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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family Apocynaceae}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family Apocynaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Cynanchum aphyllum.JPG
|image = Cynanchum aphyllum.JPG
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|display_parents = 2
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Cynanchum
|taxon = Cynanchum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1853)
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = About 300, see text
|subdivision = 262, see text<ref name = powo/>
|synonyms = {{collapsible list |
|synonyms = {{collapsible list |
*''Adelostemma'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''Adelostemma'' <small>Hook.f. (1883)</small>
*''Aphanostelma'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''Ampelamus'' {{small|Raf. (1819)}}
*''Bunburia'' <small>Harv.</small>
*''Aphanostelma'' <small>Schltr. (1914)</small>
*''Cyathella'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Bunburia'' <small>Harv. (1838)</small>
*''Cynoctonum'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''Cyathella'' <small>Decne. (1838), non Brot. (1804), fungal name.</small>
*''Decanemopsis'' <small>Costantin & Gallaud</small>
*''Cynoctonum'' <small>E.Mey. (1838), nom. illeg.</small>
*''Dicarpophora'' <small>Speg.</small>
*''Decanemopsis'' <small>Costantin & Gallaud (1906)</small>
*''Drepanostemma'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>
*''Dicarpophora'' <small>Speg. (1926)</small>
*''Exostegia'' <small>Bojer ex Decne.</small>
*''Drepanostemma'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier (1911)</small>
*''Flanagania'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''Enslenia'' {{small|Nutt. (1818), nom. illeg.}}
*''Folotsia'' <small>Costantin & Bois</small>
*''Exostegia'' <small>Bojer ex Decne. (1844)</small>
*''Gilgia'' <small>Pax</small>
*''Flanagania'' <small>Schltr. (1894)</small>
*''Glossonema'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Folotsia'' <small>Costantin & Bois (1908)</small>
*''Graphistemma'' <small>(Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth.</small>
*''Gilgia'' <small>Pax (1894)</small>
*''Holostemma'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Glossonema'' <small>Decne. (1838)</small>
*''Karimbolea'' <small>Desc.</small>
*''Graphistemma'' <small>(Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. (1876)</small>
*''Mahafalia'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>
*''Holostemma'' <small>R.Br. (1810)</small>
*''Mastostigma'' <small>Stocks</small>
*''Karimbolea'' <small>Desc. (1960)</small>
*''Metalepis'' <small>Griseb.</small>
*''Mahafalia'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier (1911)</small>
*''Metaplexis'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Mastostigma'' <small>Stocks (1852)</small>
*''Monostemma'' <small>Turcz.</small>
*''Mellichampia'' {{small|A.Gray ex S.Watson (1887)}}
*''Nematostemma'' <small>Choux</small>
*''Metalepis'' <small>Griseb. (1866)</small>
*''Odontanthera'' <small>Wight</small>
*''Metaplexis'' <small>R.Br. (1810)</small>
*''Pentarrhinum'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''Monostemma'' <small>Turcz. (1848)</small>
*''Perianthostelma'' <small>Baill.</small>
*''Nematostemma'' <small>Choux (1921)</small>
*''Petalostemma'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Nematuris'' {{small|Turcz. (1848)}}
*''Platykeleba'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''Odontanthera'' <small>Wight (1838)</small>
*''Prosopostelma'' <small>Baill.</small>
*''Pentarrhinum'' <small>E.Mey. (1838)</small>
*''Psanchum'' <small>Neck.</small>
*''Perianthostelma'' <small>Baill. (1890)</small>
*''Pycnoneurum'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Petalostemma'' <small>R.Br. (1814), nom. nud.</small>
*''Raphistemma'' <small>Wall.</small>
*''Platykeleba'' <small>N.E.Br. (1895)</small>
*''Roulinia'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Prosopostelma'' <small>Baill. (1890)</small>
*''Rouliniella'' <small>Vail</small>
*''Psanchum'' <small>Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr.</small>
*''Sarcocyphula'' <small>Harv.</small>
*''Pycnoneurum'' <small>Decne. (1838)</small>
*''Sarcostemma'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Raphistemma'' <small>Wall. (1831)</small>
*''Rhodostegiella'' {{small|(Pobed.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li (1990)}}
⚫
*''Sarmasikia'' <small>Bubani</small>
*''Schizocorona'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
*''Roulinia'' <small>Decne. (1844), nom. illeg.</small>
*''Seshagiria'' <small>Ansari & Hemadri</small>
*''Rouliniella'' <small>Vail (1902)</small>
*''Sichuania'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li</small>
*''Sarcocyphula'' <small>Harv. (1863)</small>
*''Steinheilia'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''Sarcostemma'' <small>R.Br. (1810)</small>
*''Symphyoglossum'' <small>Turcz.</small>
*''Sarmasikia'' <small>Bubani (1897)</small>
*''Telminostelma'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''Schizocorona'' <small>F.Muell. (1853)</small>
*''Urostelma'' <small>Bunge</small>
*''Seshagiria'' <small>Ansari & Hemadri (1971)</small>
*''Voharanga'' <small>Costantin & Bois</small>
*''Sichuania'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li (1995)</small>
*''Vohemaria'' <small>Buchenau</small>
*''Steinheilia'' <small>Decne. (1838)</small>
*''Ziervoglia'' <small>Neck.</small>
*''Symphyoglossum'' <small>Turcz. (1848)</small>
*''Telminostelma'' <small>E.Fourn. (1885)</small>
⚫
*''Urostelma'' <small>Bunge (1833)</small>
*''Voharanga'' <small>Costantin & Bois (1908)</small>
*''Vohemaria'' <small>Buchenau (1889)</small>
*''Ziervoglia'' <small>Neck. (1790)</small>
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30401855-2#synonyms |title=''Cynanchum'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=18 July 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms_ref =<ref name = powo>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30401855-2#synonyms |title=''Cynanchum'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
}}
}}


