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{{Short description|Type of government department in Russian Empire}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}} |
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{{other uses|Collegium (disambiguation)}} |
{{other uses|Collegium (disambiguation)}} |
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[[File:Twelvecollegia.jpg|thumb|Building of the [[Twelve Collegia]], 1753 engraving]] |
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The '''''collegia''''' (plural of a '''''[[Collegium (disambiguation)|collegium]]''''', "joined by law") were government departments in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]], established in 1717 by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]. The departments were housed in the [[Twelve Collegia]] building in [[Saint Petersburg]]. |
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The '''Collegium''' ({{Langx|ru|Коллегии|lit=joined by law}}) was a type of government department in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]]. It was established in 1717 by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] to replace the system of [[Prikaz]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=КОЛЛЕГИИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |trans-title=COLLEGIUM • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2080789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020161739/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2080789 |archive-date=2022-10-20 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Bigenc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> They were housed in the [[Twelve Collegia]] building in [[Vasilyevsky Island]], [[Saint Petersburg]]. In 1802, the Collegium was incorporated into and gradually replaced by the newly created [[Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries|system of Ministries]]. |
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== Origin == |
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[[Image:Twelvecollegia.jpg|thumb|300px|Building of the [[Twelve Collegia]], 1753 engraving]] |
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Following the formation of the [[Governing Senate]] in 1711, the Tsar Peter I sought to make more reforms on the imperial government bodies. He planned to replace the [[Prikaz]] with a new type of government agency, based on two new principles: |
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# Systematic separation of departments, in order to avoid overlapping/omission of certain governmental duties under the Prikaz system; |
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==The reasons for establishing the colleges== |
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# Advisory procedure for resolving cases. |
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In 1718-19, the liquidation of the former state bodies took place, replacing them with new ones, more suitable for young Peter the Great Russia. |
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Similar form of central government institutions were adopted in [[Sweden]] and a number of German states. In 1717, Collegium was introduced based on the Swedish ''Kollegium''.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The [[Governing Senate|Senate]] founding in 1711 served as a signal for the establishing of the sectoral management bodies - colleges. According to the plan of the [[Peter the Great]], they had to replace the awkward system of [[prikaz]] and bring two innovations into the administration: |
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# The systematic separation of departments (orders often substituted each other, performing the same function that caused chaos in management. Moreover, some other functions were not at all covered by any clerical proceedings). |
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# Advisory procedure for solving the cases. |
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The form of the new central government was borrowed from [[Sweden]] and in [[Germany]]. The Sweden legislation became the basis for the development of the regulations for the [[legislation]]. |
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== History == |
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==Evolution of the college system== |
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Already in 1712, an attempt was made to establish a trading board with the participation of foreigners. In Germany and other European countries, experienced lawyers and officials were recruited to work in Russian state institutions. The Swedish boards were considered the best in Europe, and they were taken as a model. |
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* 1717 - Establishment of the 8 following Collegiums: [[Collegium of Foreign Affairs]], [[College of War]], [[Collegium of State Income]], [[Collegium of Justice]], [[Collegium of Commerce]], [[Collegium of State Expenses]], [[Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing]], and [[Collegium of Accounting]]. |
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The college system, however, began to take shape only by the end of 1717. “Breaking” the order system overnight turned out to be difficult, so the one-time abolition had to be abandoned. Orders were either absorbed by the colleges, or subordinated to them (for example, seven orders were included in the Justice Board). |
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* 1718 - Establishment of the [[Admiralty Board (Russian Empire)|Admiralty Board]], as well as a special collegium to administer the newly acquired territories along the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Присоединение Прибалтики к России, Эстляндия и Лифляндия в составе России |trans-title=Accession of the Baltic States to Russia, Estonia and Livonia as part of Russia |url=http://frg.ulver.com/49.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083436/http://frg.ulver.com/49.html |archive-date=2007-06-30 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=frg.ulver.com |language=ru}}</ref> |
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* 1720 - Publication of the General Regulations ({{Langx|ru|Генеральный регламент}}), which, among other things, made the following changes: |
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** Formalized the 1718 special collegium into the Judicial Collegium of Livonian and Estonian Affairs ({{Langx|ru|Юстиц-коллегия Лифляндских и Эстляндских дел}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Юстиц-коллегия Лифляндских, Эстляндских и Финляндских дел и государственная система Российской империи в начале XIX века (Историко-правовой аспект) |trans-title=Justice Collegium of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish Affairs and the State System of the Russian Empire at the Beginning of the 19th Century (Historical and Legal Aspect) |url=http://www.rusnauka.com/18_ADEN_2012/Pravo/1_113067.doc.htm |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=rusnauka.com |language=ru}}</ref> |
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** Established the Chief Magistrate ({{Langx|ru|Главный магистрат}}), which served as a court of appeal for all magistrates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Главный магистрат |trans-title=Chief Magistrate |url=http://encspb.ru/object/2804023963 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg |language=ru}}</ref> |
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* 1721 - Establishment of the [[Collegium of Estates]]. |
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[[Image:VO Universitet 12 Kollegiy 15-04-2004.jpg|thumb|300px|Historic building of the Twelve Collegia now belongs to the [[Saint Petersburg State University]] ]] |
