18, 1942, {{ill|Lee Woo-sik|ko|이우식 (법조인)}} and {{ill|Kim Beop-rin|ko|김법린}} were arrested.
* On October 20, 1942, Jeong Yeol-mo was arrested.
* On October 20, 1942, Jeong Yeol-mo was arrested.
* On October 21, 1942, [[Lee Byeong-gi]] (이병기), [[Lee Man-gyu]], Lee Kang-rae, and Kim Seon-ki were arrested
* On October 21, 1942, [[Lee Byeong-gi]], [[Lee Man-gyu]], Lee Kang-rae, and Kim Seon-ki were arrested
* on December 23, 1942, Seo Seung -hyo, [[Ahn Chai-hong|Ahn Jae-hong]], Lee In, Kim Yang-soo, Jang Hyeon-sik, Jeong In-seop, Yun Byeong-ho, [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Lee Eun-sang]] were arrested separately
* On December 23, 1942, Seo Seung-hyo, [[Ahn Chai-hong]], Lee In, Kim Yang-soo, Jang Hyeon-sik, Jeong In-seop, Yun Byeong-ho, [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Lee Eun-sang]] were arrested separately
* Kim Do-yeon (金度演) on March 5, 1943, and
* Kim Do-yeon (金度演) on March 5, 1943, and Seo Min-ho (徐珉濠) on next day, respectively, and all were detained at the Hongwon Police Station.
* Seo Min-ho (徐珉濠) on March 6, 1943, respectively, and all were detained at the Hongwon Police Station.
* From the end of March to April 1, Hyeon-mo Shin and Jong-cheol Kim were interrogated without detention.
* From the end of March to April 1, Hyeon-mo Shin and Jong-cheol Kim were interrogated without detention.
* Kwon Deok-gyu and Ahn Ho-sang escaped arrest due to illnesses,
* Kwon Deok-gyu and Ahn Ho-sang escaped arrest due to illnesses,
Line 41: Line 40:
* Lee Yoon-jae, Han Jing died in prison, before completion of their trials.
* Lee Yoon-jae, Han Jing died in prison, before completion of their trials.


