Siberian sand plover: Difference between revisions

Siberian sand plover
	Laem Phak Bia, Ban Laem, Phetchaburi, Thailand
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Charadriidae
Genus:	Anarhynchus
Species:	A. mongolus
Binomial name
	Anarhynchus mongolus; (Pallas, 1776)
Subspecies
	A. m. mongolus; A. m. stegmanni;
Synonyms
	Charadrius mongolus (protonym)

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The Siberian sand plover (Anarhynchus mongolus) is a small wader in the plover family of birds. The International Ornithologists' Union split the Tibetan sand plover from the lesser sand plover and changed its vernacular name to Siberian sand plover.^[2] The specific mongolus is Latin and refers to Mongolia, which at the time of naming referred to a larger area than the present country.^[3]

Taxonomy

The Siberian sand plover and the Tibetan sand plover were previously considered to belong to the same species known as the "lesser sand plover", consisting of five races within the species complex. However, a study published in 2022 suggested that the "mongolus" group (currently identified as the Siberian sand plover) within the lesser sand plover is actually the sister group of the greater sand plover. Additionally, the "atrifrons" group (representing the Tibetan sand plover) is the sister group of the monophyletic group formed by the "mongolus" group and the greater sand plover.

Tibetan sand plover (the "atrifrons" group of lesser sand plover)

	Siberian sand plover (the "mongolus" group of lesser sand plover)

	greater sand plover

This means that the lesser sand plover is paraphyletic. Therefore a taxonomic revision was needed. The authors suggested new scientific and common English names for them.^[4] The large East Asian forms mongolus and stegmanni are currently identified as the Siberian sand plover, Anarhynchus mongolus; and the Tibetan Plateau form is now known as the Tibetan sand plover, Anarhynchus atrifrons, which includes the three races atrifrons, pamirensis and schaeferi.

IOU accepted the split and renaming of the lesser sand plover in 2023.^[2]

Description

This chunky plover is long-legged and long-billed. Breeding males have grey backs and white underparts. The breast, forehead and nape are chestnut, and there is a black eye mask. The female is duller, and winter and juvenile birds lack the chestnut, apart from a hint of rufous on the head. Legs are dark and the bill black.

In all plumages, this species is very similar to the greater sand plover, Charadrius leschenaultii. Separating the species may be straightforward in mixed wintering flocks on an Indian beach, where the difference in size and structure is obvious; it is more difficult to identify a lone vagrant to western Europe, where both species are very rare. The problem is compounded in that the Middle Eastern race of greater sand plover is the most similar to the lesser. The lesser usually has darker legs, a white forehead, and a more even white wing bar than the greater.

Distribution

It breeds discontinuously across bare coastal plains in north-eastern Siberia, with the Mongolian plover in the eastern part of the range; it has also bred in Alaska. It nests in a bare ground scrape, laying three eggs. This species is strongly migratory, wintering on sandy beaches in east and southeast Asia.^[2]

Ecology

The Siberian sand plover feeds on insects, crustaceans and annelid worms, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. This species takes fewer steps and shorter pauses than the greater sand plover when feeding.

The flight call is a hard trill.

The Siberian sand plover is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Identification

Size is one of the factors distinguishing a Siberian sand plover from a greater sand plover, with the Siberian being slightly smaller. However, it is not easy to rely on size alone especially when seen individually. The length of the bill is another distinguishing feature, with the Siberian generally having a shorter bill compared to a greater. The colour of the legs in a Siberian sand plover is generally darker, ranging from black to grey, while in a greater sand plover it is much paler, ranging from grey to yellowish.^{[needs update]}

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Charadrius mongolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T230027154A234712764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230027154A234712764.en. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2023). "IOC World Bird List (v 13.2)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.13.2 (inactive 2 November 2024).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 99, 259. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Wei, C.; Schweizer, M.; Tomkovich, P. S.; Arkhipov, V. Y.; Romanov, M.; Martinez, J.; Lin, X.; Halimubieke, Naerhulan; Que, Pinjia; Mu, Tong; Huang, Qin (2022). "Genome-wide data reveal paraphyly in the sand plover complex (Charadrius mongolus/leschenaultii)". Ornithology. 139 (2): ukab085. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab085.