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* 1722 - Division of [[Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing]] into the [[Collegium of Mining]] and the [[Collegium of Manufacturing]]. |
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Originally nine were established: |
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* 1726 - Establishment of the Collegium of Economics ({{Langx|ru|Коллегия экономии}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ЭКОНОМИИ КОЛЛЕГИИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |trans-title=SAVINGS OF THE COLLEGE • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/4927017 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=old.bigenc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> |
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*[[Collegium of Commerce]] |
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* 1763 - Establishment of the Collgium of Medicine ({{Langx|ru|Медицинская коллегия}}).<ref name=":0" /> |
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*''Collegium'' of Financial Inspection and Control |
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* 1780s - As a result of the local government reform carried out by [[Catherine the Great]], the number of collegiums was sharply reduced, and their functions were transferred to provincial institutions. |
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*[[Collegium of Foreign Affairs]] |
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* 1802 - Passage of the [[Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries]] by [[Alexander I of Russia]], which incorporated the collegiums into newly created ministries. |
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*[[Collegium of Justice]] |
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*[[Collegium of Manufacturing]] |
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*[[Russian Admiralty|Collegium of the Navy]] |
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*[[Collegium of State Expenses]] |
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*[[Collegium of State Income]] |
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*[[College of War|Collegium of War]] |
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== Regulations == |
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Three more were later added: |
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The activities of the collegiums were determined by the General Regulations, which was approved by Peter I on February 28 (March 10 on [[Gregorian calendar]]), 1720. |
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*[[Collegium of Estates]] |
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*[[Collegium of Mining]] |
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*''Collegium'' of Town Organization |
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The General Regulations instituted a set of [[office administration]] rules for the collegium. Each collegium was to be consisted of advisers and assessors, and headed by presidents and vice-presidents. The decisions of the collegium need to be debated on, received majority approval, and signed by all members present.<ref name=":0" /> Peter I paid special attention to this form of decision-making, noting that “every better arrangement happens through councils” (Chapter 2 of the General Regulations “On the advantage of colleges”).<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ГЕНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ РЕГЛАМЕНТ 1720 • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |trans-title=GENERAL REGULATIONS 1720 • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2350198 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019171122/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2350198 |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=bigenc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> |
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Each ''collegium'' consisted of a president, a vice-president, four councilors, four assessors, a procurator, a secretary, and a chancellery. The collegia were replaced with ministries during the [[Government reform of Alexander I]]. |
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== Internal structure == |
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In 1720, the Chief Magistrate was established (having the rights of the board). This body coordinated the work of all magistrates and being for them the Court of Appeal. |
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Each collegium consisted of the following staff: |
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* President: Head of a collegium, but could not make decisions without the consent of the other members. Appointed by the Governing Senate with consent from the Tsar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= |title=СЕНАТ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |trans-title=СЕНАТ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |url=https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3548132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019143147/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3548132 |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2023-06-05 |language=ru}}</ref> |
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Around 1720, the Justice college of Livland and Estland Affairs was established, from 1762 it was named the Justice college of Livonia, Estland and Finland Affairs, which dealt with administrative and judicial issues of the affiliated Swedish provinces, as well as the activities of Protestant churches on the empire territory. |
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* Vice President: Assistant of the president in performing duties of the collegium, and could stand in for the president during the latter's absence. Appointed by the Governing Senate. |
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* 4 advisers |
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* 4 assessors |
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* 1 prosecutor |
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* 1 secretary |
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* 1 actuary |
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* 1 registrar |
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* 1 translator |
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* Clerks |
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Meeting were held daily, except for Sundays and public holidays. They started at 6 A.M. or 8 A.M. depending on the season, and usually lasted 5 hours. |
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In 1721, the [[Collegium of Estates]] was established, replacing the Local Order. |
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Materials for the boards were prepared in the Office of the collegium, and were then transferred to the General Presence, where they were discussed and adopted by a majority of the votes. Issues on which the collegium failed to make a decision were referred to the Senate, the only institution to which the collegiums were subordinate to.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In 1722, the Berg-Manufacture college was divided into the Berg board and the [[Collegium of Manufacturing]], and the [[Collegium of Little Russia (1722–27)]] board was established, replacing the [[Little Russia Office]]. |
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== See also == |
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In 1726, the College of Savings was established. |
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*[[Prikaz]] |
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== References == |
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In 1763, the Medical College was established. |
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{{Reflist}} |