== Persons involved in the Korean Language Society incident ==
== Arrests in the incident ==
{| class='wikitable' style="text-align:center"
{| class='wikitable' style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! name
! Name
! Sentence
! birth date
! death date
! '''place of birth'''
! sentence
! [[Order of Merit for National Foundation]]
! [[Order of Merit for National Foundation]]
! Year of award
! Year of award
! note
! Notes
|-
|-
| {{ill|Jeong Tae-jin|ko|정태진}}
| [[:ko:정태진Jeong Taejin|Jeong Taejin]]
| 1903
| 1952
| Gyeonggi Paju
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
| Independence medal
| Independence medal
Line 62: Line 55:
|
|
|-
|-
| '''[[:ko:이극로|Lee Geuk-ro]]'''
| {{ill|Lee Geuk-ro|ko|이극로}}
| 1893
| 1978
| Gyeongnam Uiryeong
| 6 years imprisonment
| 6 years imprisonment
| -
| -
Line 71: Line 61:
| North Korea
| North Korea
|-
|-
|[[:ko:이윤재_(1888년)|Lee Yun-jae]]
| {{ill|Lee Yun-jae|ko|이윤재 (1888년)}}
|1888
|1943
|Gyeongnam Gimhae
| -
| -
|Independence medal
|Independence medal
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|died in prison while on trial
|died in prison while on trial
|-
|-
| [[:ko:최현배|Choi Hyeon-bae]]
| {{ill|Choi Hyeon-bae|ko|최현배}}
| 1894
| 1970
| Gyeongnam Ulsan
| 4 years imprisonment
| 4 years imprisonment
| Independence medal
| Independence medal
Line 89: Line 73:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:이희승|Lee Hee-seung]]
| [[Lee Hee-seung (writer)|Lee Hee-seung]]
| 1896
| 1989
| [[Gyeonggi Province]]
| 2 years and 6 months imprisonment
| 2 years and 6 months imprisonment
| Independence medal
| Independence medal
Line 98: Line 79:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:정인승|Jeong In-seung]]
| {{Ill|Jeong In-seung|ko|정인승}}
| 1897
| 1986
| Jeonbuk Jangsu
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
| independence medal
| independence medal
Line 107: Line 85:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:김윤경_(1894년)|Kim Yunkyung]]
| [[Yun-kyong Kim|Kim Yun Kyong]]
| 1894
| 1969
| Hanseong
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 117: Line 92:
|-
|-
| Kwon Seung-wook
| Kwon Seung-wook
| 1916
| 1974
| Jeonbuk Gochang
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 125: Line 97:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:장지영|Jang Ji-young]]
| {{ill|Jang Ji-yeong|ko|장지영}}
|
| 1889
| 1976
| Hanseong
| extinction of prosecution
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
| 1990
| 1990
| 1 year in prison
| 1 year in prison
|-
|-
| [[:ko:한징|Han Jing]]
| {{ill|Han Jing (linguist)|lt=Han Jing|ko|한징}}
| 1886
| 1944
| Hanseong
| -
| -
| independence medal
| independence medal
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| died in prison while on trial
| died in prison while on trial
|-
|-
| [[Lee Jung-hwa (이중화)]]
| [[Lee Jung-hwa]] (이중화)
| 1881
| 1950?
| Hanseong
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| national medal
| national medal
Line 152: Line 115:
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
|-
|-
| [[이석린 (국학자)|Lee Seokrin]]
| [[Lee Seok-rin]]
| 1914
| 1999
| Gyeongseong
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| national medal
| national medal
Line 161: Line 121:
| 1 year in prison
| 1 year in prison
|-
|-
| Lee Kangrae
| Lee Kang-rae
| 1891
| 1967
| Hanseong
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| national medal
| national medal
Line 170: Line 127:
| 1 year imprisonment
| 1 year imprisonment
|-
|-
| [[:ko:김선기_(1907년)|Kim Seon-gi (金善琪)]]
| {{ill|Kim Seon-gi|ko|김선기 (1907년)}}
| 1907
| 1999
| Hanseong
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| national medal
| national medal
Line 180: Line 134:
|-
|-
| [[Lee Byeong-gi]]
| [[Lee Byeong-gi]]
| 1891
| 1968
| Jeonbuk Iksan
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
| 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=공훈전자사료관 Certificate of Merit for Independence: Lee Byeonggi |url=https://e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr/user/ContribuReportDetailPopup.do?goTocode=0&mngNo=1481&kwd=%25EC%259D%25B4%25EB%25B3%2591%25EA%25B8%25B0 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr}}</ref>
| 1990
| 1 year imprisonment, released 1943<ref>{{Cite Q|Q119421689}}</ref>
| 1 year imprisonment, released 1943<ref>{{Cite Q|Q119421689}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Lee Man-gyu]]
| [[Lee Man-gyu]]
| 1882
| 1978
| Gangwon Wonju
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 198: Line 146:
|-
|-
| Jeong Yeolmo
| Jeong Yeolmo
| 1895
| 1967
| Chungbuk Hoiin
| extinction of prosecution
| extinction of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 206: Line 151:
| Imprisoned for 1 year, lived in North Korea
| Imprisoned for 1 year, lived in North Korea
|-
|-
| '''[[:ko:김법린|Kim Beop-rin]]'''
| {{ill|Kim Beop-rin|ko|김법린}}
| 1899
| 1964
| Gyeongnam Dongnae
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| independence medal
| independence medal
Line 215: Line 157:
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
|-
|-
| {{Ill|Lee Woo-sik|ko|이우식 (법조인)}}
| '''[[:ko:이우식_(법조인)|Lee Woo-shik]]'''
| 1891
| 1966
| Gyeongnam Uiryeong
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| independence medal
| independence medal
Line 224: Line 163:
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
|-
|-
|Yoon Byeong-ho (尹炳浩,윤병호)
| Yoon Byeong-ho (尹炳浩,윤병호)
| 1889
| 1974
| Gyeongnam Namhae
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| national medal
| national medal
Line 234: Line 170:
|-
|-
| Seo Seung-hyo
| Seo Seung-hyo
| 1882
| 1964
| Chungnam Cheongyang
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 242: Line 175:
|
|
|-
|-
| {{ill|Kim Yang-su|ko|김양수_(1896년)}}
| [[:ko:/김양수_(1896년)|Kim Yang-soo]]
| 1896
| 1969
| Hanseong
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 252: Line 182:
|-
|-
| Hyunsik Jang (장현식)
| Hyunsik Jang (장현식)
| 1896
| 1950
| Jeonbuk Gimje
| innocence
| innocence
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 260: Line 187:
| Imprisonment for 4 years, abduction
| Imprisonment for 4 years, abduction
|-
|-
| {{ill|Lee In (politician)|lt=Lee In|ko|이인}}
| [[:ko:이인|Lee In]]
| 1896
| 1979
| Hanseong
| 2 years imprisonment 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment 4 years probation
| independence medal
| independence medal
Line 270: Line 194:
|-
|-
| [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Lee Eun-sang]]
| [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Lee Eun-sang]]
| 1903
| 1982
| Gyeongnam Masan
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 278: Line 199:
| 1 year imprisonment
| 1 year imprisonment
|-
|-
| [[:ko:정인섭|Jeong In-seop]]
| {{ill|Jeong In-seop|ko|정인섭}}
| 1905
| 1983
| Gyeonggi Gimpo
| 1 year imprisonment
| 1 year imprisonment
| national medal
| national medal
Line 287: Line 205:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:안재홍|Ahn Jae-hong]]
| [[Ahn Chai-hong]]
| 1891
| 1965
| Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi
| non-prosecution
| non-prosecution
| presidential medal
| presidential medal
Line 297: Line 212:
|-
|-
| [[Kim Do-yeon (politician)|Kim Do-yeon]]
| [[Kim Do-yeon (politician)|Kim Do-yeon]]
| 1894
| 1967
| Hanseong
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 305: Line 217:
| 2 years imprisonment
| 2 years imprisonment
|-
|-
| [[:ko:서민호|Seo Min-ho]]
| {{ill|Seo Min-ho|ko|서민호}}
| 1903
| 1974
| Jeonnam Goheung
| -
| -
| national medal
| national medal
Line 314: Line 223:
| 1 year imprisonment
| 1 year imprisonment
|-
|-
| [[:ko:신현모|Shin Hyun-mo]]
| {{ill|Shin Hyun-mo|ko|신현모}}
| 1894
| 1975
| yellow sea yeonbaek
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| national medal
| national medal
Line 323: Line 229:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[:ko:김종철_(독립운동가)|Kim Jong-cheol]]
| {{ill|Kim Jong-cheol|ko|김종철 (독립운동가)}}
| 1890
| 1957
| [[South Jeolla Province|Jeonnam Suncheon]]
| postponement of prosecution
| postponement of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 332: Line 235:
| abroad
| abroad
|-
|-
| [[:ko:권덕규|Kwon Deok-kyu]]
| {{ill|Kwon Deok-gyu|ko|권덕규}}
| 1890
| 1950
| Gyeonggi Gimpo
| suspension of prosecution
| suspension of prosecution
| patriotic medal
| patriotic medal
Line 341: Line 241:
| ill
| ill
|-
|-
| [[:ko:안호상|Ahn Ho-sang]]
| {{ill|Ahn Ho-sang|ko|안호상}}
| 1902
| 1999
| Gyeongnam Uiryeong
| suspension of prosecution
| suspension of prosecution
| -
| -
Line 353: Line 250:


