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{{Infobox architect
{{Infobox architect
|name = Trdat the Architect
|name = Trdat
|image =
|image =
|caption =
|caption =
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|death_place =
|death_place =
|practice =
|practice =
|significant_buildings = [[Cathedral of Ani|Ani Cathedral]], Church of St. Gregory (1001-1010)
|significant_buildings = [[Cathedral of Ani|Ani Cathedral]] <br/> Church of St. Gregory (1001-1010) <br/>Argina Cathedral<br />[[Haghpat Monastery]]
|significant_projects = Restoration of the Dome of the [[Haghia Sophia]] (989-994)
|significant_projects = Restoration of the Dome of the [[Haghia Sophia]] (989-994)
|awards =
}}
}}
'''Trdat the Architect''' ({{lang-hy|[[wikt:Տրդատ|Տրդատ]] [[wikt:ճարտարապետ|ճարտարապետ]]}}, circa 940s – 1020; [[Latin]]: '''Tiridates''') was the chief [[architect]] of the [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|kings of Armenia]], whose 10th century monuments have been argued to be the forerunners of [[Gothic architecture]] which came to Europe several centuries later.<ref>See {{de icon}} [[Josef Strzygowski|Strzygowski, Joseph]]. ''Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa''. Vienna: A. Schroll & Co., 1918.</ref><ref>{{hy icon}} [[Varazdat Harutyunyan|Harutyunyan, Varazdat M.]] "Ճարտարապետություն" ("Architecture"). ''History of the Armenian People''. vol. iii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1976, p. 388.</ref>
'''Trdat the Architect''' ({{langx|hy|Տրդատ ճարտարապետ}}, circa 940s – 1020) was the chief [[architect]] of the [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratid]] [[Bagratid Armenia|kings of Armenia]], and most notable for his design of the [[Cathedral of Ani|cathedral]] at [[Ani]] and his reconstruction of the dome of [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]].


==Work==
In 961, [[Ashot III]] moved his [[capital city|capital]] from [[Kars]] to the great [[city]] of [[Ani]] where he assembled new [[palace]]s and rebuilt the [[wall]]s. The [[Catholicosate]] was moved to the [[Arkina district|Argina district]] in the [[suburb]]s of Ani where Trdat completed the building of the Catholicosal palace and the [[Cathedral of Ani|Mother Cathedral of Ani]]. This [[cathedral]] offers an example of a cruciform [[dome]]d [[Church (building)|church]] within a rectangular plan.<ref>Macler, Frédéric. "Armenia: The Kingdom of the Bagratides" in ''The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453)''. [[J. B. Bury|John Bury]] (ed.) vol. iv. Cambridge: The University Press, 1927, p. 161.</ref>
Trdat was active in Armenia before and after his reconstruction of the [[Hagia Sophia]]. In 961, [[Ashot III]] moved his [[capital city|capital]] from [[Kars]] to the great [[city]] of [[Ani]] where he assembled new [[palace]]s and rebuilt the [[wall]]s. The [[Catholicosate]] was moved to the [[Arkina district|Argina district]] in the [[suburb]]s of Ani where Trdat completed the building of the Catholicosal palace and the [[Cathedral of Ani|Mother Cathedral of Ani]]. This [[cathedral]] offers an example of a cruciform [[dome]]d [[Church (building)|church]] within a rectangular plan.<ref>[[Frédéric Macler|Macler, Frédéric]]. "Armenia: The Kingdom of the Bagratides" in ''The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453)'', ed. [[J. B. Bury|John Bury]]. Cambridge: The University Press, 1927, vol. 4, p. 161.</ref> Trdat is also believed to have designed or supervised the construction of Surb Nshan (Holy Sign, completed in 991), the oldest structure at [[Haghpat Monastery]].<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [[Konstantine Hovhannisyan|Hovhannisyan, Konstantine]]. ''Зодчий Трдат'' [The Architect Trdat]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1951, pp. 59-83.</ref>