External links

Media related to Charadrius mongolus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Charadrius mongolus at Wikispecies

[iucn-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Charadrius mongolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T230027154A234712764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230027154A234712764.en. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[IOC-2] Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2023). "IOC World Bird List (v 13.2)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.13.2 (inactive 2 November 2024).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[job-3] Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 99, 259. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[4] Wei, C.; Schweizer, M.; Tomkovich, P. S.; Arkhipov, V. Y.; Romanov, M.; Martinez, J.; Lin, X.; Halimubieke, Naerhulan; Que, Pinjia; Mu, Tong; Huang, Qin (2022). "Genome-wide data reveal paraphyly in the sand plover complex (Charadrius mongolus/leschenaultii)". Ornithology. 139 (2): ukab085. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab085.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Species of bird}}
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Charadrius mongolus - Laem Phak Bia.jpg
 | image_caption = Laem Phak Bia, Ban Laem, Phetchaburi, Thailand
-| status = LC
+| status = EN
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Charadrius mongolus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22693855A93427510 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693855A93427510.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International|author-link= BirdLife International |year=2016 |title=''Charadrius mongolus'' |page= e.T230027154A234712764 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230027154A234712764.en|access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>
+| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)
-| taxon = Charadrius mongolus
-| authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776
 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
+| taxon = Anarhynchus mongolus
 | subdivision =
-* ''C. m. mongolus''
+* ''A. m. mongolus''
-* ''C. m. atrifrons''
+* ''A. m. stegmanni''
+| synonyms = ''Charadrius mongolus'' ([[protonym]])
-* ''C. m. pamirensis''
-* ''C. m. stegmanni''
-* ''C. m. schaeferi''
 }}
-[[File:Mongolian Plover95.ogv|thumb|250px|Scarborough, SE Queensland, Australia]]
-[[File:Charadrius mongolus - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|thumb|250px]]
-[[File:Lesser sand Plover AMSM5062 2 LSPL.jpg|thumb|250 px| in [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]]]
-[[File:Lesser Sand Plovers with Sanderling I2 IMG 9382.jpg|thumb|250 px| Lesser sand plovers with sanderlings in [[Chilika]], [[Odisha]], India]]
-The '''lesser sand plover''' (''Charadrius mongolus'') is a small [[wader]] in the [[plover]] family of [[bird]]s. The spelling is commonly given as lesser sand-plover, but the official [[British Ornithologists' Union]] spelling is "lesser sand plover". The genus name ''Charadrius'' is a [[Late Latin]] word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century [[Vulgate]]. It derives from [[Ancient Greek]] ''kharadrios'' a bird found in ravines and river valleys (''kharadra'', "ravine"). The specific ''mongolus'' is  [[Latin]] and refers to [[Mongolia]] which at the time of naming referred to a larger area than the present country.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n99 99], 259}}</ref>
+The '''Siberian sand plover''' ('''''Anarhynchus mongolus''''') is a small [[wader]] in the [[plover]] family of [[bird]]s. The [[International Ornithologists' Union]] split the [[Tibetan sand plover]] from the lesser sand plover and changed its vernacular name to Siberian sand plover.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web|editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1=F. |editor-first2=D. |editor-last2=Donsker |editor-first3=P. |editor-last3=Rasmussen |year=2023 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 13.2) |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|doi=10.14344/IOC.ML.13.2|doi-broken-date=2 November 2024 }}</ref> The specific ''mongolus'' is  [[Latin]] and refers to [[Mongolia]], which at the time of naming referred to a larger area than the present country.<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=J. A. |year= 2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n99 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages=99, 259}}</ref>