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
The 2019 South Korean movie, ''[[Mal-Mo-E: The Secret Mission]],'' fictionalises the story of the creation of the first Hangul dictionary and this story of the torture and imprisonment of key members of the Korean Language society, while apparently remaining close to the facts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-22 |title=[FICTION VS. HISTORY] The dramatic history of ‘Mal_Mo_E’: Film about the creation of the first hangul dictionary stays pretty close to the facts |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2019/01/22/etc/FICTION-VS-HISTORY-The-dramatic-history-of-MalMoE-Film-about-the-creation-of-the-first-hangul-dictionary-stays-pretty-close-to-the-facts/3058523.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com |language=en}}</ref>
The 2019 South Korean movie, ''[[Mal-Mo-E: The Secret Mission]],'' fictionalises the story of the creation of the first Hangul dictionary and the story of this incident of torture and imprisonment of key members of the Korean Language society, while apparently remaining close to the facts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-22 |title=[FICTION VS. HISTORY] The dramatic history of 'Mal_Mo_E': Film about the creation of the first hangul dictionary stays pretty close to the facts |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2019/01/22/etc/FICTION-VS-HISTORY-The-dramatic-history-of-MalMoE-Film-about-the-creation-of-the-first-hangul-dictionary-stays-pretty-close-to-the-facts/3058523.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite web |author-last=Miyata |author-first=Setsuko |title=朝鮮語学会事件 |trans-title=Korean Language Society incident |website=[[Kotobank]] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6-98008#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29 |access-date=February 26, 2024 |language=ja}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 362: Line 263:
* [https://www.hangeul.or.kr/ Korean Language Society website]
* [https://www.hangeul.or.kr/ Korean Language Society website]
* [https://www.hangeul.or.kr/100%EB%85%84%EC%82%AC 100 years of the Korean Language Society]
* [https://www.hangeul.or.kr/100%EB%85%84%EC%82%AC 100 years of the Korean Language Society]



