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{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Celebic
|name=Celebic
|altname=
|altname=
|region=[[Sulawesi]]
|region=[[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|protoname=Proto-Celebic
|child1=[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
|child1=[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
|child2=[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
|child2=[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
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}}
}}


The '''Celebic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages]] spoken on the island of [[Sulawesi]], formerly spelled ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of [[Central Sulawesi]] and [[Southeast Sulawesi]] belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. [[Wotu language|Wotu]], [[Bonerate language|Bonerate]]) are located in [[South Sulawesi]] province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of [[Austronesian languages]] on Sulawesi.
[[File:Sulawesi_languages.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages|Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red (the map is in German)]]
The '''Celebic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages]] spoken on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sulawesi]], formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of [[Central Sulawesi]] and [[Southeast Sulawesi]] belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. [[Wotu language|Wotu]], [[Bonerate language|Bonerate]]) are located in [[South Sulawesi]] province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of [[Austronesian languages]] on Sulawesi.


==Subgrouping==
==Subgrouping==


=== Internal classification ===
=== Internal classification ===
David Mead (2003a:125)<ref name=Mead2003a>Mead, David. 2003a. "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup." In ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', John Lynch (ed.). pages 115-141. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref><ref>Mead, David. 2003b. "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi." In ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', John Lynch (ed.). pages 65–86. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref> classifies the Celebic languages as follows.
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
⚫
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
⚫
*[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
⚫
* Eastern
⚫
**[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
⚫
**Southeastern
⚫
***[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
⚫
***[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]


{{tree list}}
⚫
=== Position within Austronesian ===
*'''Celebic'''
⚫
At the current stage of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] subgroup within in the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |year=2017 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |page=435–490|doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 }}</ref>
⚫
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
⚫
**[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
⚫
**[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
⚫
** Eastern
⚫
***[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
⚫
***Southeastern
⚫
****[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
⚫
****[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
{{tree list/end}}


More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]] and [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]] form a [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]] group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) [[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]] and ''Eastern Celebic'' groups.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{cite journal |last=Zobel |first=Erik |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=59 |issue=1/2 |pages=297-346 |doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref>
==Sound changes==
⚫
David Mead (2003a:125)<ref name=Mead2003a /> lists the following [[sound change]]s for Celebic and its subgroups.


⚫
=== Position within Austronesian ===
⚫
1. [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
⚫
At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] subgroup within the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |year=2017 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |page=435–490|doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 }}</ref>
⚫
* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
⚫
* *h > Ø
⚫
* *d > *r
⚫
* *ay, *-ey > *e
⚫
* *-aw, *-ew > *o
⚫
* *j > *y, Ø


2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
==Proto-Celebic==<!---[[Proto-Celebic]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
* *e (schwa) > *o
| name = Proto-Celebic
⚫
* *-iq > *eq
| region = [[Sulawesi]]
*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
| familycolor = Austronesian
| ancestor = [[Proto-Austronesian]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]]
| child1 = [[Proto-Muna-Buton]]
| child2 = [[Proto-Bungku-Tolaki]]
| target = Celebic languages
}}
⚫
David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following [[sound change]]s for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.<ref name=Mead2003a />


⚫
# [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
⚫
3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
⚫
#* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
⚫
* *-awa- > *oa
* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
#* *h > Ø
* *q > *ʔ
#* *d > *r
⚫
#* *ay, *-ey > *e

⚫
#* *-aw, *-ew > *o
⚫
4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
* *-w- > Ø
#* *j > *y, Ø
# Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
⚫
* *s > *s, *h
* *Z > *s
#* *e (schwa) > *o
* *ñ > n
#* *-iq > *eq
* *b > *b, *w
#*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
⚫
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]

⚫
#* *-awa- > *oa
⚫
5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
* *q > *ʔ
#* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
* *w- > *h
#* *q > *ʔ
⚫
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
⚫
* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
#* *-w- > Ø

⚫
#* *s > *s, *h
⚫
6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
* *w > Ø
#* *Z > *s
#* *ñ > n
⚫
*final consonant loss (?)
⚫
#* *b > *b, *w
⚫
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
⚫
#* *q > *ʔ
⚫
#* *w- > *h
⚫
#* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
⚫
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
⚫
#* *w > Ø
⚫
#*final consonant loss (?)


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/celebic Celebic languages] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (22nd ed., 2019).
*[http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Classification of Sulawesi Languages]
* [http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Classification of Sulawesi languages]



{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Celebic languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}


[[Category:Celebic languages| ]]
[[Category:Celebic languages| ]]

Latest revision as of 10:20, 2 November 2024

Celebic
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Celebic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcele1242
Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages
Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red (the map is in German)

The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.

Subgrouping

[edit]

Internal classification

[edit]

David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2]

More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) Tomini–Tolitoli and Eastern Celebic groups.[3]

Position within Austronesian

[edit]

At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.[4]

Proto-Celebic

[edit]
Proto-Celebic
Reconstruction ofCelebic languages
RegionSulawesi
Reconstructed
ancestors
Lower-order reconstructions

David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]

  1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
    • *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
    • *h > Ø
    • *d > *r
    • *ay, *-ey > *e
    • *-aw, *-ew > *o
    • *j > *y, Ø
  2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
  3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
    • *-awa- > *oa
    • *-b, *-g > *p, *k
    • *q > *ʔ
  4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
    • *-w- > Ø
    • *s > *s, *h
    • *Z > *s
    • *ñ > n
    • *b > *b, *w
  5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
    • *q > *ʔ
    • *w- > *h
    • *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
  6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
    • *w > Ø
    • final consonant loss (?)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
  2. ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
  3. ^ Zobel, Erik (2020). "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 59 (1/2). University of Hawai'i Press: 297–346. doi:10.1353/ol.2020.0014.
  4. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
[edit]
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