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{{For|other saints named Proculus|Saint Proculus (disambiguation){{!}}Proculus (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox saint |
{{Infobox saint |
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|name= Saint Proculus of Pozzuoli |
|name = Saint Proculus of Pozzuoli |
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|birth_date= |
|birth_date = |
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|death_date= |
|death_date = {{circa|305 AD}} |
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|feast_day= October 18 (Proculus, Eutyches, Acutius), November 16 (Proculus) (both feast days Roman Catholic Church); [[April 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]]; [[September 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]] |
|feast_day = October 18 (Proculus, Eutyches, Acutius), November 16 (Proculus) (both feast days Roman Catholic Church); [[April 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]]; [[September 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]] |
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|venerated_in= [[Roman Catholic Church]]; [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] |
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]; [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] |
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|image= |
|image = |
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|imagesize |
|imagesize = |
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|caption = |
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|caption= San Procolo, statuette by [[Michelangelo]] |
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|birth_place |
|birth_place = |
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|death_place=[[Solfatara (volcano)|Solfatara]] |
|death_place = [[Solfatara (volcano)|Solfatara]] |
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|titles |
|titles = |
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|beatified_date= |
|beatified_date = |
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|beatified_place= |
|beatified_place = |
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|beatified_by = |
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|canonized_date= |
|canonized_date = |
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|canonized_place= |
|canonized_place = |
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|canonized_by= |
|canonized_by = |
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|attributes= |
|attributes = |
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|patronage= |
|patronage = |
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|major_shrine |
|major_shrine = |
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|suppressed_date= |
|suppressed_date = |
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|issues |
|issues = |
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}} |
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[[File:The Martyrdom of St Januarius in the Amphitheatre at Pozzuoli.jpg|thumb|The Martyrdom of St Januarius in the Amphitheatre at Pozzuoli.jpg]] |
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'''Saint Proculus (Proclus) of Pozzuoli''' ({{ |
'''Saint Proculus (Proclus) of Pozzuoli''' ({{langx|it|San Procolo}}) was [[martyr]]ed around 305 AD, according to Christian tradition, at the same time as [[Saint Januarius]]. |
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He was martyred with: |
He was martyred with: |
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| ⚫ | These seven martyrs are first mentioned in relation to the life of Saint Januarius.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91924 Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The martyrs’ relics were [[translation (relics)|translated]] at various times and to various destinations.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Early documents, including the {{lang|it|Atti Puteolani}} and the {{lang|la|Acta s. Proculi}} were kept at the Archivio della Curia of [[Pozzuoli]] before being published for the first time in 1867 in [[Paris]] by the [[Jesuit]] [[Bollandist]] Stilting.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
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*Artemas of Pozzuoli |
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*Gantiol |
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| ⚫ | In addition, the ''Atti Bolognesi'', conserved in a [[codex]] dating from 1180, also provides information about these martyrs; this codex was kept at the [[Celestines|Celestine]] [[monastery]] of Santo Stefano in [[Bologna]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The codex contains the legend of Proculus, based on earlier accounts dating from at least the seventh century.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
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| ⚫ | These seven martyrs are first mentioned in relation to the life of Saint Januarius.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91924 Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In addition, the ''Atti Bolognesi'', conserved in a [[codex]] dating from 1180, also provides information about these martyrs; this codex was kept at the [[Celestines|Celestine]] [[monastery]] of |
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| ⚫ | The legend conserved in the {{lang|it|Atti Bolognesi}} states that during the [[Diocletianic Persecution]], Januarius, bishop of [[Benevento]], escaped from his see and traveled to Pozzuoli "incognito." However, his presence became known to Christians in the area, and Januarius maintained contact with a deacon of Miseno, Sossius, as well as the deacon Festus and the lector Desiderius. |
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| ⚫ | Sossius was soon discovered to be a Christian by the local authorities and he was condemned by the judge Dragontius, who condemned him to be killed by wild [[bear]]s in the [[Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)|local amphitheater]]. Januarius, Festus, and Desiderius, on hearing of Sossius’ arrest, took a risk and visited him in prison at the [[sulphur]] mines of Pozzuoli, near the volcano of [[Solfatara (volcano)|Solfatara]]. |
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| ⚫ | The legend conserved in the |
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| ⚫ | The authorities discovered that these men were also Christians and they were thrown to the wild beasts as well, but as one modern account states, "[...] when the animals came near the Saints, they fell affectionately at their feet and refused to harm them."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hieromartyr Januarius, bishop of Benevento, and his companions: Sosius, Proclus and Festus, deacons, Gantiol, Eutychius, Acutius, and Desiderius, at Puzzuoli (305)<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/September/19-05.htm}}</ref> They were then condemned to be [[decapitation|beheaded]], along with Sossius. |
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| ⚫ | Sossius was soon discovered to be a Christian by the local authorities and he was condemned by the judge Dragontius, who condemned him to be killed by wild [[ |