[[Category:Korean independence movement]]
[[Category:Japanese war crimes in Korea]]
[[Category:Anti-Korean violence]]
[[Category:Korean Language Society incident| ]]
[[Category:1942 in Korea]]
[[Category:1943 in Korea]]
[[Category:Torture during wars]]

Latest revision as of 22:11, 1 November 2024

The Korean Language Society Incident (朝鮮語學會事件, Chōsengo gakkai jiken, Korean: 조선어학회 사건) refers to the arrest, torture, and imprisonment of members of the Korean Language Society, which occurred in 1942 under the Japanese colonial rule of Korea.[1]

Description

[edit]

In mid-1942, an investigation by the provincial police of Kankyōnan-dō led to the discovery of a female Korean high school student's diary. Therein she stated that she was punished at school for speaking Japanese, which led to the arrest of teachers at her school.[2] Consequently in October, police arrested members of the Korean Language Society in Keijō on charges of violating the Peace Preservation Law.[3][4][2] Following torture, a confession was obtained that the Joseon Language Society was an organization having as its purpose the independence of Korea from Japan. However, at that time, the society was engaged in researching the Joseon language, establishing spelling rules, and compiling a dictionary of the Korean language. Members did not engage in group activities that would violate the Peace Preservation Law.

In the late 1950s, Lee Hee-seung (李熙昇) left a memoir closest to the truth. In the early 1970s, a new 'memory' was created in celebration of the 25th anniversary of liberation and the 50th anniversary of the Korean Language Society. In particular, the happening at Jeonjin Station, which was the beginning of the incident, was reconstructed to fit the status of the Joseon Language Society.

The writing in the diary, which is a private area, has been changed to an open space, a conversation in the train. The use of Korean, not Japanese, became a problem. From the beginning, it was 'Korean language common use' that could be interpreted in various ways. The Japanese police interpreted it in Japanese, and Korea in the 1970s interpreted it in Korean. In the 1980s, there were rebuttal recollections by the parties to the incident, but the historical narrative did not change. It was because the Joseon Language Society was already a symbol of suffering and resistance through the medium of the national language.[3]

Laws leading to the event

[edit]
  • In 1936, the Japanese government in Korea passed the Chosun Ideological Crime Prevention Ordinance (조선사상범보호관찰령).
  • In 1941, the Chosun Ideological Crime Prevention Ordinance was amended.
  • In 1943, the 4th Joseon Education Ordinance policy abolished Korean language education, banned the use of Korean, and forced the use of Japanese.