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==Importance==
==Importance==
The root of ''[[Cynanchum atratum]]'' is used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] and called ''Bai wei''. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses.
The root of ''[[Cynanchum atratum]]'' is used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] and called ''Bai wei''. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses.

''[[Cynanchum louiseae]]'' (black swallowwort) and ''[[Cynanchum rossicum]]'' (pale swallowwort) are troublesome [[noxious weed]]s in parts of North America.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/cylo1.htm NPS Alien Plants Fact Sheet]</ref><ref>[http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2014/04/invasive-vines-swallow-new-yorks-natural-areas Krishna Ramanujan (2014) "Invasive vines swallow up New York’s natural areas." ''Cornell Chronicle'', April 23, 2014.]</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
''Cynanchum'' as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is [[polyphyletic]] and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including ''[[Orthosia]]'', ''[[Pentarrhinum]]'', and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'', with a group of mostly Old World species staying in ''Cynanchum''.<ref name="weakley">{{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm | title = Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas | author = Alan S. Weakley | date = April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | jstor = 3093924 | title = Circumscription of the Genus ''Cynanchum'' (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) | author = Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | date = Oct–Dec 2002 | pages = 789–800 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>
''Cynanchum'' as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is [[polyphyletic]] and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including ''[[Orthosia (plant)|Orthosia]]'', ''[[Pentarrhinum]]'', and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'', with a group of mostly Old World species staying in ''Cynanchum'',<ref name="weakley">{{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm | title = Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas | author = Alan S. Weakley | date = April 2008 | access-date = 2009-06-08 | archive-date = 2018-10-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | jstor = 3093924 | title = Circumscription of the Genus ''Cynanchum'' (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) | author = Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | date = Oct–Dec 2002 | pages = 789–800 | doi = 10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.789 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 }}</ref> and old genera such as ''[[Raphistemma]]'' brought to synonymy. Revision of the genus taxonomy in 2023 identified two new synonyms: ''Vincetoxicum sibiricum'' f. ''linearifolium'', described from Shandong, China in 1877, but long neglected and ''Cynanchum gobicum'', previously believed to be endemic to Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite journal | jstor = | title = A taxonomic revision of ''Cynanchum thesioides'' (''Apocynaceae'') with two new synonyms | author = Cai-Fei Zhang, Dong-Juan Zhang, Miao Liao, Guang-Wan Hu | journal = PhytoKeys | issue = 219 | date = 19 January 2023 | pages = 11–25 | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.219.93514 | pmid = 37252452 | pmc = 10210048 | s2cid = 256161021 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
Species include<ref>{{cite web |url= http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30401855-2 |title= Cynanchum L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref>:
{{As of|2023|February}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted the following species:<ref name=POWO_30401855-2>{{cite web |url= http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30401855-2 |title= ''Cynanchum'' L.. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
* ''[[Cynanchum absconditum]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum absconditum]]'' <small>Liede</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum alatum]]'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum alatum]]'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum alternilobum]]'' <small>(M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum alternilobum]]'' <small>(M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum altiscandens]]''<small> [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bussmann R. W.|display-authors=et al | year = 2006 | title = Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya | journal = J Ethnobiol Ethnomed | volume = 2 | issue = | page = 22 | pmc=1475560 | pmid=16674830 | doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-22}}</ref>
* ''[[Cynanchum altiscandens]]''<small> [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bussmann R. W.|display-authors=et al | year = 2006 | title = Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya | journal = J Ethnobiol Ethnomed | volume = 2 | page = 22 | pmc=1475560 | pmid=16674830 | doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-22 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Cynanchum ambovombense]]'' <small>(Liede) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum ambovombense]]'' <small>(Liede) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum ampanihense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum ampanihense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum arenarium]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum arenarium]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum areysianum]]'' <small>([[Peter Vincent Bruyns|Bruyns]]) Meve & Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum areysianum]]'' <small>([[Peter Vincent Bruyns|Bruyns]]) Meve & Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum auriculatum]]''
⚫
* ''[[Cynanchum arizonicum]]'' – Arizona swallow-wort or Arizona climbing milkweed
* ''[[Cynanchum balense]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum balense]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum baronii]]'' <small>Choux</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum baronii]]'' <small>Choux</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum brevicoronatum]]'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum brevicoronatum]]'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum brevipedicellatum]]'' <small>([[Paul Irwin Forster|P.I.Forst.]]) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum brevipedicellatum]]'' <small>([[Paul Irwin Forster|P.I.Forst.]]) Liede & Meve</small>
