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Historical [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
Historical [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.


During the expansion of Vietnam ([[Nam tiến]]) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
During the expansion of Vietnam ([[Nam tiến]]), some place names have become Vietnamized.


Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one name in Vietnamese as shown below.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.


=== Sino-Vietnamese exonyms ===
=== Sino-Vietnamese exonyms ===
Before modernity, sources of foreign place names in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: [[Chinese exonyms]]). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, [[sinoxenic]] pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as ''Sū-gé-lán'' in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as ''Tô Cách Lan'', which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken [[language]]s and [[dialect]]s that use them, which include [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different [[Phonology|phonologies]] and [[phoneme]]s from each other. By the nature of the [[writing system]] itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents [[logogram]]s (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, Russia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective [[Exonym and endonym|endonyms]]. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only 2 city in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.<!-- This sentence should be supported by citing sources. -->
Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: [[Chinese exonyms]]). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, [[sinoxenic]] pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as ''Sū-gé-lán'' in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as ''Tô Cách Lan'', which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken [[language]]s and [[dialect]]s that use them, which include [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different [[Phonology|phonologies]] and [[phoneme]]s from each other. By the nature of the [[writing system]] itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents [[logogram]]s (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective [[Exonym and endonym|endonyms]]. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.<!-- This sentence should be supported by citing sources. -->


=== Exonyms from other languages ===
=== Exonyms from other languages ===
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However, it has recently become more common for the [[English exonyms|English exonym]] or the [[romanization]] of the [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the [[Harry Potter|Harry Potter series]] of [[novel]]s, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese handle foreign names|url=http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/fornames.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.cjvlang.com}}</ref>
However, it has recently become more common for the [[English exonyms|English exonym]] or the [[romanization]] of the [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the [[Harry Potter|Harry Potter series]] of [[novel]]s, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese handle foreign names|url=http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/fornames.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.cjvlang.com}}</ref>


There are a few country names borrowed from [[French language|French]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. [[Vienna]] (''Viên'' in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] names are borrowed from [[English language|English]] by direct transliteration into ''Hồng Kông'' and ''Ma Cao'' instead of ''Hương Cảng'' and ''Áo Môn'' in [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] pronunciation.
There are a few country names borrowed from [[French language|French]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. [[Vienna]] (''Viên'' in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] names are borrowed from [[English language|English]] by direct transliteration into ''Hồng Kông'' and ''Ma Cao'' instead of ''Hương Cảng'' and ''Áo Môn'' in [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] pronunciation.


=== Other cases ===
=== Other cases ===
The names of [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] are directly transcribed from [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Lao language|Lao]] into Vietnamese as ''Campuchia'' and ''Lào''. The names of [[Phnom Penh]], [[Vientiane]] and [[Bangkok]] are directly transcribed from Khmer, Lao and [[Thai language|Thai]] into Vietnamese as ''Phnôm Pênh'', ''Viêng Chăn'' and ''Băng Cốc''. [[Ivory Coast]] is translated into Vietnamese as ''Bờ Biển Ngà'', and at times it is transcribed from French as ''Cốt Đivoa''.
The names of [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] are directly transcribed from [[Khmer language|Khmer]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} {{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} and [[Lao language|Lao]] {{lang|lo|ລາວ}} {{transliteration|km|Lav}} into Vietnamese as ''Campuchia'' and ''Lào''. The names of [[Phnom Penh]], [[Vientiane]] and [[Bangkok]] are directly transcribed from Khmer {{lang|km|ភ្នំពេញ}} {{transliteration|km|Phnum Pénh}}, Lao {{lang|lo|ວຽງຈັນ}} {{transliteration|lo|Viangchan}} and [[Thai language|Thai]] {{lang|th|บางกอก}} {{transliteration|th|Bāngkxk}} into Vietnamese as ''Phnôm Pênh'', ''Viêng Chăn'' and ''Băng Cốc''. [[Ivory Coast]] is translated into Vietnamese as ''Bờ Biển Ngà'', and at times it is transcribed from French as ''Cốt Đivoa''.


