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{{Short description|Extinct genus of fishes}}
{{Short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Distinguish|Apateopholis}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|105.3|66|Late [[Albian]] - [[Maastrichtian]]}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|105.3|66|Late [[Albian]] - [[Maastrichtian]]}}
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| subdivision = See text
| subdivision = See text
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Apateodus''''' (meaning "confusing tooth") is a genus of prehistoric marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] which was described by [[Arthur Smith Woodward|Woodward]] in 1901. It was a relative of modern [[Synodontidae|lizardfish]] and [[lancetfish]] in the order [[Aulopiformes]], and one of a number of prominent nektonic aulopiforms of [[Cretaceous]] marine ecosystems.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35555 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Newbrey |first1=Michael G. |last2=Konishi |first2=Takuya |date=2015-05-04 |title=A new lizardfish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada, with a revised diagnosis of Apateodus (Aulopiformes, Ichthyotringoidei) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.918042 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=e918042 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.918042 |bibcode=2015JVPal..35E8042N |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>

⚫
'''''Apateodus''''' (meaning "confusing tooth") is a genus of prehistoric marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] which was described by [[Arthur Smith Woodward|Woodward]] in 1901. It was a relative of modern [[Synodontidae|lizardfish]] and [[lancetfish]] in the order [[Aulopiformes]], and one of a number of prominent nektonic aulopiforms of Cretaceous marine ecosystems.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35555 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Newbrey |first=Michael G. |last2=Konishi |first2=Takuya |date=2015-05-04 |title=A new lizardfish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada, with a revised diagnosis of Apateodus (Aulopiformes, Ichthyotringoidei) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.918042 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=e918042 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.918042 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>


The genus spans from the [[Albian]] to the late [[Maastrichtian]], and appears to have been distributed worldwide; specimens have been found in Russia, India, the United States (Colorado, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas), Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.<ref name=":0" />
The genus spans from the [[Albian]] to the late [[Maastrichtian]], and appears to have been distributed worldwide; specimens have been found in Russia, India, the United States (Colorado, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas), Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.<ref name=":0" />


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
''Apateodus'' has generally been placed in the suborder [[Enchodontoidei]] alongside most other Cretaceous nektonic aulopiforms, although its affinities have long been uncertain. However, since the 2000s, it has generally been placed in the family [[Ichthyotringidae]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Hilda M. A. |last2=Gallo |first2=Valéria |date=2011-06 |title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/vPvQZ4v493QvhCLL9wh9zDb/?lang=en |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |language=en |volume=83 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010 |issn=0001-3765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fielitz |first=Christopher |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=2009-09-12 |title=A new species of Apateodus (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas, U.S.A. |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/039.029.0308 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=650–658 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0308 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> However, some authors have still placed it as an indeterminate ichthyotringoid, alepisauroid, or even elsewhere in the Aulopiformes as the sister to the [[Barracudina|barracudinas]], the latter two of which have been contradicted by anatomical studies.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=16 September 2023 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.8352027 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzhans |first=Werner |last2=Beckett |first2=Hermione T. |last3=Schein |first3=Jason D. |last4=Friedman |first4=Matt |date=2018 |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Imran |title=Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith‐based fossil records of teleost fishes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12349 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=511–541 |doi=10.1111/pala.12349 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref>
''Apateodus'' has generally been placed in the suborder [[Enchodontoidei]] alongside most other Cretaceous nektonic aulopiforms, although its affinities have long been uncertain. However, since the 2000s, it has generally been placed in the family [[Ichthyotringidae]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Hilda M. A. |last2=Gallo |first2=Valéria |date=June 2011|title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/vPvQZ4v493QvhCLL9wh9zDb/?lang=en |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |language=en |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010 |pmid=21670874 |issn=0001-3765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=2009-09-12 |title=A new species of Apateodus (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas, U.S.A. |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/039.029.0308 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=650–658 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0308 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..650F |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> However, some authors have still placed it as an indeterminate enchodontoid, ichthyotringoid, alepisauroid, or even elsewhere in the Aulopiformes as the sister to the [[Barracudina|barracudinas]], the latter two of which have been contradicted by anatomical studies.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chida |first=Mori |date=Fall 2022 |title=A new species of dercetid and the assessment of the phylogeny of the Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) |url=https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/17b5d63d-cd83-45a3-a19a-8de2a5074903 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=ERA |doi=10.7939/r3-nqmz-nf15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwarzhans |first1=Werner |last2=Beckett |first2=Hermione T. |last3=Schein |first3=Jason D. |last4=Friedman |first4=Matt |date=2018 |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Imran |title=Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith-based fossil records of teleost fishes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12349 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=511–541 |doi=10.1111/pala.12349 |bibcode=2018Palgy..61..511S |issn=0031-0239|hdl=2027.42/144669 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


