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{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Celebic
|name=Celebic
|altname=
|altname=
|region=[[Sulawesi]]
|region=[[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|protoname=Proto-Celebic
|fam3=[[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear MP]]
|fam4=[[Sunda–Sulawesi languages|Sunda–Sulawesi]] ?
|child1=[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
|child2=[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
|child1=
|child3=[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
|child2=
|child4=[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
|child3=
|child5=[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
|child6=[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
|glotto=cele1242
|glotto=cele1242
|glottorefname=Celebic
|glottorefname=Celebic
}}
}}


[[File:Sulawesi_languages.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages|Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red (the map is in German)]]
The '''Celebic languages''' are a proposed group of [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]] spoken on the island of [[Sulawesi]], formerly spelled ''Celebes.'' It would be the largest family of languages on that island.
The '''Celebic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages]] spoken on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sulawesi]], formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of [[Central Sulawesi]] and [[Southeast Sulawesi]] belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. [[Wotu language|Wotu]], [[Bonerate language|Bonerate]]) are located in [[South Sulawesi]] province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of [[Austronesian languages]] on Sulawesi.


==Languages==
==Subgrouping==
David Mead (2003a:125)<ref name=Mead2003a>Mead, David. 2003a. "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup." In ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', John Lynch (ed.). pages 115-141. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref><ref>Mead, David. 2003b. "The Saluan-Banggai micro group of eastern Sulawesi." In ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', John Lynch (ed.). pages 65–86. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref> classifies the Celebic languages as follows.
*[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
*[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
* Eastern
**[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
**Southeastern
***[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
***[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]


=== Internal classification ===
==External relationships==
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>
Sulawesi has a diverse set of languages. The families of the north—[[Gorontalo–Mongondow languages|Gorontalo]], [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric]], and [[Minahasan languages]]—have the [[Austronesian alignment]] system of [[syntax]] common to the languages of the [[Philippines]] and [[Borneo]], and reconstructed for [[proto-Malayo-Polynesian]].


{{tree list}}
The languages of the center and south of the island have lost this system. Wouk and Ross (2002)<ref>Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), ''The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems.'' Australian National University, 2002.</ref> argued from this that Sulawesi was the center of dispersal for a group of languages which share this loss, which they call [[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian]]. They leave Gorontalo, Sangiric, and Minahasan outside their Nuclear MP, and the various other Sulawesi families as primary branches of Nuclear MP. Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)<ref>K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, ''The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar.'' Routledge, 2005.</ref> go further and classify Gorontalo, Sangiric, and Minahasan as [[Philippine languages]], with Gorontalo in a "Greater Central Philippine" branch along with [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].
*'''Celebic'''
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
**[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
**[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
** Eastern
***[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
***Southeastern
****[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
****[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
{{tree list/end}}


More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]] and [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]] form a [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]] group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) [[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]] and ''Eastern Celebic'' groups.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{cite journal |last=Zobel |first=Erik |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=59 |issue=1/2 |pages=297-346 |doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref>
==Sound changes==
David Mead (2003a:125)<ref name=Mead2003a /> lists the following [[sound change]]s for Celebic and its subgroups.


=== Position within Austronesian ===
1. [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] subgroup within the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |year=2017 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |page=435–490|doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 }}</ref>
* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
* *h > Ø
* *d > *r
* *ay, *-ey > *e
* *-aw, *-ew > *o
* *j > *y, Ø


2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
==Proto-Celebic==<!---[[Proto-Celebic]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
* *e (schwa) > *o
| name = Proto-Celebic
* *-iq > *eq
| region = [[Sulawesi]]
*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
| familycolor = Austronesian
| ancestor = [[Proto-Austronesian]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]]
| child1 = [[Proto-Muna-Buton]]
| child2 = [[Proto-Bungku-Tolaki]]
| target = Celebic languages
}}
David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following [[sound change]]s for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.<ref name=Mead2003a />


# [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
#* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
* *-awa- > *oa
* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
#* *h > Ø
* *q > *ʔ
#* *d > *r
#* *ay, *-ey > *e

#* *-aw, *-ew > *o
4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
* *-w- > Ø
#* *j > *y, Ø
# Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
* *s > *s, *h
* *Z > *s
#* *e (schwa) > *o
* *ñ > n
#* *-iq > *eq
* *b > *b, *w
#*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]

#* *-awa- > *oa
5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
* *q > *ʔ
#* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
* *w- > *h
#* *q > *ʔ
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
#* *-w- > Ø

#* *s > *s, *h
6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
* *w > Ø
#* *Z > *s
#* *ñ > n
*final consonant loss (?)
#* *b > *b, *w
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
#* *q > *ʔ
#* *w- > *h
#* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
#* *w > Ø
#*final consonant loss (?)


==See also==
*[[Languages of Sulawesi]]
*[[South Sulawesi languages]]


==References==
==References==
Line 75: Line 93:


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/celebic Celebic languages] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (22nd ed., 2019).
*[http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Classification of Sulawesi Languages]
* [http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Classification of Sulawesi languages]



{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Celebic languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}


[[Category:Celebic languages| ]]
[[Category:Celebic languages| ]]
[[Category:Malayo-Polynesian languages]]

Latest revision as of 10:20, 2 November 2024

Celebic
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Celebic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcele1242
Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages
Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red (the map is in German)

The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.

Subgrouping

[edit]

Internal classification

[edit]

David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2]

More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) Tomini–Tolitoli and Eastern Celebic groups.[3]

Position within Austronesian

[edit]

At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.[4]

Proto-Celebic

[edit]
Proto-Celebic
Reconstruction ofCelebic languages
RegionSulawesi
Reconstructed
ancestors
Lower-order reconstructions

David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]

  1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
    • *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
    • *h > Ø
    • *d > *r
    • *ay, *-ey > *e
    • *-aw, *-ew > *o
    • *j > *y, Ø
  2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
  3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
    • *-awa- > *oa
    • *-b, *-g > *p, *k
    • *q > *ʔ
  4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
    • *-w- > Ø
    • *s > *s, *h
    • *Z > *s
    • *ñ > n
    • *b > *b, *w
  5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
    • *q > *ʔ
    • *w- > *h
    • *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
  6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
    • *w > Ø
    • final consonant loss (?)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
  2. ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
  3. ^ Zobel, Erik (2020). "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 59 (1/2). University of Hawai'i Press: 297–346. doi:10.1353/ol.2020.0014.
  4. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
[edit]
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