== Afghanistan ==
== Afghanistan ==
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!Language
!Language
!
!
|-
|[[Australian Capital Territory]]
|Lãnh Thổ Thủ Đô Úc
|Australian Capital Territory
|English
|
|-
|[[Botany Bay]]
|Vịnh Thực Vật Học
|Botany Bay
|English
|
|-
|[[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]]
|Bờ Biển Trung Tâm
|Central Coast
|English
|
|-
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
|Bờ Biển Vàng
|Gold Coast
|English
|
|-
|[[Kangaroo Island]]
|Đảo Chuột Túi
|Kangaroo Island<br>Karta Pintingga
|English<br>Kaurna
|
|-
|-
|[[Melbourne]]
|[[Melbourne]]
|Miêu Bình, Mai Bình<ref>[http://www.vietluan.com.au/thong-tin-hoan-ho-anh-bay-cha-va]</ref>
|Miêu Bình, Mai Bình<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietluan.com.au/thong-tin-hoan-ho-anh-bay-cha-va |title=HOAN HÔ ANH BẢY CHÀ VÀ?! - báo Việt Luận - Úc châu |website=www.vietluan.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220557/http://www.vietluan.com.au/thong-tin-hoan-ho-anh-bay-cha-va |archive-date=2015-06-10}}</ref>
|Melbourne
|Melbourne
|English
|English
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Northern Territory]]
|[[Buenos Aires|Sydney]]
|Xích-ni
|Lãnh thổ Bắc Úc
|Northern Territory
|English
|
|-
|[[South Australia]]
|Nam Úc
|South Australia
|English
|
|-
|[[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]
|Bờ Biển Nắng
|Sunshine Coast
|English
|
|-
|[[Sydney]]
|Xít-nây
|Sydney
|Sydney
|English
|
|-
|[[Western Australia]]
|Miền Tây Nước Úc
|Western Australia
|English
|English
|
|
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Bahrain}} Ba-ranh
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Bahrain}} Ba-ranh
|}

== Bangladesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} Băng-la-đét
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
!Name
!Language
!
|-
|[[Dhaka]]
|Đắc-ca
|Dhaka (ঢাকা)
|Bengali
|
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Brussels]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brussels]]
| rowspan="2" |Bức San, Brúc-xen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brúc-xen|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Br%C3%BAc-xen,+B%E1%BB%89/@50.8552034,4.2930166,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x47c3a4ed73c76867:0xc18b3a66787302a7!8m2!3d50.8476424!4d4.3571696!16zL20vMDJybmJ2?hl=vi&entry=ttu|website=Brúc-xen|language=vi-US|access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Bức San
|Brussel
|Brussel
|Dutch
|Dutch
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==Brazil==
==Brazil==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Brazil}} Ba Tây,<ref>{{cite web|title=Giới thiệu về Hội thảo các nước Đông Á - Mỹ Latinh|url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/mofa/cn_vakv/america/nr130325114730/nr130325225004/ns130508234215/view|website=Vietnam MoFA|publisher=Vietnam MoFA|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Bi Lê Diên Lô,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 198</ref> Bra-xin<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bra-xin/@-13.6571599,-69.718235,4z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x47c63fb5949a7755:0x6600fd4cb7c0af8d!2zQW0teHTDqWMtxJFhbSwgSMOgIExhbg!3b1!8m2!3d52.3666969!4d4.8945398!3m4!1s0x9c59c7ebcc28cf:0x295a1506f2293e63!8m2!3d-8.5049702!4d-53.1079102?hl=vi|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Brazil}} Ba Tây,<ref>{{cite web|title=Giới thiệu về Hội thảo các nước Đông Á - Mỹ Latinh|url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/mofa/cn_vakv/america/nr130325114730/nr130325225004/ns130508234215/view|website=Vietnam MoFA|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Bi Lê Diên Lô,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 198</ref> Bra-xin<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bra-xin/@-13.6571599,-69.718235,4z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x47c63fb5949a7755:0x6600fd4cb7c0af8d!2zQW0teHTDqWMtxJFhbSwgSMOgIExhbg!3b1!8m2!3d52.3666969!4d4.8945398!3m4!1s0x9c59c7ebcc28cf:0x295a1506f2293e63!8m2!3d-8.5049702!4d-53.1079102?hl=vi|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English name
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==Cambodia==
==Cambodia==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Cambodia}} Cao Miên, Campuchia, Kampuchia
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Cambodia}} (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia)
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese
! colspan="2" |Endonym
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
!Notes
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|[[Angkor]]
|[[Angkor]]
|Đế Thiên Đế Thích
|Đế Thiên Đế Thích
|Ângkôr (អង្គរ)
|Angkor
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Banteay Meas District|Banteay Meas]]
|[[Banteay Meas District|Banteay Meas]]
|Sài Mạt
|Sài Mạt
|Banteay Meas (បន្ទាយមាស)
|Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Battambang]]
|[[Battambang]]
|Bát Tầm Bôn
|Bát Tầm Bôn
|Battambang (បាត់ដំបង)
|Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Bavet Municipality|Bavet]]
|[[Bavet Municipality|Bavet]]
|Truông Cát
|Truông Cát
|Bavit (បាវិត)
|Bavĭt (បាវិត)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Bokor Hill Station|Bokor]]
|[[Bokor Hill Station|Bokor]]
|Tà Lơn
|Tà Lơn
|Baukko (បូកគោ)
|Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Dâmrei Mountains|Damrei Mountains]]
|[[Dâmrei Mountains|Damrei Mountains]]
|Tượng Sơn
|Tượng Sơn
|Phnom Damri (ភ្នំដំរី)
|Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 361: Line 327:
|[[Kampot Province|Kampot]]
|[[Kampot Province|Kampot]]
|Cần Bột
|Cần Bột
|Kampot (កំពត)
|Kâmpôt (កំពត)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Kep Province|Kep]]
|[[Kep Province|Kep]]
|Bạch Mã
|Bạch Mã
|Kaeb (កែប)
|Kêb (កែប)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Kiri Vong]]
|[[Kiri Vong]]
|Linh Quỳnh
|Linh Quỳnh
|Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់)
|Kiri Vong (គីរីវង់)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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|[[Koh Tang]]
|[[Koh Tang]]
|Hòn Thăng
|Hòn Thăng
|Kaoh Tang (កោះតាង)
|Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 385: Line 351:
|[[Koh Wai]]
|[[Koh Wai]]
|Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây
|Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây
|Kaoh Pou Lou Vei (កោះពូលូវៃ)
|Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 391: Line 357:
|[[Kampong Chhnang (city)|Kompong Chhnang]]
|[[Kampong Chhnang (city)|Kompong Chhnang]]
|Xà Năng
|Xà Năng
|Kampong Chhnang (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង)
|Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Kratié Province|Kratie]]
|[[Kratié Province|Kratié]]
|Cần Ché
|Cần Ché
|Kracheh (ក្រចេះ)
|Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Longvek|Lavek / Longvek]]
|[[Longvek|Lavek/Longvek]]
|La Bích
|La Bích
|Lvek(ល្វែក) / Longvek (លង្វែក)
|Lvêk (ល្វែក)<br />Lôngvêk (លង្វែក)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 409: Line 375:
|[[Neak Loeung]]
|[[Neak Loeung]]
|Hối Lương,<ref>Lê Hương. ''Chợ trời biên giới Việt Nam-Cao Miên''. Glendale, CA: Đại Nam, ?. p 99.</ref> Cầu Nam
|Hối Lương,<ref>Lê Hương. ''Chợ trời biên giới Việt Nam-Cao Miên''. Glendale, CA: Đại Nam, ?. p 99.</ref> Cầu Nam
|Nak Loeung (អ្នកលឿង)
|'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 415: Line 381:
|[[Peam Chor District|Peam Chor]]
|[[Peam Chor District|Peam Chor]]
|Biên Chúc
|Biên Chúc
|Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ)
|Srok Peamochor (ស្រុកពាមជរ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,<ref>[http://vnexpress.net/nhung-con-duong-hay-bi-nham-nguon-goc-ten-goi-o-sai-gon-3862127-p2.html]</ref> Phnôm Pênh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phnôm Pênh|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Phn%C3%B4m+P%C3%AAnh,+Cam-pu-chia/@11.5796669,104.750098,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3109513dc76a6be3:0x9c010ee85ab525bb!8m2!3d11.5553803!4d104.9276733?hl=vi|website=Phnôm Pênh|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/nhung-con-duong-hay-bi-nham-nguon-goc-ten-goi-o-sai-gon-3862127-p2.html|title=Đúng, Kim Biên chỉ thủ đô Phnom Penh|website=vnexpress.net}}</ref> Phnôm Pênh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phnôm Pênh|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Phn%C3%B4m+P%C3%AAnh,+Cam-pu-chia/@11.5796669,104.750098,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3109513dc76a6be3:0x9c010ee85ab525bb!8m2!3d11.5553803!4d104.9276733?hl=vi|website=Phnôm Pênh|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ)
|Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 427: Line 393:
|[[Pursat]]
|[[Pursat]]
|Phú Túc
|Phú Túc
|Pothisat (ពោធិ៍សាត់)
|Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 433: Line 399:
|[[Siem Reap]]
|[[Siem Reap]]
|Xiêm Riệp<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xiêm Riệp|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi%C3%AAm+Ri%E1%BB%87p,+Cam-pu-chia/@13.3406435,103.7228659,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3110169a8c91a879:0xa940aaf93ee5bbfa!8m2!3d13.3628989!4d103.8565063?hl=vi|website=Xiêm Riệp|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Xiêm Riệp<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xiêm Riệp|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi%C3%AAm+Ri%E1%BB%87p,+Cam-pu-chia/@13.3406435,103.7228659,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3110169a8c91a879:0xa940aaf93ee5bbfa!8m2!3d13.3628989!4d103.8565063?hl=vi|website=Xiêm Riệp|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Siemrap (សៀមរាប)
|Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]]
|[[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]]
|Kâm Póng Sao,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/K%C3%A2m+P%C3%B3ng+Sao,+Campuchia/@10.6617224,103.2221612,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x3233af605e720cd5:0x28a70f18542d1b91!2zxJDDtG5nIE5hbSDDgQ!3b1!8m2!3d-2.2179704!4d115.66283!16zL20vMDczcTE!3m5!1s0x3107e1dd2f564c45:0x13f1f8da254362ed!8m2!3d10.6267867!4d103.5115545!16s/m/0121_hdq?authuser=1&hl=vi&entry=ttu |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Google Maps |language=vi-US}}</ref> Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm
|Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm
|Krong Preah Sihanouk ( ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) /
|Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ)<br />Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម)
Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 446: Line 411:
|[[Svay Rieng Province|Svay Rieng]]
|[[Svay Rieng Province|Svay Rieng]]
|Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng
|Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng
|Svay Rieng (ស្វាយរៀង)
|Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tonlé Sap|Tonle Sap]]
|[[Tonlé Sap]]
|Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ
|Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ
|Tonle Saeab (ទន្លេសាប)
|Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
Line 470: Line 435:
!
!
|-
|-
|[[Montréal]]
|[[British Columbia]]
|Columbia Thuộc Anh
|British Columbia
|English
|
|-
|[[Montreal]]
|Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn
|Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn
|Montréal
|Montréal
Line 484: Line 455:
|[[Quebec]]
|[[Quebec]]
|Quế Bích
|Quế Bích
|Québec
|Quebec
|French
|French
|
|
Line 517: Line 488:
|Bắc Kinh
|Bắc Kinh
|Běijīng (北京)
|Běijīng (北京)
|Mandarin
|
|-
|[[Changchun]]
|Trường Xuân
|Chángchūn (长春)
|Mandarin
|Mandarin
|
|
Line 551: Line 528:
|Quế Lâm
|Quế Lâm
|Guìlín (桂林)
|Guìlín (桂林)
|Mandarin
|
|-
|[[Hainan]]
|Hải Nam
|Hǎinán (海南)
|Mandarin
|
|-
|[[Harbin]]
|Cáp Nhĩ Tân
|Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨)
|Mandarin
|Mandarin
|
|
Line 606: Line 595:
|Nam Kinh
|Nam Kinh
|Nánjīng (南京)
|Nánjīng (南京)
|Mandarin
|
|-
|[[Sanya]]
|Tam Á
|Sānyà (三亚)
|Mandarin
|Mandarin
|
|
Line 659: Line 654:
|Trường Giang
|Trường Giang
|Cháng Jiāng (长江)
|Cháng Jiāng (长江)
|Mandarin
|
|-
|[[Zhengzhou]]
|Trịnh Châu
|Zhèngzhōu (郑州)
|Mandarin
|Mandarin
|
|
Line 771: Line 772:
!Language
!Language
!
!
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Alexandria]]
| rowspan="2" |A-lếch-xan-đri-a
|al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية)
|Standard Arabic
|
|-
|Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ)
|Coptic
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Cairo]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cairo]]
Line 779: Line 790:
|Maṣr (مَصر)
|Maṣr (مَصر)
|Egyptian Arabic
|Egyptian Arabic
|Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country
|Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's [[primate city]], the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well.
|-
|[[Port Said]]
|thành phố Cảng (Port) Said<ref>{{Cite web |title=Những Điều Phải Làm Ở Thành phố Cảng Said 2024 - Hướng Dẫn Du Lịch Ở Thành phố Cảng Said - Vé Địa Điểm Tham Quan Được Đề Xuất Ở Thành phố Cảng Said, Khách Sạn, Nơi Để Tham Quan, Nơi Ăn Uống Và Nhà Hàng |url=https://vn.trip.com/travel-guide/destination/port-said-19953/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=TRIP.COM |language=vi-VN}}</ref>
|Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد)
|Egyptian Arabic
|
|}
|}