The following species are known:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
The following species are known:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


* †?''A. assisi'' <small>Schwarzans, Huddlestone & Takeuchi, 2018</small> - [[Santonian]] of [[Alabama]], USA<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=SCHWARZHANS |first1=WERNER W. |last2=HUDDLESTON |first2=RICHARD W. |last3=TAKEUCHI |first3=GARY T. |date=2018-01-22 |title=A LATE SANTONIAN FISH-FAUNA FROM THE EUTAW FORMATION OF ALABAMA RECONSTRUCTED FROM OTOLITHS |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/9624 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) |language=en |volume=124 |pages=N. 1 (2018) |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/9624}}</ref>
* ''A. busseni'' <small>Franz & Shimada, 2009</small> - Coniacian of Kansas
* ''A. corneti'' <small>(Forir, 1887)</small> - Maastrichtian of the Netherlands
* †''A. busseni'' <small>Franz & Shimada, 2009</small> - [[Coniacian]] of [[Kansas]], USA
* ''A. glyphodus'' <small>(Blake, 1863)</small> - Albian of the United Kingdom
* †''A. corneti'' <small>(Forir, 1887)</small> - [[Maastrichtian]] of the Netherlands
* †''A. crenellatus'' <small>Schwarzans & Stringer, 2020</small> - Maastrichtian of [[Mississippi]], USA<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary L. |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |last3=Phillips |first3=George |last4=Lambert |first4=Roger |date=2020-02-05 |title=HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED LATE CRETACEOUS FISH ASSEMBLAGE REVEALED BY OTOLITHS (RIPLEY FORMATION AND OWL CREEK FORMATION, NORTHEAST MISSISSIPPI, USA) |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13013 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=126 |issue=1 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/13013 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref>
⚫
* ''A. lanceolatus'' <small>Woodward, 1901</small> - Cenomanian of the United Kingdom
* ''A. striatus'' <small>Woodward, 1901</small> - Cenomanian of the United Kingdom, Maastrichtian of India
* †''A. glyphodus'' <small>(Blake, 1863)</small> - [[Albian]] of the United Kingdom
⚫
* †''A. lanceolatus'' <small>[[Arthur Smith Woodward|Woodward]], 1901</small> - [[Cenomanian]] of the United Kingdom
* †''A. striatus'' <small>Woodward, 1901</small> - Cenomanian of the United Kingdom, Cenomanian-Turonian of Germany,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amalfitano |first1=Jacopo |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Fornaciari |first3=Eliana |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |date=2020-04-03 |title=UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13224 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/13224 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref> Maastrichtian of India


A potential undescribed genus closely allied to ''Apateodus'' was identified in 2020 from fossils from Kansas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fielitz |first=Christopher |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=2020 |title=A Possible Undescribed Aulopiform Fish Allied to the Genus Apateodus from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, U.S.A. |url=https://bioone.org/journals/transactions-of-the-kansas-academy-of-science/volume-123/issue-3-4/062.123.0313/A-Possible-Undescribed-Aulopiform-Fish-Allied-to-the-Genus-Apateodus/10.1660/062.123.0313.full |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=123 |issue=3-4 |pages=435–440 |doi=10.1660/062.123.0313 |issn=0022-8443}}</ref>
Indeterminate remains are known from Canada ([[Alberta]]), Russia ([[Belgorod]]), and the United States (Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, and South Dakota).<ref name=":0" /> A potential undescribed genus closely allied to ''Apateodus'' was identified in 2020 from fossils from Kansas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=2020 |title=A Possible Undescribed Aulopiform Fish Allied to the Genus Apateodus from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, U.S.A. |url=https://bioone.org/journals/transactions-of-the-kansas-academy-of-science/volume-123/issue-3-4/062.123.0313/A-Possible-Undescribed-Aulopiform-Fish-Allied-to-the-Genus-Apateodus/10.1660/062.123.0313.full |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=123 |issue=3–4 |pages=435–440 |doi=10.1660/062.123.0313 |issn=0022-8443}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4779223}}
{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4779223}}


[[Category:Prehistoric aulopiformes]]
[[Category:Aulopiformes|†]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
[[Category:Fossils of Canada]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of North America]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of North America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Albian first appearances]]
[[Category:Albian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian extinctions]]
[[Category:Cenomanian genera]]
[[Category:Coniacian genera]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1901]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1901]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Smith Woodward]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Smith Woodward]]


{{Aulopiformes-stub}}
{{Aulopiformes-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:18, 2 November 2024

Not to be confused with Apateopholis.