[[File:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Exterior of the [[Hagia Sophia]] ]]
== Byzantium ==
After a great [[earthquake]] in 989 ruined the dome of [[Hagia Sophia]], the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] officials summoned Trdat to [[Byzantium]] to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.<ref>Maranci, Christina. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516?&Search=yes&term=Trdat&term=Architect&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DThe%2BArchitect%2BTrdat%26x%3D17%26y%3D1%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=13&returnArticleService=showArticle The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia]." ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians''. Vol. 62, No. 3, Sep. 2003, pp. 294-305.</ref> Trdat is also thought to have designed or supervised the construction of Surb Nshan (Holy Sign, completed in 991), the oldest structure at [[Haghpat Monastery]].<ref>{{ru icon}} [[Konstantine Hovhannisyan|Hovhannisyan, Konstantine]]. ''Зодчий Трдат (The Architect Trdat)''. Yerevan, 1951, pp. 59-83.</ref>
After a great earthquake in 989 partly collapsed the dome of [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] officials summoned Trdat to [[Byzantium]] to organize its repair. The rebuilt dome was completed by 994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maranci |first1=Christina |author1-link=Christina Maranci |title=The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |date=2003 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=294–305 |doi=10.2307/3592516 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516 |issn=0037-9808}}</ref> According to contemporary Armenian historian [[Stepanos Asoghik|Stepanos Taronetsi]] (Asoghik):
⚫
{{quotation|Even [Hagia] Sophia, the cathedral, was torn to pieces from top to bottom. On account of this, many skillful workers among the Greeks tried repeatedly to reconstruct it. The architect and stonemason Trdat of the Armenians also happened to be there, presented a plan, and with wise understanding prepared a model, and began to undertake the initial construction, so that [the church] was rebuilt more handsomely than before.<ref>Vasn oroy bazum c'an elew arhestawor cartarac'n Yunac' ar i verstin norogel:

⚫
{{cquote|Even [Hagia] Sophia, the cathedral, was torn to pieces from top to bottom. On account of this, many skillful workers among the Greeks tried repeatedly to reconstruct it. The architect and stonemason Trdat of the Armenians also happened to be there, presented a plan, and with wise understanding prepared a model, and began to undertake the initial construction, so that [the church] was rebuilt more handsomely than before. <ref>Vasn oroy bazum c'an elew arhestawor cartarac'n Yunac' ar i verstin norogel:
Ayl and dipeal cartarapetin Hayoc' Trdatay k'aragorci; tay zorinak sinuacoyn,
Ayl and dipeal cartarapetin Hayoc' Trdatay k'aragorci; tay zorinak sinuacoyn,
imastun hancarov patrasteal zkalapars kazmacoyn ew skzbnaureal
imastun hancarov patrasteal zkalapars kazmacoyn ew skzbnaureal
zsineln. or ew gelec'kapes sinec'aw paycar k'an zaira'inn. Malxasean,
zsineln. or ew gelec'kapes sinec'aw paycar k'an zaira'inn. Malxasean,
⚫
Step'anos Taronec'woy, ''Patmut'iwn Tiezerakan'', 28, pp. 250-51, as translated in [[Christina Maranci]]. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516?&Search=yes&term=Trdat&term=Architect&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DThe%2BArchitect%2BTrdat%26x%3D17%26y%3D1%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=13&returnArticleService=showArticle The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia]," ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 62/3 (September 2003), pp.&nbsp;295.</ref>}}
Step'anos Taronec'woyP atmut'iwn Tiezerakan, 28, p. 250-51.</ref>}}


While the circumstances in which he was asked to repair the dome are unknown, [[Sirarpie Der Nersessian]] suggested that the fact alone "is in itself a sufficient indication of his renown."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Der Nersessian |first1=Sirarpie |author1-link=Sirarpie Der Nersessian |title=Armenians |date=1969 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |pages=108-109}}</ref> [[Richard Krautheimer]] was somewhat dismissive of Trdat's role in Constantinople, suggesting that he "might have been summoned as a technician."<ref>{{cite book|last=Krautheimer|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Krautheimer|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture|date=1965|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|page=235 }}</ref>
== Armenia ==