Line 808: Line 825:
== Ethiopia ==
== Ethiopia ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} Ê-díp-tô, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%C3%8A-ti-%C3%B4-pi-a/@9.132325,35.9993197,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x4ea20dbbe3c07715:0x34cf9d830114e218!2sGrin-len!3b1!8m2!3d71.706936!4d-42.604303!3m4!1s0x1635d0cedd6cfd2b:0x7bf6a67f5348c55a!8m2!3d8.6299031!4d39.6166992?hl=vi|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%C3%8A-ti-%C3%B4-pi-a/@9.132325,35.9993197,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x4ea20dbbe3c07715:0x34cf9d830114e218!2sGrin-len!3b1!8m2!3d71.706936!4d-42.604303!3m4!1s0x1635d0cedd6cfd2b:0x7bf6a67f5348c55a!8m2!3d8.6299031!4d39.6166992?hl=vi |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Google Maps |language=vi-US}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
!Name
!Language
!
|-
|Addis Ababa
|A-đi A-ba-ba
|አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/A-%C4%91i+A-ba-ba,+Ethiopia/@8.9634795,38.6133311,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x164b84f21691961f:0x822a438ed5adcc15!2sAddis+Ababa,+Ethiopia!3b1!8m2!3d8.9960024!4d38.7786956!16s/g/1pxybvtc_!3m5!1s0x164b85cef5ab402d:0x8467b6b037a24d49!8m2!3d8.9806034!4d38.7577605!16zL20vMGR0dGY?hl=vi&entry=ttu |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia |language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Amharic
|}
|}