⚫
* ''[[Cynanchum brevipedunculatum]]'' <small>J.Y.Shen</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum bricenoi]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum bricenoi]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum bungei]]'' <small>[[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum bungei]]'' <small>[[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum callialatum]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex [[Robert Wight|Wight]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum callialatum]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex [[Robert Wight|Wight]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum carautanum]]'' <small>(Fontella & E.A.Schwarz) [[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum carautanum]]'' <small>(Fontella & E.A.Schwarz) [[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum caudiculatum]]'' <small>Rapini</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum caudigerum]]'' <small>R.W.Holm</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum caudigerum]]'' <small>R.W.Holm</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum celebicum]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum celebicum]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum diazmirandae]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum diazmirandae]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum dimidiatum]]'' <small>(Hassk.) [[Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage|Boerl.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum dimidiatum]]'' <small>(Hassk.) [[Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage|Boerl.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum doleriticum]]'' <small>Goyder</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum dombeyanum]]'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) [[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum dombeyanum]]'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) [[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum duclouxii]]'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum duclouxii]]'' <small>M.G.Gilbert & [[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum ethiopicum]]'' <small>Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum ethiopicum]]'' <small>Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum eurychitoides]]'' <small>([[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]) [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum eurychitoides]]'' <small>([[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]) [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum eurychiton]]'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) [[ Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum eurychiton]]'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum falcatum]]'' <small>[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutch.]] & [[Eileen Adelaide Bruce|E.A.Bruce]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum falcatum]]'' <small>[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutch.]] & [[Eileen Adelaide Bruce|E.A.Bruce]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum fasciculiflorum]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum fasciculiflorum]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum hastifolium]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hastifolium]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum haughtii]]'' <small>[[Robert Everard Woodson|Woodson]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum haughtii]]'' <small>[[Robert Everard Woodson|Woodson]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hemsleyanum]]'' <small>([[Daniel Oliver|Oliv.]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hemsleyanum]]'' <small>([[Daniel Oliver (botanist)|Oliv.]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum heteromorphum]]'' <small>[[Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke|Vatke]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum heteromorphum]]'' <small>[[Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke|Vatke]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum heydei]]'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum heydei]]'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum hoedimeerium]]'' <small>[[Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink (born 1911)|Bakh.f.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hoedimeerium]]'' <small>[[Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink (born 1911)|Bakh.f.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hooperianum]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hooperianum]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum hubeiense]]'' <small>Wen B.Xu, B.S.Xia & J.Y.Shen</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum humbert-capuronii]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum humbert-capuronii]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum implicatum]]'' <small>([[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]) [[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum implicatum]]'' <small>([[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]) [[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum leptostephanum]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum leptostephanum]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum leucophellum]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum leucophellum]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum ligulatum]]'' <small>(Benth.) Woodson</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum lineare]]'' <small>[[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum lineare]]'' <small>[[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum liukiuense]]'' <small>[[Otto Warburg (botanist)|Warb.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum liukiuense]]'' <small>[[Otto Warburg (botanist)|Warb.