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| ⚫ | The authorities discovered that these men were also Christians and they were thrown to the wild beasts as well, but as one modern account states, "...when the animals came near the Saints, they fell affectionately at their feet and refused to harm them." |
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[[Image:Pozzuoli-Stemma.gif|left|frame|The seven eagle heads on the [[coat-of-arms]] for the town of [[Pozzuoli]] are said to represent seven of these martyrs]] |
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The bodies of Festus and Desiderius were buried outside [[Benevento]], then translated to the cathedral of that city before being buried in the abbey of [[Montevergine]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
The bodies of Festus and Desiderius were buried outside [[Benevento]], then translated to the cathedral of that city before being buried in the abbey of [[Montevergine]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
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The relics of Sossius were buried |
The relics of Sossius were buried in Miseno.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> When Miseno was destroyed in the 9th century, his relics were moved to Naples and then in 1807 taken to the city of [[Frattamaggiore]], and became a patron saint of that city.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> There is a church dedicated to him in Miseno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miseno: The Church of St. Sossio<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.ulixes.it/english/e_pg02cfr04.html}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|title=A SILVER MASTERPIECE OF 18TH CENTURY NEAPOLITAN STATUARY: ST. PROCULUS PATRON SAINT OF THE TOWN AND DIOCESE OF POZZUOLI|website=Campi Flegrei|url=http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005847/http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm|archive-date=2007-03-11}}</ref> [[Saint-Sozy]], in France, takes its name from Sossius. |
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The relics of Eutyches and Acutius were kept at the |
The relics of Eutyches and Acutius were kept at the {{lang|la|praetorium Falcidii}} near the [[Paleochristian]] basilica of Santo Stefano in Puzzuoli.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In the second half of the eighth century, they were placed in [[Naples Cathedral]],<ref name=autogenerated1 /> under the high [[altar]] of the cathedral in Naples with the relics of [[Agrippinus of Naples|Agrippinus]], a [[bishop of Naples]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Feast of the Dedication of St. John Lateran|website=St. Patrick Catholic Church|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1109.shtml#agri|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206181207/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1109.shtml#agri|archive-date=2007-02-06|access-date=2012-03-08}}</ref> |
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According to a ninth |
According to a ninth-century document believed by one scholar to be a fictitious account,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> the bodies of Januarius, Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius were transported in 871 to [[Reichenau Island]] by a [[Swabia]]n knight. The relics were subject to various inspections throughout the centuries, and in 1964, the bones at Reichenau were determined to be fake and not associated with these Italian martyrs.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
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Desiderius and Acutius are depicted in a 9th |
Desiderius and Acutius are depicted in a 9th-century [[fresco]] in the [[Catacombs of San Gennaro]], in Naples.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mostra – Romana Pictura, foto<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.archart.it/archart/mostre/exhibit%20-%20Romana%20Pictura/image66.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001152644/http://www.archart.it/archart/mostre/exhibit%20-%20Romana%20Pictura/image66.html|archive-date=2006-10-01|access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> |
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==Feast days== |
== Feast days == |
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Ancient dates in the ''Roman Martyrology'' are as follows: the feast day for the whole group was formerly September 19, the same feast day as for Januarius; |
Ancient dates in the ''Roman Martyrology'' are as follows: the feast day for the whole group was formerly September 19, the same feast day as for Januarius; Festus and Desiderius were celebrated on September 7; Sossius on September 23; Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius, on October 18.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus in Pozzuoli. St. Proculus was affectionately nicknamed {{lang|nap|'o pisciasotto}} ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of [[rain]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> The townspeople also celebrated his feast on the second Sunday in May.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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*{{ |
*{{Cite web|lang=it|title=Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio Martiri di Pozzuoli|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91924}} |
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* |
*{{Cite web|title=Pozzuoli Turismo|url=http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Proculus Of Pozzuoli |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 305 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Solfatara (volcano)|Solfatara]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Proculus Of Pozzuoli}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Proculus Of Pozzuoli}} |
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[[Category:305 deaths]] |
[[Category:305 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Italian saints]] |
[[Category:Italian saints]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:People from the Metropolitan City of Naples]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:4th-century Christian martyrs]] |
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[[Category:4th-century Christian martyr saints]] |
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[[Category:4th-century Romans]] |
[[Category:4th-century Romans]] |
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
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[[Category:Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian]] |
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[[hu:Szent Proculus]] |
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[[sh:Prokul iz Pozzuolija]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:10, 2 November 2024
Saint Proculus of Pozzuoli | |
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| Died | c. 305 AD Solfatara |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church; Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Feast | October 18 (Proculus, Eutyches, Acutius), November 16 (Proculus) (both feast days Roman Catholic Church); April 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics); September 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) |
Saint Proculus (Proclus) of Pozzuoli (Italian: San Procolo) was martyred around 305 AD, according to Christian tradition, at the same time as Saint Januarius.
