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[[Image:Vasily petrov.jpg|frame|right|Vasily Petrov]]


{{Infobox person
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'''Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov''' ({{lang-ru| Василий Владимирович Петров}}) ({{OldStyleDate|19 July|1761|8 July}}—1834) was a [[Russia]]n experimental [[physicist]], self-taught electrical technician, academician of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (since 1809; [[Corresponding member]] since 1802).
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| name = Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
| image = Vasily petrov.jpg
| native_name = Василий Владимирович Петров
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_date = July 19 [O.S. July 8], 1761
| birth_place = [[Oboyan]], [[Belgorod Province]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = August 15, 1834 (aged 73)
| death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
| occupation = Physicist, electrical technician, academician
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}}


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'''Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov''' ({{langx|ru| Василий Владимирович Петров}}; {{OldStyleDate|19 July|1761|8 July}} – 15 August 1834) was a Russian experimental [[physicist]], self-taught electrical technician, academician of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (since 1809; [[Corresponding member]] since 1802).
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Vasily Petrov was born in the town of [[Oboyan]] (currently [[Kursk Oblast]] of Russia) in the family of a priest. He studied at a public school in [[Kharkov]], and then at the [[Herzen University|St. Petersburg Teacher's College]].

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Vasily Petrov was born in the town of [[Oboyan]], [[Belgorod Province]], [[Russian Empire]], in the family of a priest. He studied at a public school in [[Kharkov]], and then at the [[Herzen University|St. Petersburg Teacher's College]].


In 1788, he gained a position as mathematics and physics teacher at Kolyvansko-Voskresenskoe College of Mining, in the town of [[Barnaul]]. In 1791, he was transferred to [[Saint Petersburg]] to teach mathematics and Russian at the military Engineering College, in the [[Izmailovsky regiment]]. In 1793, Petrov was invited to teach mathematics and physics at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgery School, at the military hospital. In 1795, he was promoted to the rank of 'Extraordinary Professor'. During the next few years, he built up a comprehensive physics laboratory.
In 1788, he gained a position as mathematics and physics teacher at Kolyvansko-Voskresenskoe College of Mining, in the town of [[Barnaul]]. In 1791, he was transferred to [[Saint Petersburg]] to teach mathematics and Russian at the military Engineering College, in the [[Izmailovsky regiment]]. In 1793, Petrov was invited to teach mathematics and physics at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgery School, at the military hospital. In 1795, he was promoted to the rank of 'Extraordinary Professor'. During the next few years, he built up a comprehensive physics laboratory.


His first published book, "A collection of new physical-chemical experiments and observations" ({{lang-ru|Собрание физико-химических новых опытов и наблюдений}}), was published in 1801. The bulk of this work was dedicated to the description of experiments related to [[combustion]], as evidence against the then-popular [[phlogiston theory]].
His first published book, "A collection of new physical-chemical experiments and observations" ({{langx|ru|Собрание физико-химических новых опытов и наблюдений}}), was published in 1801. The bulk of this work was dedicated to the description of experiments related to [[combustion]], as evidence against the then-popular [[phlogiston theory]].


The chapters, describing luminosity of [[phosphor]]s of mineral and organic origins have elicited vivid interest in scientific circles. Petrov was able to detect the maximum temperature when [[phosphorus]] ceases to glow in open (atmospheric) air, by his numerous experiments with [[fluorite]] he was able to prove it glows due to a different reason than phosphorus.
The chapters, describing luminosity of [[phosphor]]s of mineral and organic origins have elicited vivid interest in scientific circles. Petrov was able to detect the maximum temperature when [[phosphorus]] ceases to glow in open (atmospheric) air, by his numerous experiments with [[fluorite]] he was able to prove it glows due to a different reason than phosphorus.