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Because of the reform of local government carried out by [[Catherine the Great]], by the mid-1780s the number of colleges sharply decreased. The redistributing of powers between central and local governments, and with the need to save the state funds, led to the fact that the colleges functions of local significance were transferred to the provincial institutions, and the functions of national importance to the [[Governing Senate]]. The colllege that continued to operate were only the Admiralty, Military, Foreign Affairs, Medical and Justice Board e of Livonia, Estonia and Finland. |
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Some of the old colleges were restored for a while during the transformations done by [[Paul I of Russia]], but during this period, the college management principle increasingly complied with the command unity principle in the framework of the project of establishing a ministerial system developed by the emperor. In particular, the Minister of Commerce headed the restored Commerce College. The college management took place by 1802, when the “[[Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries]]” laid the foundation for a more progressive, ministerial system. |
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==General Regulations== |
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The colleges activity was determined by the General Regulations approved by Peter I on February 28 (March 10), 1720 (lost its value with the publication of the [[Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire]]). |
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The full title of this regulation is: “''The General Regulations or the Charter, according to which state colleges, as well as all the chancelleries and offices belonging to them, are servants, not only in external and internal institutions, but also in the administration of their rank, they have a subtle approach''”. |
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The General Regulations introduced a [[office administration]] called the “collegiate” after the name of the new type of institutions - colleges. The collegial way of making decisions by the presence of the collegium was dominant in these institutions. Peter I drew special attention to this form of decision-making, noting, “all the best d through councils happens” (Chapter 2 of the General Regulations “On the advantage of colleges”). |
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==Colleges Activity== |
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The [[Governing Senate|Senate]] has appointed the presidents and the vice-presidents of the colleges (when appointing the president, the opinion of the tar (emperor) was taken into account). In addition to them, the new bodies included four advisers, four [[Assessor (law)|assessor]] (assessors), secretary, actuary (chancellery servant, who registering acts or their components), a registrar, a [[Translation|translator]], clerks. |
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The President was the first person in the college, but he could not decide anything without the consent of the members of the college. Vice-President replaced the President during his absence; usually helped him to carry out the tasks of a chairperson of the board. In 1718–1722, the presidents of the collegiums were part of the Senate, but then, only the presidents of the three most important collegiums (Foreign, Military, and Admiralty), and (temporarily) the President of the Berg College, participated at the meetings. |
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The meetings of the collegiums were held daily, except [[Sunday]] and holidays. They began at 6 or 8 am, depending on the time of year, and lasted 5 hours. |
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Materials for the colleges were prepared in the Office of the collegium, from where they were transferred to the General Presence of the Collegium, where they were discussed and adopted by the majority of votes. Issues on which the college failed to make a decision were transferred to Senate - the only institution to which the colleges were subordinate. |
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At each college, there was a [[prosecutor]], whose duty was to observe the correct and powerless solution of cases and the execution of decrees both by the college and by its subordinate structures. |
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The secretary becomes the central figure of the office. The secretary was responsible for the collegium office operation: preparing cases for the hearing, reporting cases at the collegium meeting, conducting reference work on cases, making decisions and monitor their execution, keeping the seal of the collegium. |
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==The value of boards== |
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The established collegium system completed the process of centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus. A clear distribution of departmental functions, uniform standards of activity (according to the General Regulations) - all this significantly distinguished the new apparatus from the mandate system. |
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In addition, the creation of colleges system of regionalism, which struck the last blow to the [[mestnichestvo]] system that was abolished in the early 1682, but which took place informally. |
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==Colleges’ operation drawbacks== |
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The grandiose plan of Peter I to define the departmental functions and to give each official a clear plan of action was not fully implemented. Often colleges replaced each other (as once orders). Therefore, for example, Berg-, Manufactura- and Commerce-colleges could perform the same function. |
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For a long time, outside the sphere of control of the collegiums, the most important functions remained — [[police]], [[lumières]], [[medicine]], and the [[Mail|post offices]]. Gradually, however, new branch bodies, often called chancelleries, supplemented the collegium system. Thus, the Pharmaceutical Order, which was already operating in the new capital, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], was transformed into the Medical College since 1721, and since 1725 into the Medical [[Chancery (medieval office)|Chancellery]]. Colleges’ chancelleries could be both single-minded and collegial. Collective chancelleries did not have such a rigid and precise regulation as collegiums, but approached to them by structure and tasks. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Prikaz]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Collegium (Ministry)}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collegium (Ministry)}} |
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[[Category:1717 establishments in Russia]] |
[[Category:1717 establishments in Russia]] |
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[[Category:Government of the Russian Empire]] |
[[Category:Government of the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:Government reform of Peter the Great]] |
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{{russia-hist-stub}} |
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{{Russia-gov-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 13:58, 2 November 2024
The Collegium (Russian: Коллегии, lit. 'joined by law') was a type of government department in Imperial Russia. It was established in 1717 by Peter the Great to replace the system of Prikaz.[1] They were housed in the Twelve Collegia building in Vasilyevsky Island, Saint Petersburg. In 1802, the Collegium was incorporated into and gradually replaced by the newly created system of Ministries.