 ==Taxonomy==
+The Siberian sand plover and the [[Tibetan sand plover]] were previously considered to belong to the same species known as the "lesser sand plover", consisting of five races within the species complex. However, a study published in 2022 suggested that the "''mongolus''" group (currently identified as the Siberian sand plover) within the lesser sand plover is actually the sister group of the [[greater sand plover]]. Additionally, the "''atrifrons''" group (representing the [[Tibetan sand plover]]) is the sister group of the monophyletic group formed by the "''mongolus''" group and the greater sand plover.
-There are five races, and the large east Asian forms, ''C. m. mongolus'' and ''C. m. stegmanni'', are sometimes given specific status as '''Mongolian plover''', ''Charadrius mongolus''.<ref>e.g. in Garner, Martin, Ian Lewington and Russell Slack (2003) "Mongolian and Lesser Sand Plovers: an identification overview" ''[[Birding World]]'' 16(9): 377-85</ref> If the taxonomic split is accepted, lesser sand plover as then defined becomes ''Charadrius atrifrons'', including the three races ''atrifrons, pamirensis'' and ''schaeferi''.
+{{Clade
-A study published in 2022 proposed that the "''mongolus''" Group is the sister group of [[Greater sand plover|great sand plover]], and "''atrifrons''" Group is the sister group of them two. So a taxonomic split of lesser sand plover is needed. The authors suggested new [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific]] and common English name for them:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wei |first=Chentao |last2=Schweizer |first2=Manuel |last3=Tomkovich |first3=Pavel S |last4=Arkhipov |first4=Vladimir Yu |last5=Romanov |first5=Michael |last6=Martinez |first6=Jonathan |last7=Lin |first7=Xin |last8=Halimubieke |first8=Naerhulan |last9=Que |first9=Pinjia |last10=Mu |first10=Tong |last11=Huang |first11=Qin |date=2022-03-25 |title=Genome-wide data reveal paraphyly in the sand plover complex ( Charadrius mongolus/leschenaultii ) |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/doi/10.1093/ornithology/ukab085/6527443 |journal=Ornithology |language=en |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=ukab085 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab085 |issn=0004-8038}}</ref>
+|1=[[Tibetan sand plover]] (the "''atrifrons''" group of lesser sand plover)
+|2= {{Clade
+|1='''Siberian sand plover''' (the "''mongolus''" group of lesser sand plover)
+|2=[[greater sand plover]]
+}}
+}}
+This means that the lesser sand plover is paraphyletic. Therefore a taxonomic revision was needed. The authors suggested new [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific]] and common English names for them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=C. |last2=Schweizer |first2=M. |last3=Tomkovich |first3=P. S. |last4=Arkhipov |first4=V. Y. |last5=Romanov |first5=M. |last6=Martinez |first6=J. |last7=Lin |first7=X. |last8=Halimubieke |first8=Naerhulan |last9=Que |first9=Pinjia |last10=Mu |first10=Tong |last11=Huang |first11=Qin |date=2022 |title=Genome-wide data reveal paraphyly in the sand plover complex (''Charadrius mongolus/leschenaultii'') |journal=Ornithology |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=ukab085 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab085 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The large East Asian forms ''mongolus'' and ''stegmanni'' are currently identified as the Siberian sand plover, ''Anarhynchus mongolus''; and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] form is now known as the Tibetan sand plover, ''Anarhynchus atrifrons'', which includes the three races ''atrifrons'', ''pamirensis'' and ''schaeferi''.
-* Siberian sand plover (''Charadrius mongolus''), ''C. m. mongolus'' and ''C. m.'' ''stegmanni'';
-* Tibetan sand plover (''Charadrius atrifrons''), ''C. m.'' ''atrifrons'', ''C. m.'' ''pamirensis'' and ''C. m.'' ''schaeferi'';
-* Desert sand plover (''Charadrius leschenaultii''), formerly [[Greater sand plover|great sand plover]]''.''
+[[International Ornithologists' Union|IOU]] accepted the split and renaming of the lesser sand plover in 2023.<ref name=IOC/>
-==Distribution==