[[Image:Lichtbogen 3000 Volt.jpg|thumb|200px|left|An [[electric arc]].]]
[[Image:Lichtbogen 3000 Volt.jpg|thumb|200px|left|An [[electric arc]].]]
In 1802, Petrov rediscovered the [[electric arc]] effect, thanks to his building the world's largest and most powerful [[Voltaic pile]] at the time, which consisted of around 4200 copper and zinc discs.<ref name="Shea, W.R.">{{cite book |editor1-first=William R. |editor1-last=Shea |year=1983 |title=Nature mathematized: historical and philosophical case studies in classical modern natural philosophy |publisher=Reidel |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-90-277-1402-2 |page=282}}</ref> In his work published in 1803 Petrov proposed the usage of electric arc in welding, having managed to perform a simple experimental welding.<ref name="petrov">[http://www.weldworld.ru/history_petrov.html Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich] at weldworld.ru {{ru icon}}{{Self-published inline|date=June 2010}}</ref> But it was not until the 1880s that the technology became developed with the aim of industrial usage. At first, carbon electrodes invented by [[Nikolay Benardos]] were used,<ref>[http://www.weldworld.ru/history_benardos.html Benardos Nikolay Nikolayevich] at weldworld.ru {{ru icon}}{{Self-published inline|date=June 2010}}</ref> and by the late 1880s, metal electrodes were invented by [[Nikolay Slavyanov]].<ref>[http://www.weldworld.ru/history_slavyanov.html Slavyanov Nikolay Gavrilovich] at weldworld.ru {{ru icon}}{{Self-published inline|date=June 2010}}</ref>
In 1802, Petrov discovered the [[electric arc]] effect, thanks to his building the world's largest and most powerful [[Voltaic pile]] at the time, which consisted of around 4,200 copper and zinc discs.<ref name="Shea, W.R.">{{cite book |editor1-first=William R. |editor1-last=Shea |year=1983 |title=Nature mathematized: historical and philosophical case studies in classical modern natural philosophy |publisher=Reidel |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-90-277-1402-2 |page=282}}</ref> In "News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments", 1803 ({{langx|ru|Izvestie o galvani-voltovskikh opytakh}}), Petrov described experiments performed using the voltaic pile, detailing the stable arc discharge and the indication of its possible use in artificial lighting, melting metals for smelting and welding, obtaining pure metallic oxides, and reduction of metals from oxides mixed with powdered carbon and oils.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903379.html| title = Petrov, Vasily Vladimirovich {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Petrov |first1=Vasily |title=Извѣстіе о Гальвани-Вольтовскихъ Опытахъ |trans-title=News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments |date=1803 |publisher=Printing House of the State Medical College |location=Saint Petersburg, Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzNWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 |language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anders |first1=Andre |title=Tracking down the origin of arc plasma science. II. Early continuous discharges |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |date=2003 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1060–1069 |doi=10.1109/TPS.2003.815477 |bibcode=2003ITPS...31.1060A |s2cid=11047670 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rk1t5h6}}</ref>

Petrov was forgotten soon after his death and his works fell into oblivion.<ref>S. I. Vavilov (ed.). Academician V. V. Petrov, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow-Leningrad, 1940.</ref> A copy of "News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments" was discovered by chance in a library in the town of [[Vilnius|Vilna]] near the end of the 19th century. The book was the first time in world literature that a series of important physical phenomena related to electricity were described in detail.<ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1007/978-94-009-6957-5_13|chapter = V. V. Petrov's Hypothetical Experiment and Electrical Experiments of the 18th Century|title = Nature Mathematized|year = 1983|last1 = Kartsev|first1 = V. P.|pages = 279–289|isbn = 978-94-009-6959-9}}</ref>

It was not until the late 1880s that technology based on Petrov's experiments was developed with the goal of industrial usage.


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/347088 |title=Vasilij Vladimirovic Petrov and His Physico-Chemical Work |year=1936 |last1=Menschutkin |first1=Boris N. |journal=Isis |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=391}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/347088 |title=Vasilij Vladimirovic Petrov and His Physico-Chemical Work |year=1936 |last1=Menschutkin |first1=Boris N. |journal=Isis |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=391–398|s2cid=145778587 }}
*{{cite journal |first=George |last=Vernadsky |date=January 1969 |title=Rise of Science in Russia 1700-1917 |journal=Russian Review |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.2307/126984 |jstor=126984 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}
*{{cite journal |first=George |last=Vernadsky |date=January 1969 |title=Rise of Science in Russia 1700–1917 |journal=Russian Review |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.2307/126984 |jstor=126984 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}

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{{Authority control}}


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{{Authority control|VIAF=54969100}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| NAME = Petrov, Vasily
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1761
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1834
| PLACE OF DEATH =
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}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Petrov, Vasily}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Petrov, Vasily}}
[[Category:Imperial Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Physicists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian inventors]]
[[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1761 births]]
[[Category:1761 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]