He was martyred with:
- Sossius or Sosius, deacon of Miseno (Italian: Sosso, Sossio)
- Festus, lector (Italian: Festo)
- Desiderius, lector (Italian: Desiderio)
- Acutius (Italian: Acuzio)
- Eutyches (Eutychius) (Italian: Eutiche)
These seven martyrs are first mentioned in relation to the life of Saint Januarius.[1] The martyrs’ relics were translated at various times and to various destinations.[1] Early documents, including the Atti Puteolani and the Acta s. Proculi were kept at the Archivio della Curia of Pozzuoli before being published for the first time in 1867 in Paris by the Jesuit Bollandist Stilting.[1]
In addition, the Atti Bolognesi, conserved in a codex dating from 1180, also provides information about these martyrs; this codex was kept at the Celestine monastery of Santo Stefano in Bologna.[1] The codex contains the legend of Proculus, based on earlier accounts dating from at least the seventh century.[1]
Legend
[edit]The legend conserved in the Atti Bolognesi states that during the Diocletianic Persecution, Januarius, bishop of Benevento, escaped from his see and traveled to Pozzuoli "incognito." However, his presence became known to Christians in the area, and Januarius maintained contact with a deacon of Miseno, Sossius, as well as the deacon Festus and the lector Desiderius.
Sossius was soon discovered to be a Christian by the local authorities and he was condemned by the judge Dragontius, who condemned him to be killed by wild bears in the local amphitheater. Januarius, Festus, and Desiderius, on hearing of Sossius’ arrest, took a risk and visited him in prison at the sulphur mines of Pozzuoli, near the volcano of Solfatara.
The authorities discovered that these men were also Christians and they were thrown to the wild beasts as well, but as one modern account states, "[...] when the animals came near the Saints, they fell affectionately at their feet and refused to harm them."[2] They were then condemned to be beheaded, along with Sossius.
The deacon Proculus and the laymen Eutyches and Acutius protested this sentence while the other men were being led to their execution. As a result, these three were also decapitated with the others near the Solfatara, on September 19, 305.[1]
Veneration
[edit]The relics of Proculus were first buried in the Calpurnian temple, which was later converted into the cathedral of Pozzuoli.[1]
The bodies of Festus and Desiderius were buried outside Benevento, then translated to the cathedral of that city before being buried in the abbey of Montevergine.[1]
The relics of Sossius were buried in Miseno.[1] When Miseno was destroyed in the 9th century, his relics were moved to Naples and then in 1807 taken to the city of Frattamaggiore, and became a patron saint of that city.[1] There is a church dedicated to him in Miseno.[3][4] Saint-Sozy, in France, takes its name from Sossius.
The relics of Eutyches and Acutius were kept at the praetorium Falcidii near the Paleochristian basilica of Santo Stefano in Puzzuoli.[1] In the second half of the eighth century, they were placed in Naples Cathedral,[1] under the high altar of the cathedral in Naples with the relics of Agrippinus, a bishop of Naples.[5]
According to a ninth-century document believed by one scholar to be a fictitious account,[1] the bodies of Januarius, Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius were transported in 871 to Reichenau Island by a Swabian knight. The relics were subject to various inspections throughout the centuries, and in 1964, the bones at Reichenau were determined to be fake and not associated with these Italian martyrs.[1]
Desiderius and Acutius are depicted in a 9th-century fresco in the Catacombs of San Gennaro, in Naples.[6]
Feast days
[edit]Ancient dates in the Roman Martyrology are as follows: the feast day for the whole group was formerly September 19, the same feast day as for Januarius; Festus and Desiderius were celebrated on September 7; Sossius on September 23; Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius, on October 18.[1] November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus in Pozzuoli. St. Proculus was affectionately nicknamed 'o pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain.[4] The townspeople also celebrated his feast on the second Sunday in May.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
- ^ "Hieromartyr Januarius, bishop of Benevento, and his companions: Sosius, Proclus and Festus, deacons, Gantiol, Eutychius, Acutius, and Desiderius, at Puzzuoli (305)".
- ^ "Miseno: The Church of St. Sossio".
- ^ a b c "A SILVER MASTERPIECE OF 18TH CENTURY NEAPOLITAN STATUARY: ST. PROCULUS PATRON SAINT OF THE TOWN AND DIOCESE OF POZZUOLI". Campi Flegrei. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
- ^ "Feast of the Dedication of St. John Lateran". St. Patrick Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
- ^ "Mostra – Romana Pictura, foto". Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
External links
[edit]| International | |
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| National | |
