Berdavan Fortress: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Military Structure |
{{Inline citations|date=September 2023}}{{Infobox Military Structure |
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|name = Berdavan Fortress <br/> Բերդավանի ամրոց |
|name = Berdavan Fortress <br/> Բերդավանի ամրոց |
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|partof = |
|partof = |
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|location = [[Tavush Province]], [[Armenia]] |
|location = [[Tavush Province]], [[Armenia]] |
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|image = |
|image = Բերդավան գյուղի ամրոց.jpg |
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|caption = |
|caption = |
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|map_type = Armenia |
|map_type = Armenia#Tavush |
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|latitude = 41.2064 |
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|longitude = 45.0228 |
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|map_size = 275 |
|map_size = 275 |
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|map_caption = Shown within Armenia |
|map_caption = Shown within Armenia |
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|coordinates = {{coord|41.2038|45.0206|type:landmark_region:AM|display=inline,title}} |
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|type = Fortress |
|type = Fortress |
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|code = |
|code = |
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|built = Most likely 10th |
|built = Most likely 10th century; 13th-17th century<br/> 17th-century reconstruction. |
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|builder = |
|builder = |
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|materials = Stone |
|materials = Stone |
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|used = |
|used = |
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|demolished = Partially |
|demolished = Partially |
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|condition = Large portions |
|condition = Large portions survive intact. |
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|ownership = |
|ownership = |
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|open_to_public = Yes |
|open_to_public = Yes |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Berdavan |
'''Berdavan Fortress''' ({{langx|hy|Բերդավանի ամրոց}}; {{Lang|hy|Բերդավան}}; also '''Ghalinjakar Fortress''') is a fortress in Armenia, located on a hilltop near the village of [[Berdavan, Armenia|Berdavan]] in the [[Tavush Province]], near the border with Azerbaijan. It is {{convert|664|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://elevationmap.net/berdavan-castle-4107-azerbaijan?latlngs=%2841.2038033,45.02054569999996%29 |title=Berdavan Castle Altitude and Position |access-date=2014-09-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235232/http://elevationmap.net/berdavan-castle-4107-azerbaijan?latlngs=(41.2038033,45.02054569999996) |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== History == |
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leaning on cube-shaped pedestal with cross images and pictures of standing people figures on its eastern side. |
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Berdavan is thought to have originally been built between the 10th and 11th centuries, but the present structure is most likely of the late-medieval period from around the 17th century during which time the castle was reconstructed. It is likely that the temple of Ghalinjakar mentioned in the 13th-century works of an unnamed [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] historian is in fact Berdavan. |
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It is thought to have been originally built in the 10th-11th centuries. Reconstruction of the castle took place in the 17th century. |
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Some additional reconstruction took place in the 1980s. Ruins were cleared out, and the poorly constructed upper portions of the serf walls and towers were broken down and reconstructed. The two northeastern towers are currently being reconstructed. Archaeological excavations at the site have uncovered ceramic plates, metal axes and other items giving insight to the lives of those who lived and worked at Berdavan. |
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== Architecture == |
== Architecture == |
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| ⚫ | The walls of the fortress are laid out in a triangular plan with [[ramparts]] linked together by eleven semi- |
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=== Fortress === |
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| ⚫ | Within the confines of the fortress walls were once shelters, storehouses and other buildings. |
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| ⚫ | The walls of the fortress are laid out in a triangular plan with [[Defensive wall|ramparts]] linked together by eleven semi-cylindrical exterior towers that taper very little to the top and end at the same height as the walls. Because of the sloping topography at the site, the towers vary in height from {{convert|5.5|m|ft}} at the southwest end and {{convert|10.5|m|ft}} on the northwest end. Fortification walls are {{convert|1.2|m|ft}} thick. There is only one portal (1 meter in width) leading into the interior of the fortress, and it is at the western wall. Stairs are south of the entry. |
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| ⚫ | Within the confines of the fortress walls were once shelters, storehouses and other buildings. A secret passage had once led from the fortress to the canyon below in the event of a [[siege]]. Part of the passageway (the height of a human) may still be seen at the lower portion of the eastern corner tower. The tower has an open interior, with a high door leading to the passage. |
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=== Church === |
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Ruins of a triple-[[nave]] church with an adjacent medieval cemetery and chapel are {{convert|200|m|ft}} southwest of the fortress. It is assumed that the structure was built around the late-medieval period, around the time of the foundation of the fortress in the 10th century because of the layout, decorative elements and the building technique. The walls of the church still stand at their original height but the roof has since collapsed and parts of the structure lie buried. Walls are constructed of a slightly hewn yellowish [[felsite]] stone with some fragments of [[Khachkar|khachkars]] imbedded into the exterior. |
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There is only one portal leading into the structure from the northern wall, likely constructed from stones taken from another monument. Above the entry is a [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] style [[lintel]]. Two iron rings positioned at either side of the portal indicate that there was once a wooden hall in front. The rectangular prayer hall, {{convert|12.55|by|7.75|m|ft}}, was once divided into three naves by a pair of arches. Inset wall-pillars once stood at the walls to the north and the south. Remainders of arches and their footings are located above where the pillars stood, while the arches that had once spanned the naves are now gone. At the eastern side of the church is a semi-circular [[apse]] with a high stage and two "studies" or prayer rooms adjacent at either side. |