-It breeds above the tree line in the [[Himalayas]] and discontinuously across to bare coastal plains in north-eastern [[Siberia]], with the Mongolian plover in the eastern part of the range; it has also bred in Alaska. It nests in a [[bird nest#Scrape|bare ground scrape]], laying three [[bird egg|eggs]]. This species is strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering on sandy beaches in east Africa, south Asia and Australasia. It is a very rare vagrant in western Europe, but of the three individuals recorded in Great Britain up to 2003, one was a Mongolian plover.
 ==Description==
+[[File:Charadrius mongolus - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|thumb]]
 This chunky plover is long-legged and long-billed. Breeding males have grey backs and white underparts. The breast, forehead and nape are chestnut, and there is a black eye mask. The [[sexual dimorphism|female is duller]], and winter and juvenile birds lack the chestnut, apart from a hint of [[rufous]] on the head. Legs are dark and the [[beak|bill]] black.
 In all [[plumage]]s, this species is very similar to the [[greater sand plover]], ''Charadrius leschenaultii''. Separating the species may be straightforward in mixed wintering flocks on an Indian beach, where the difference in size and structure is obvious; it is more difficult to identify a lone vagrant to western Europe, where both species are very rare. The problem is compounded in that the Middle Eastern race of greater sand plover is the most similar to the lesser. The lesser usually has darker legs, a white forehead, and a more even white wing bar than the greater.
+==Distribution==
+[[File:Lesser sand Plover AMSM5062 2 LSPL.jpg|thumb|In [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]]]
+It breeds discontinuously across bare coastal plains in north-eastern [[Siberia]], with the Mongolian plover in the eastern part of the range; it has also bred in Alaska. It nests in a [[bird nest#Scrape|bare ground scrape]], laying three [[bird egg|eggs]]. This species is strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering on sandy beaches in east and southeast Asia.<ref name=IOC/>
 ==Ecology==
+[[File:Lesser Sand Plovers with Sanderling I2 IMG 9382.jpg|thumb|Siberian sand plovers with sanderlings in [[Chilika]], [[Odisha]], India]]
-The lesser sand plover's feeds on [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and [[annelid]] worms, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. This species takes fewer steps and shorter pauses than the greater sand plover when feeding.
+The Siberian sand plover feeds on [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and [[annelid]] worms, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. This species takes fewer steps and shorter pauses than the greater sand plover when feeding.
 The flight call is a hard trill.
-The lesser sand plover is one of the species to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.
+The Siberian sand plover is one of the species to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.
 ==Identification==
-Size is one of the factors distinguishing a lesser sand plover from a [[greater sand plover]], with the lesser being slightly smaller. However, it is not easy to rely on size alone especially when seen individually. The length of the bill is another distinguishing feature, with the lesser generally having a shorter bill compared to a greater. The colour of the legs in a lesser sand plover is generally darker, ranging from black to grey, while in a greater sand plover it is much paler, ranging from grey to yellowish.
+Size is one of the factors distinguishing a Siberian sand plover from a [[greater sand plover]], with the Siberian being slightly smaller. However, it is not easy to rely on size alone especially when seen individually. The length of the bill is another distinguishing feature, with the Siberian generally having a shorter bill compared to a greater. The colour of the legs in a Siberian sand plover is generally darker, ranging from black to grey, while in a greater sand plover it is much paler, ranging from grey to yellowish.{{update inline|date=July 2023}}
-==References==<!-- Micronesica38:221,39:11. -->
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 63: / Line 66: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q305255}}
-[[Category:Charadrius|lesser sand plover]]
+[[Category:Anarhynchus|Siberian sand plover]]
 [[Category:Birds of Asia]]
-[[Category:Birds of East Africa]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1776|Siberian sand plover]]
-[[Category:Birds described in 1776|lesser sand plover]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas]]