Trdat in [[Armenia]] was still active before and after his reconstruction of the [[Hagia Sophia]].
Garbis Armen suggested that Trdat may have transferred earthquake-proofing innovations, especially features of the dome, found at the seventh century [[Saint Hripsime Church]] in [[Vagharshapat]] such as ribs, narrow windows and short buttresses to stabilize the dome against lateral thrust, to Hagia Sophia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armen |first1=Garbis |title=A Study in Proportions in Armenian Church Architecture |journal=[[The Armenian Review]] |date=1987 |volume=40 |issue=2-158 |page=69 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910091443/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/Armenian-review/1987(2-158).pdf}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{refs}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* [[Christina Maranci]]. "The Architect Trdat: From the Great Church at Ani to the Great Church at Constantinople," in ''Armenian Kars and Ani'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]]. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 101–26.
⚫
* Maranci, Christina. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516?&Search=yes&term=Trdat&term=Architect&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DThe%2BArchitect%2BTrdat%26x%3D17%26y%3D1%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=13&returnArticleService=showArticle The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia]." ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians''. Vol. 62, No. 3, Sep. 2003, pp.&nbsp;294–305.
⚫
* {{in lang|hy}} [[Toros Toramanian|Toramanian, Toros]]. ''Նյութեր հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմության'' [Materials for the History of Armenian Architecture]. Yerevan: ArmFan Publishing, 1948, vol. 2.
* _______________. "An Armenian Architect in Byzantium's Court: The Career and Building Practices of Trdat," The Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago, May 14, 2003.
* _______________. “Armenian Architecture as Aryan Architecture: The Role of Indo-European Scholarship in the Theories of Joseph Strzygowski.” ''Visual Resources'', 13, pp.&nbsp;361–78.
* {{hy icon}} [[Stepanos Asoghik|Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik)]]. ''Տիեզերական Պատմություն'' (''Universal History''). Translation and commentary by V. H. Vardanyan. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, 2000.
⚫
* {{hy icon}} [[Toros Toramanian|Toramanian, Toros]]. ''Նյութեր հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմության'' (''Materials for the History of Armenian Architecture''). vol. ii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: ArmFan Publishing, 1948.


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm The Ani cathedral]
* [http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm The Ani cathedral]
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207015016/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/gagikashen.htm The Tetraconch Church]
* [http://www.cac-biodiversity.org/arm/arm_cities.htm Cities and sites in Armenia]
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152857/http://armlet1600.sci.am/armenianart2.php?langid=3 Armenian Architecture]
⚫
* [http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/gagikashen.htm The Tetraconch Church]
⚫
* [http://armlet1600.sci.am/armenianart2.php?langid=3 Armenian Architecture]
* [http://www.visitarmenia.org/html/resources.html Visit Armenia Website]
* [http://www.armeniafest.com/history/armenian_culture_architecture.html Christianity and Armenian Culture]
* [https://www.crystalfigurines.net/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=175 St. Sophia Church]


{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Trdat
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Armenian architect
| DATE OF BIRTH = 950
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1020
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trdat the Architect}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trdat the Architect}}
[[Category:Armenian architects]]
[[Category:Ethnic Armenian architects]]
⚫
[[Category:Medieval Armenian people]]
[[Category:Byzantine architects]]
[[Category:Byzantine architects]]
[[Category:Byzantine Armenians]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:950 births]]
[[Category:940s births]]
[[Category:1020 deaths]]
[[Category:1020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bagratid Armenia]]

⚫
[[Category:10th-century Armenian people]]
[[de:Trdat (Architekt)]]
[[Category:11th-century Armenian people]]
[[fr:Tiridate (architecte)]]
[[Category:10th-century Byzantine people]]
[[hy:Տրդատ ճարտարապետ]]
[[Category:11th-century Byzantine people]]
[[ka:თრდატი]]
[[Category:10th-century architects]]
[[lt:Trdatas (architektas)]]
[[Category:11th-century architects]]
[[no:Trdat]]
[[Category:Hagia Sophia]]
[[ru:Трдат Архитектор]]
[[simple:Trdat the Architect]]
[[sv:Trdat]]