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Walls of a separate chapel {{convert|50|m|ft}} south of the church have a pair of khachkars of the 12th or 13th century perched on a high pedestal. |
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At the cemetery there is an unusual and large {{Transliteration|hy|tevavor khachkar}}, meaning "cross stone with arms," in the yard. The stone has been carved in the shape of a cross and sits in a cube-shaped stone [[pedestal]]. The face of the khachkar has bas-[[relief]] carvings of crosses and standing human figures that sit in separate "panels". |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* {{citation|last=Kiesling |first=Brady |title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide |publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio |location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]] |year=2005}} |
* {{citation|last=Kiesling |first=Brady |title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide |publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio |location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]] |year=2005}} |
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* {{RediscoveringArmenia|118}} |
* {{RediscoveringArmenia|118}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{commonscat|Berdavan Fortress}} |
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* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Berdavan_Castle Armeniapedia.org: Berdavan Castle] |
* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Berdavan_Castle Armeniapedia.org: Berdavan Castle] |
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* [http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_berdavan.html Cilicia.com: Berdavan Castle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213034516/http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_berdavan.html |date=2015-12-13 }} |
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* [http://www.findarmenia.com/eng/sights/berdavan/ FindArmenia.com: Berdavan Fortress] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Armenia]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Armenia]] |
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[[Category:Castles in Armenia]] |
[[Category:Castles in Armenia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Forts in Armenia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tavush Province]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tavush Province]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:14, 1 November 2024
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (September 2023) |
| Berdavan Fortress Բերդավանի ամրոց | |
|---|---|
| Tavush Province, Armenia | |
 | |
  Berdavan Fortress Բերդավանի ամրոց  Berdavan Fortress Բերդավանի ամրոց | |
| Coordinates | 41°12′14″N 45°01′14″E / 41.2038°N 45.0206°E |
| Type | Fortress |
| Site information | |
| Open to the public | Yes |
| Condition | Large portions survive intact. |
| Site history | |
| Built | Most likely 10th century; 13th-17th century 17th-century reconstruction. |
| Materials | Stone |
| Demolished | Partially |
Berdavan Fortress (Armenian: Բերդավանի ամրոց; Բերդավան; also Ghalinjakar Fortress) is a fortress in Armenia, located on a hilltop near the village of Berdavan in the Tavush Province, near the border with Azerbaijan. It is 664 metres (2,178 ft) above sea level.[1]
History
[edit]Berdavan is thought to have originally been built between the 10th and 11th centuries, but the present structure is most likely of the late-medieval period from around the 17th century during which time the castle was reconstructed. It is likely that the temple of Ghalinjakar mentioned in the 13th-century works of an unnamed Georgian historian is in fact Berdavan.
Some additional reconstruction took place in the 1980s. Ruins were cleared out, and the poorly constructed upper portions of the serf walls and towers were broken down and reconstructed. The two northeastern towers are currently being reconstructed. Archaeological excavations at the site have uncovered ceramic plates, metal axes and other items giving insight to the lives of those who lived and worked at Berdavan.
Architecture
[edit]Fortress
[edit]The walls of the fortress are laid out in a triangular plan with ramparts linked together by eleven semi-cylindrical exterior towers that taper very little to the top and end at the same height as the walls. Because of the sloping topography at the site, the towers vary in height from 5.5 metres (18 ft) at the southwest end and 10.5 metres (34 ft) on the northwest end. Fortification walls are 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) thick. There is only one portal (1 meter in width) leading into the interior of the fortress, and it is at the western wall. Stairs are south of the entry.
Within the confines of the fortress walls were once shelters, storehouses and other buildings. A secret passage had once led from the fortress to the canyon below in the event of a siege. Part of the passageway (the height of a human) may still be seen at the lower portion of the eastern corner tower. The tower has an open interior, with a high door leading to the passage.
Church
[edit]Ruins of a triple-nave church with an adjacent medieval cemetery and chapel are 200 metres (660 ft) southwest of the fortress. It is assumed that the structure was built around the late-medieval period, around the time of the foundation of the fortress in the 10th century because of the layout, decorative elements and the building technique. The walls of the church still stand at their original height but the roof has since collapsed and parts of the structure lie buried. Walls are constructed of a slightly hewn yellowish felsite stone with some fragments of khachkars imbedded into the exterior.
There is only one portal leading into the structure from the northern wall, likely constructed from stones taken from another monument. Above the entry is a tympanum style lintel. Two iron rings positioned at either side of the portal indicate that there was once a wooden hall in front. The rectangular prayer hall, 12.55 by 7.75 metres (41.2 by 25.4 ft), was once divided into three naves by a pair of arches. Inset wall-pillars once stood at the walls to the north and the south. Remainders of arches and their footings are located above where the pillars stood, while the arches that had once spanned the naves are now gone. At the eastern side of the church is a semi-circular apse with a high stage and two "studies" or prayer rooms adjacent at either side.
Walls of a separate chapel 50 metres (160 ft) south of the church have a pair of khachkars of the 12th or 13th century perched on a high pedestal.
At the cemetery there is an unusual and large tevavor khachkar, meaning "cross stone with arms," in the yard. The stone has been carved in the shape of a cross and sits in a cube-shaped stone pedestal. The face of the khachkar has bas-relief carvings of crosses and standing human figures that sit in separate "panels".
References
[edit]- ^ "Berdavan Castle Altitude and Position". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
- Kiesling, Brady (2005), Rediscovering Armenia: Guide, Yerevan, Armenia: Matit Graphic Design Studio
- Kiesling, Brady (June 2000). Rediscovering Armenia: An Archaeological/Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2021.
External links
[edit]
- Armeniapedia.org: Berdavan Castle
- Cilicia.com: Berdavan Castle Archived 2015-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