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum magale]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex [[Lewis Weston Dillwyn|Dillwyn]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum magale]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex [[Lewis Weston Dillwyn|Dillwyn]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mahafalense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mahafalense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum malampayae]]'' <small>(Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall) Sodusta</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mariense]]'' <small>(Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mariense]]'' <small>(Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mariquitense]]'' <small>[[José Celestino Mutis|Mutis]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mariquitense]]'' <small>[[José Celestino Mutis|Mutis]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum membranaceum]]'' <small>(Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum membranaceum]]'' <small>(Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum menarandrense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum menarandrense]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum messeri]]'' <small>(Buchenau) Jum. & H.Perrier</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mevei]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mevei]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum meyeri]]'' <small>(Decne.) [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum meyeri]]'' <small>(Decne.) [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum moramangense]]'' <small>Choux</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum moramangense]]'' <small>Choux</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum moratii]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum moratii]]'' <small>Liede</small>
⚫
* ''[[Cynanchum morilloi]]'' <small>[[Ping Tao Li|P.T.Li]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mossambicense]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum mossambicense]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum muricatum]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]) [[Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage|Boerl.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum muricatum]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]) [[Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage|Boerl.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum radiatum]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum radiatum]]'' <small>[[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] & [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie|H.Perrier]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rauhianum]]'' <small>Desc.</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rauhianum]]'' <small>Desc.</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum registanense]]'' <small>Jayanthi</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rensonii]]'' <small>([[Henri François Pittier|Pittier]]) [[Robert Everard Woodson|Woodson]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rensonii]]'' <small>([[Henri François Pittier|Pittier]]) [[Robert Everard Woodson|Woodson]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum repandum]]'' <small>(Decne.) [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum repandum]]'' <small>(Decne.) [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum rioparanense]]'' <small>Sundell</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rioparanense]]'' <small>Sundell</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rossii]]'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rossii]]'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rostellatum]]'' <small>([[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* {{interlanguage link|Cynanchum rostellatum|ja|ガガイモ|lt=''Cynanchum rostellatum''}} <small>([[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]]) Liede & Khanum</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum roulinioides]]'' <small>([[Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier|E.Fourn.]]) Rapini</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum roulinioides]]'' <small>([[Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier|E.Fourn.]]) Rapini</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rubricoronae]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum rubricoronae]]'' <small>Liede</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum somaliense]]'' <small>([[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]) [[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum somaliense]]'' <small>([[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]) [[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum staubii]]'' <small>[[Jean Marie Bosser|Bosser]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum staubii]]'' <small>[[Jean Marie Bosser|Bosser]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum stauntonii]]''
* ''[[Cynanchum stenospira]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum stenospira]]'' <small>[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum stoloniferum]]'' <small>(B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum stoloniferum]]'' <small>(B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum szechuanense]]'' <small>[[Ying Tsiang|Tsiang]] & H.D.Zhang</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum szechuanense]]'' <small>[[Ying Tsiang|Tsiang]] & H.D.Zhang</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum tamense]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum tamense]]'' <small>[[Gilberto Morillo|Morillo]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum thruppii]]'' <small>([[Daniel Oliver|Oliv.]]) Khanum & Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum thruppii]]'' <small>([[Daniel Oliver (botanist)|Oliv.]]) Khanum & Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum toliari]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum toliari]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum trollii]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum trollii]]'' <small>Liede & Meve</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum umtalense]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum umtalense]]'' <small>Liede</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum unguiculatum]]'' <small>([[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]]) [[Friedrich Markgraf|Markgr.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum unguiculatum]]'' <small>([[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]]) [[Friedrich Markgraf|Markgr.]]</small>
⚫
* ''[[Cynanchum utahense]]'' – Utah swallow-wort or Utah vine milkweed
* ''[[Cynanchum vanlessenii]]'' <small>([[John Jacob Lavranos|Lavranos]]) Goyder</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum vanlessenii]]'' <small>([[John Jacob Lavranos|Lavranos]]) Goyder</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum verrucosum]]'' <small>(Desc.) Liede & Meve</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum verrucosum]]'' <small>(Desc.) Liede & Meve</small>
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* ''[[Cynanchum zeyheri]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
* ''[[Cynanchum zeyheri]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