Latest revision as of 02:10, 2 November 2024

Trdat
Born940s
Died1020
NationalityArmenian
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsAni Cathedral
Church of St. Gregory (1001-1010)
Argina Cathedral
Haghpat Monastery
ProjectsRestoration of the Dome of the Haghia Sophia (989-994)

Trdat the Architect (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ, circa 940s – 1020) was the chief architect of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and most notable for his design of the cathedral at Ani and his reconstruction of the dome of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Work

[edit]

Trdat was active in Armenia before and after his reconstruction of the Hagia Sophia. In 961, Ashot III moved his capital from Kars to the great city of Ani where he assembled new palaces and rebuilt the walls. The Catholicosate was moved to the Argina district in the suburbs of Ani where Trdat completed the building of the Catholicosal palace and the Mother Cathedral of Ani. This cathedral offers an example of a cruciform domed church within a rectangular plan.[1] Trdat is also believed to have designed or supervised the construction of Surb Nshan (Holy Sign, completed in 991), the oldest structure at Haghpat Monastery.[2]

Exterior of the Hagia Sophia

After a great earthquake in 989 partly collapsed the dome of Hagia Sophia, Byzantine officials summoned Trdat to Byzantium to organize its repair. The rebuilt dome was completed by 994.[3] According to contemporary Armenian historian Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik):

Even [Hagia] Sophia, the cathedral, was torn to pieces from top to bottom. On account of this, many skillful workers among the Greeks tried repeatedly to reconstruct it. The architect and stonemason Trdat of the Armenians also happened to be there, presented a plan, and with wise understanding prepared a model, and began to undertake the initial construction, so that [the church] was rebuilt more handsomely than before.[4]

While the circumstances in which he was asked to repair the dome are unknown, Sirarpie Der Nersessian suggested that the fact alone "is in itself a sufficient indication of his renown."[5] Richard Krautheimer was somewhat dismissive of Trdat's role in Constantinople, suggesting that he "might have been summoned as a technician."[6]

Garbis Armen suggested that Trdat may have transferred earthquake-proofing innovations, especially features of the dome, found at the seventh century Saint Hripsime Church in Vagharshapat such as ribs, narrow windows and short buttresses to stabilize the dome against lateral thrust, to Hagia Sophia.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Macler, Frédéric. "Armenia: The Kingdom of the Bagratides" in The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453), ed. John Bury. Cambridge: The University Press, 1927, vol. 4, p. 161.
  2. ^ (in Russian) Hovhannisyan, Konstantine. Зодчий Трдат [The Architect Trdat]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1951, pp. 59-83.
  3. ^ Maranci, Christina (2003). "The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 62 (3): 294–305. doi:10.2307/3592516. ISSN 0037-9808.
  4. ^ Vasn oroy bazum c'an elew arhestawor cartarac'n Yunac' ar i verstin norogel: Ayl and dipeal cartarapetin Hayoc' Trdatay k'aragorci; tay zorinak sinuacoyn, imastun hancarov patrasteal zkalapars kazmacoyn ew skzbnaureal zsineln. or ew gelec'kapes sinec'aw paycar k'an zaira'inn. Malxasean, Step'anos Taronec'woy, Patmut'iwn Tiezerakan, 28, pp. 250-51, as translated in Christina Maranci. "The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia," The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62/3 (September 2003), pp. 295.
  5. ^ Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969). Armenians. New York: Praeger. pp. 108–109.
  6. ^ Krautheimer, Richard (1965). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Penguin Books. p. 235.
  7. ^ Armen, Garbis (1987). "A Study in Proportions in Armenian Church Architecture" (PDF). The Armenian Review. 40 (2–158): 69.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Christina Maranci. "The Architect Trdat: From the Great Church at Ani to the Great Church at Constantinople," in Armenian Kars and Ani, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 101–26.
  • (in Armenian) Toramanian, Toros. Նյութեր հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմության [Materials for the History of Armenian Architecture]. Yerevan: ArmFan Publishing, 1948, vol. 2.
[edit]
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