Latest revision as of 14:34, 2 November 2024

Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
Василий Владимирович Петров
BornJuly 19 [O.S. July 8], 1761
Oboyan, Belgorod Province, Russian Empire
DiedAugust 15, 1834 (aged 73)
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Occupation(s)Physicist, electrical technician, academician

Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov (Russian: Василий Владимирович Петров; 19 July [O.S. 8 July] 1761 – 15 August 1834) was a Russian experimental physicist, self-taught electrical technician, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1809; Corresponding member since 1802).

Vasily Petrov was born in the town of Oboyan, Belgorod Province, Russian Empire, in the family of a priest. He studied at a public school in Kharkov, and then at the St. Petersburg Teacher's College.

In 1788, he gained a position as mathematics and physics teacher at Kolyvansko-Voskresenskoe College of Mining, in the town of Barnaul. In 1791, he was transferred to Saint Petersburg to teach mathematics and Russian at the military Engineering College, in the Izmailovsky regiment. In 1793, Petrov was invited to teach mathematics and physics at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgery School, at the military hospital. In 1795, he was promoted to the rank of 'Extraordinary Professor'. During the next few years, he built up a comprehensive physics laboratory.

His first published book, "A collection of new physical-chemical experiments and observations" (Russian: Собрание физико-химических новых опытов и наблюдений), was published in 1801. The bulk of this work was dedicated to the description of experiments related to combustion, as evidence against the then-popular phlogiston theory.

The chapters, describing luminosity of phosphors of mineral and organic origins have elicited vivid interest in scientific circles. Petrov was able to detect the maximum temperature when phosphorus ceases to glow in open (atmospheric) air, by his numerous experiments with fluorite he was able to prove it glows due to a different reason than phosphorus.

An electric arc.

In 1802, Petrov discovered the electric arc effect, thanks to his building the world's largest and most powerful Voltaic pile at the time, which consisted of around 4,200 copper and zinc discs.[1] In "News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments", 1803 (Russian: Izvestie o galvani-voltovskikh opytakh), Petrov described experiments performed using the voltaic pile, detailing the stable arc discharge and the indication of its possible use in artificial lighting, melting metals for smelting and welding, obtaining pure metallic oxides, and reduction of metals from oxides mixed with powdered carbon and oils.[2][3][4]

Petrov was forgotten soon after his death and his works fell into oblivion.[5] A copy of "News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments" was discovered by chance in a library in the town of Vilna near the end of the 19th century. The book was the first time in world literature that a series of important physical phenomena related to electricity were described in detail.[6]

It was not until the late 1880s that technology based on Petrov's experiments was developed with the goal of industrial usage.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shea, William R., ed. (1983). Nature mathematized: historical and philosophical case studies in classical modern natural philosophy. Dordrecht: Reidel. p. 282. ISBN 978-90-277-1402-2.
  2. ^ "Petrov, Vasily Vladimirovich | Encyclopedia.com".
  3. ^ Petrov, Vasily (1803). Извѣстіе о Гальвани-Вольтовскихъ Опытахъ [News of Galvanic-Voltaic Experiments] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Printing House of the State Medical College.
  4. ^ Anders, Andre (2003). "Tracking down the origin of arc plasma science. II. Early continuous discharges". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 31 (5): 1060–1069. Bibcode:2003ITPS...31.1060A. doi:10.1109/TPS.2003.815477. S2CID 11047670.
  5. ^ S. I. Vavilov (ed.). Academician V. V. Petrov, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow-Leningrad, 1940.
  6. ^ Kartsev, V. P. (1983). "V. V. Petrov's Hypothetical Experiment and Electrical Experiments of the 18th Century". Nature Mathematized. pp. 279–289. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6957-5_13. ISBN 978-94-009-6959-9.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Menschutkin, Boris N. (1936). "Vasilij Vladimirovic Petrov and His Physico-Chemical Work". Isis. 25 (2): 391–398. doi:10.1086/347088. S2CID 145778587.
  • Vernadsky, George (January 1969). "Rise of Science in Russia 1700–1917". Russian Review. 28 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 37–52. doi:10.2307/126984. JSTOR 126984.
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