Apateodus
Temporal range: Late Albian - Maastrichtian
Lower jaw fragment of A. corneti
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Aulopiformes
Family: †Ichthyotringidae
Genus: †Apateodus
Woodward, 1901
Species

See text

Apateodus (meaning "confusing tooth") is a genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish which was described by Woodward in 1901. It was a relative of modern lizardfish and lancetfish in the order Aulopiformes, and one of a number of prominent nektonic aulopiforms of Cretaceous marine ecosystems.[1][2]

The genus spans from the Albian to the late Maastrichtian, and appears to have been distributed worldwide; specimens have been found in Russia, India, the United States (Colorado, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas), Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Apateodus has generally been placed in the suborder Enchodontoidei alongside most other Cretaceous nektonic aulopiforms, although its affinities have long been uncertain. However, since the 2000s, it has generally been placed in the family Ichthyotringidae.[3][4] However, some authors have still placed it as an indeterminate enchodontoid, ichthyotringoid, alepisauroid, or even elsewhere in the Aulopiformes as the sister to the barracudinas, the latter two of which have been contradicted by anatomical studies.[3][5][6][7]

The following species are known:[1][2]

  • †?A. assisi Schwarzans, Huddlestone & Takeuchi, 2018 - Santonian of Alabama, USA[8]
  • †A. busseni Franz & Shimada, 2009 - Coniacian of Kansas, USA
  • †A. corneti (Forir, 1887) - Maastrichtian of the Netherlands
  • †A. crenellatus Schwarzans & Stringer, 2020 - Maastrichtian of Mississippi, USA[9]
  • †A. glyphodus (Blake, 1863) - Albian of the United Kingdom
  • †A. lanceolatus Woodward, 1901 - Cenomanian of the United Kingdom
  • †A. striatus Woodward, 1901 - Cenomanian of the United Kingdom, Cenomanian-Turonian of Germany,[10] Maastrichtian of India

Indeterminate remains are known from Canada (Alberta), Russia (Belgorod), and the United States (Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, and South Dakota).[1] A potential undescribed genus closely allied to Apateodus was identified in 2020 from fossils from Kansas.[11]

Description

[edit]

Known by well preserved skull remains, Apateodus is estimated to be around 1 meter (3.3ft) in length, and would have been an effective mesopredator.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  2. ^ a b c Newbrey, Michael G.; Konishi, Takuya (2015-05-04). "A new lizardfish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada, with a revised diagnosis of Apateodus (Aulopiformes, Ichthyotringoidei)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e918042. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E8042N. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.918042. ISSN 0272-4634.
  3. ^ a b Silva, Hilda M. A.; Gallo, Valéria (June 2011). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (2): 483–511. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 21670874.
  4. ^ Fielitz, Christopher; Shimada, Kenshu (2009-09-12). "A new species of Apateodus (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 650–658. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..650F. doi:10.1671/039.029.0308. ISSN 0272-4634.
  5. ^ Near, Thomas J; Thacker, Christine E (18 April 2024). "Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65. doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
  6. ^ Chida, Mori (Fall 2022). "A new species of dercetid and the assessment of the phylogeny of the Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". ERA. doi:10.7939/r3-nqmz-nf15. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  7. ^ Schwarzhans, Werner; Beckett, Hermione T.; Schein, Jason D.; Friedman, Matt (2018). Rahman, Imran (ed.). "Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith-based fossil records of teleost fishes". Palaeontology. 61 (4): 511–541. Bibcode:2018Palgy..61..511S. doi:10.1111/pala.12349. hdl:2027.42/144669. ISSN 0031-0239.
  8. ^ SCHWARZHANS, WERNER W.; HUDDLESTON, RICHARD W.; TAKEUCHI, GARY T. (2018-01-22). "A LATE SANTONIAN FISH-FAUNA FROM THE EUTAW FORMATION OF ALABAMA RECONSTRUCTED FROM OTOLITHS". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 124: N. 1 (2018). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/9624.
  9. ^ Stringer, Gary L.; Schwarzhans, Werner; Phillips, George; Lambert, Roger (2020-02-05). "HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED LATE CRETACEOUS FISH ASSEMBLAGE REVEALED BY OTOLITHS (RIPLEY FORMATION AND OWL CREEK FORMATION, NORTHEAST MISSISSIPPI, USA)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (1). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13013. ISSN 2039-4942.
  10. ^ Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942.
  11. ^ Fielitz, Christopher; Shimada, Kenshu (2020). "A Possible Undescribed Aulopiform Fish Allied to the Genus Apateodus from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, U.S.A." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 123 (3–4): 435–440. doi:10.1660/062.123.0313. ISSN 0022-8443.


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