Origin
[edit]Following the formation of the Governing Senate in 1711, the Tsar Peter I sought to make more reforms on the imperial government bodies. He planned to replace the Prikaz with a new type of government agency, based on two new principles:
- Systematic separation of departments, in order to avoid overlapping/omission of certain governmental duties under the Prikaz system;
- Advisory procedure for resolving cases.
Similar form of central government institutions were adopted in Sweden and a number of German states. In 1717, Collegium was introduced based on the Swedish Kollegium.[1]
History
[edit]- 1717 - Establishment of the 8 following Collegiums: Collegium of Foreign Affairs, College of War, Collegium of State Income, Collegium of Justice, Collegium of Commerce, Collegium of State Expenses, Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing, and Collegium of Accounting.
- 1718 - Establishment of the Admiralty Board, as well as a special collegium to administer the newly acquired territories along the Baltic Sea.[2]
- 1720 - Publication of the General Regulations (Russian: Генеральный регламент), which, among other things, made the following changes:
- 1721 - Establishment of the Collegium of Estates.
- 1722 - Division of Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing into the Collegium of Mining and the Collegium of Manufacturing.
- 1726 - Establishment of the Collegium of Economics (Russian: Коллегия экономии).[5]
- 1763 - Establishment of the Collgium of Medicine (Russian: Медицинская коллегия).[1]
- 1780s - As a result of the local government reform carried out by Catherine the Great, the number of collegiums was sharply reduced, and their functions were transferred to provincial institutions.
- 1802 - Passage of the Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries by Alexander I of Russia, which incorporated the collegiums into newly created ministries.
Regulations
[edit]The activities of the collegiums were determined by the General Regulations, which was approved by Peter I on February 28 (March 10 on Gregorian calendar), 1720.
The General Regulations instituted a set of office administration rules for the collegium. Each collegium was to be consisted of advisers and assessors, and headed by presidents and vice-presidents. The decisions of the collegium need to be debated on, received majority approval, and signed by all members present.[1] Peter I paid special attention to this form of decision-making, noting that “every better arrangement happens through councils” (Chapter 2 of the General Regulations “On the advantage of colleges”).[6]
Internal structure
[edit]Each collegium consisted of the following staff:
- President: Head of a collegium, but could not make decisions without the consent of the other members. Appointed by the Governing Senate with consent from the Tsar.[7]
- Vice President: Assistant of the president in performing duties of the collegium, and could stand in for the president during the latter's absence. Appointed by the Governing Senate.
- 4 advisers
- 4 assessors
- 1 prosecutor
- 1 secretary
- 1 actuary
- 1 registrar
- 1 translator
- Clerks
Meeting were held daily, except for Sundays and public holidays. They started at 6 A.M. or 8 A.M. depending on the season, and usually lasted 5 hours.
Materials for the boards were prepared in the Office of the collegium, and were then transferred to the General Presence, where they were discussed and adopted by a majority of the votes. Issues on which the collegium failed to make a decision were referred to the Senate, the only institution to which the collegiums were subordinate to.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "КОЛЛЕГИИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" [COLLEGIUM • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version]. Bigenc.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "Присоединение Прибалтики к России, Эстляндия и Лифляндия в составе России" [Accession of the Baltic States to Russia, Estonia and Livonia as part of Russia]. frg.ulver.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "Юстиц-коллегия Лифляндских, Эстляндских и Финляндских дел и государственная система Российской империи в начале XIX века (Историко-правовой аспект)" [Justice Collegium of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish Affairs and the State System of the Russian Empire at the Beginning of the 19th Century (Historical and Legal Aspect)]. rusnauka.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "Главный магистрат" [Chief Magistrate]. Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "ЭКОНОМИИ КОЛЛЕГИИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" [SAVINGS OF THE COLLEGE • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version]. old.bigenc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "ГЕНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ РЕГЛАМЕНТ 1720 • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" [GENERAL REGULATIONS 1720 • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version]. bigenc.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ a b "СЕНАТ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" [СЕНАТ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2023-06-05.