And from April 1939, the Japanese government in Korea abolished Korean language subjects in schools and proceeded to close Korean language newspapers and magazines.

Timeline

[edit]
  • In July 1942, Park Byeong-yeop (wearing Korean traditional costume) was waiting for a friend at Jeonjin Station in Hongwon-eup, South Hamgyeong-do. He was questioned and taken into custody at the Hongwon Police Station. The Hongwon police searched his house, and the diary of Park Young-ok (his niece) was confiscated. This contained a phrase apparently showing that one of her teachers at Yeongsaeng High School 4 in Hamheung rejected the Japanese law to teach using only the Japanese language. Young-Ok Park and her friends Soon-Nam Choi, Soon-Ja Lee, Jeong Seong-Hee, In-Ja were arrested and interrogated. After enduring torture for several days, they finally incriminated two teachers, Kim Hak-joon and Jung Tae-jin, who had encouraged students to use Hangul, and had tried to inspire a sense of independence by telling stories such as the fall of Japanese imperialism, the revival of the Joseon people, and the story of the sacrifice of Gyewolhyang during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Both Kim Hak-joon and Jeong Tae-jin [ko] were members of the Korean Language Society.[4]
  • In September 1942, a student at Yeongsaeng Girls’ High School was arrested for talking in Korean by the Japanese police and interrogated.
  • On October 1, 1942, the police, having concluded that the Korean Language Society was an independence movement group. began to arrest members, including: Lee Yun-jae [ko], Choi Hyun-bae, Lee Hee-seung, Jeong In-seung, Kim Yoon-kyung, Kwon Seung-wook, Jang Ji-young. Eleven people, including Han Jing, Lee Jung-hwa, Lee Seok-rin, and Lee Geuk-ro [ko], were arrested in Seoul and sent to Hongwon, Hamgyeongnam-do.
  • On October 18, 1942, Lee Woo-sik [ko] and Kim Beop-rin [ko] were arrested.
  • On October 20, 1942, Jeong Yeol-mo was arrested.
  • On October 21, 1942, Lee Byeong-gi, Lee Man-gyu, Lee Kang-rae, and Kim Seon-ki were arrested
  • On December 23, 1942, Seo Seung-hyo, Ahn Chai-hong, Lee In, Kim Yang-soo, Jang Hyeon-sik, Jeong In-seop, Yun Byeong-ho, Lee Eun-sang were arrested separately
  • Kim Do-yeon (金度演) on March 5, 1943, and Seo Min-ho (徐珉濠) on next day, respectively, and all were detained at the Hongwon Police Station.
  • From the end of March to April 1, Hyeon-mo Shin and Jong-cheol Kim were interrogated without detention.
  • Kwon Deok-gyu and Ahn Ho-sang escaped arrest due to illnesses,
  • By the end of March 1943, 29 people had been arrested and sentenced to all sorts of barbaric punishments. They were severely tortured, and 48 people had been interrogated.
  • Lee Yoon-jae, Han Jing died in prison, before completion of their trials.