;Former species
* ''Cynanchum auriculatum'' = ''[[Vincetoxicum auriculatum]]''
⚫
* ''Cynanchum arizonicum'' = ''[[Metastelma arizonicum]]'' – Arizona swallow-wort or Arizona climbing milkweed
⚫
* ''Cynanchum utahense'' = ''[[Funastrum utahense]]'' – Utah swallow-wort or Utah vine milkweed


==References==
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q285262}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q285262}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Cynanchum| ]]
[[Category:Cynanchum| ]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 05:49, 2 November 2024

Cynanchum
In the foreground, Cynanchum aphyllum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Asclepiadeae
Genus: Cynanchum
L. (1853)
Species

262, see text[1]

Synonyms[1]
List
    • Adelostemma Hook.f. (1883)
    • Ampelamus Raf. (1819)
    • Aphanostelma Schltr. (1914)
    • Bunburia Harv. (1838)
    • Cyathella Decne. (1838), non Brot. (1804), fungal name.
    • Cynoctonum E.Mey. (1838), nom. illeg.
    • Decanemopsis Costantin & Gallaud (1906)
    • Dicarpophora Speg. (1926)
    • Drepanostemma Jum. & H.Perrier (1911)
    • Enslenia Nutt. (1818), nom. illeg.
    • Exostegia Bojer ex Decne. (1844)
    • Flanagania Schltr. (1894)
    • Folotsia Costantin & Bois (1908)
    • Gilgia Pax (1894)
    • Glossonema Decne. (1838)
    • Graphistemma (Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. (1876)
    • Holostemma R.Br. (1810)
    • Karimbolea Desc. (1960)
    • Mahafalia Jum. & H.Perrier (1911)
    • Mastostigma Stocks (1852)
    • Mellichampia A.Gray ex S.Watson (1887)
    • Metalepis Griseb. (1866)
    • Metaplexis R.Br. (1810)
    • Monostemma Turcz. (1848)
    • Nematostemma Choux (1921)
    • Nematuris Turcz. (1848)
    • Odontanthera Wight (1838)
    • Pentarrhinum E.Mey. (1838)
    • Perianthostelma Baill. (1890)
    • Petalostemma R.Br. (1814), nom. nud.
    • Platykeleba N.E.Br. (1895)
    • Prosopostelma Baill. (1890)
    • Psanchum Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr.
    • Pycnoneurum Decne. (1838)
    • Raphistemma Wall. (1831)
    • Rhodostegiella (Pobed.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li (1990)
    • Roulinia Decne. (1844), nom. illeg.
    • Rouliniella Vail (1902)
    • Sarcocyphula Harv. (1863)
    • Sarcostemma R.Br. (1810)
    • Sarmasikia Bubani (1897)
    • Schizocorona F.Muell. (1853)
    • Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri (1971)
    • Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li (1995)
    • Steinheilia Decne. (1838)
    • Symphyoglossum Turcz. (1848)
    • Telminostelma E.Fourn. (1885)
    • Urostelma Bunge (1833)
    • Voharanga Costantin & Bois (1908)
    • Vohemaria Buchenau (1889)
    • Ziervoglia Neck. (1790)

Cynanchum is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek kynos (meaning "dog") and anchein ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most species are non-succulent climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of toxicity.[2]

Morphology

[edit]

These plants are perennial herbs or subshrubs, often growing from rhizomes. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles. The inflorescences and flowers come in a variety of shapes.

Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bear follicles, which are podlike dry fruits.

Distribution

[edit]

These species are found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Several species also grow in temperate regions.

Importance

[edit]

The root of Cynanchum atratum is used in Chinese traditional medicine and called Bai wei. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses.

Classification

[edit]

Cynanchum as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is polyphyletic and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including Orthosia, Pentarrhinum, and Vincetoxicum, with a group of mostly Old World species staying in Cynanchum,[3][4] and old genera such as Raphistemma brought to synonymy. Revision of the genus taxonomy in 2023 identified two new synonyms: Vincetoxicum sibiricum f. linearifolium, described from Shandong, China in 1877, but long neglected and Cynanchum gobicum, previously believed to be endemic to Mongolia.[5]

Species

[edit]

As of February 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[6]

Former species

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Plants for a Future Database".
  3. ^ Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  4. ^ Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber (Oct–Dec 2002). "Circumscription of the Genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)". Systematic Botany. 27 (4): 789–800. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.789 (inactive 1 November 2024). JSTOR 3093924.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  5. ^ Cai-Fei Zhang, Dong-Juan Zhang, Miao Liao, Guang-Wan Hu (19 January 2023). "A taxonomic revision of Cynanchum thesioides (Apocynaceae) with two new synonyms". PhytoKeys (219): 11–25. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.219.93514. PMC 10210048. PMID 37252452. S2CID 256161021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  7. ^ Bussmann R. W.; et al. (2006). "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2: 22. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-22. PMC 1475560. PMID 16674830.
[edit]
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