Arrests in the incident

[edit]
Name Sentence Order of Merit for National Foundation Year of award Notes
Jeong Tae-jin [ko] 2 years imprisonment Independence medal 1962
Lee Geuk-ro [ko] 6 years imprisonment - - North Korea
Lee Yun-jae [ko] - Independence medal 1962 died in prison while on trial
Choi Hyeon-bae [ko] 4 years imprisonment Independence medal 1962
Lee Hee-seung 2 years and 6 months imprisonment Independence medal 1962
Jeong In-seung [ko] 2 years imprisonment independence medal 1962
Kim Yun Kyong postponement of prosecution patriotic medal 1990 1 year imprisonment
Kwon Seung-wook postponement of prosecution - -
Jang Ji-yeong [ko] patriotic medal 1990 1 year in prison
Han Jing [ko] - independence medal 1962 died in prison while on trial
Lee Jung-hwa (이중화) 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation national medal 2013 2 years imprisonment
Lee Seok-rin postponement of prosecution national medal 1990 1 year in prison
Lee Kang-rae postponement of prosecution national medal 1990 1 year imprisonment
Kim Seon-gi [ko] postponement of prosecution national medal 1990 1 year imprisonment
Lee Byeong-gi postponement of prosecution patriotic medal 1990[5] 1 year imprisonment, released 1943[6]
Lee Man-gyu postponement of prosecution - - Imprisoned for 1 year, lived in North Korea
Jeong Yeolmo extinction of prosecution - - Imprisoned for 1 year, lived in North Korea
Kim Beop-rin [ko] 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation independence medal 1995 2 years imprisonment
Lee Woo-sik [ko] 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation independence medal 1977 2 years imprisonment
Yoon Byeong-ho (尹炳浩,윤병호) postponement of prosecution national medal 1990 1 year imprisonment
Seo Seung-hyo postponement of prosecution - -
Kim Yang-su [ko] 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation patriotic medal 1990 2 years imprisonment
Hyunsik Jang (장현식) innocence patriotic medal 1990 Imprisonment for 4 years, abduction
Lee In [ko] 2 years imprisonment 4 years probation independence medal 1963 2 years imprisonment
Lee Eun-sang postponement of prosecution patriotic medal 1990 1 year imprisonment
Jeong In-seop [ko] 1 year imprisonment national medal 1990
Ahn Chai-hong non-prosecution presidential medal 1989 2 years imprisonment
Kim Do-yeon 2 years imprisonment, 4 years probation patriotic medal 1991 2 years imprisonment
Seo Min-ho [ko] - national medal 2001 1 year imprisonment
Shin Hyun-mo [ko] postponement of prosecution national medal 1990
Kim Jong-cheol postponement of prosecution - - abroad
Kwon Deok-gyu [ko] suspension of prosecution patriotic medal 2019 ill
Ahn Ho-sang [ko] suspension of prosecution - - ill
[edit]

The 2019 South Korean movie, Mal-Mo-E: The Secret Mission, fictionalises the story of the creation of the first Hangul dictionary and the story of this incident of torture and imprisonment of key members of the Korean Language society, while apparently remaining close to the facts.[7]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "글로벌 세계 대백과사전/한국사/민족의 독립운동/신문화운동과 3·1운동/신문화운동 - 위키문헌, 우리 모두의 도서관 Global World Encyclopedia/Korean History/National Independence Movement/New Cultural Movement and March 1st Movement/New Cultural Movement". ko.wikisource.org (in Korean). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b Miyata.
  3. ^ a b Shin Jang (February 2016). "The Origin of the Joseon Language Society Incident and the Birth of a National Narrative". JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES (in English and Korean). null (53): 109–141. doi:10.15799/KIMOS.2016..53.004. ISSN 1225-7028. Wikidata Q119269132.
  4. ^ a b "[근현대사 25] 조선어학회사건과 조선인 형사들 The Joseon Language Society Incident and Korean Detectives". Center for Historical Truth and Justice (in Korean). 27 March 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  5. ^ "공훈전자사료관 Certificate of Merit for Independence: Lee Byeonggi". e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  6. ^ David R. McCann (2011). "Karam and the Revitalization of the Sijo in Korean and English". Azalea Journal of Korean Literature & Culture. 4 (1): 161–168. doi:10.1353/AZA.2011.0025. ISSN 1944-6500. Wikidata Q119421689.
  7. ^ "[FICTION VS. HISTORY] The dramatic history of 'Mal_Mo_E': Film about the creation of the first hangul dictionary stays pretty close to the facts". Korea JoongAng Daily. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2023.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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