Line 849: Line 880:
|-
|-
|[[Marseille]]
|[[Marseille]]
|Ma-xai<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.</ref>
|Ma-xai<ref name="auto3">Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.</ref>
|Marseille
|Marseille
|French
|French
|-
|-
|[[Nice]]
|[[Nice]]
|Niết-xa<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252.</ref>
|Niết-xa<ref name="auto2">Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252.</ref>
|Nice
|Nice
|French
|French
Line 864: Line 895:
|-
|-
|[[Paris]]
|[[Paris]]
|Ba Lê, Pha Lí,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.</ref> Pa-ri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pa ri|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pa+ri,+Ph%C3%A1p/@48.8589507,2.2770198,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.857487!4d2.3510742?hl=vi|website=Pa ri|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Ba Lê, Pha Lí,<ref name="auto3"/> Pa-ri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pa ri|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pa+ri,+Ph%C3%A1p/@48.8589507,2.2770198,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.857487!4d2.3510742?hl=vi|website=Pa ri|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|Paris
|Paris
|French
|French
Line 874: Line 905:
|-
|-
|[[Toulon]]
|[[Toulon]]
|Thu-long<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.</ref>
|Thu-long<ref name="auto3"/>
|Toulon
|Toulon
|French
|French
Line 1,054: Line 1,085:
|-
|-
|[[Palembang]]
|[[Palembang]]
|Tam Phật Tề<ref>[http://baotanglichsu.vn/portal/vi/Tin-tuc/Sach-tham-khao/2012/07/3A922DE7/]</ref>
|Tam Phật Tề<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/portal/vi/Tin-tuc/Sach-tham-khao/2012/07/3A922DE7/ |title=Bảo tàng Lịch sử quốc gia/Tin tức |website=baotanglichsu.vn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306202947/http://baotanglichsu.vn/portal/vi/Tin-tuc/Sach-tham-khao/2012/07/3A922DE7/ |archive-date=2016-03-06}}</ref>
|Palembang
|Palembang
|Indonesian
|Indonesian
Line 1,129: Line 1,160:
!Language
!Language
!
!
|-
|[[Acre, Israel|Acre]]
|Akko
|Ako (עכו)
|Hebrew
|
|-
|-
|[[Bethlehem]]
|[[Bethlehem]]
|Bê-lem
|Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem
|Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם)
|Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם)
|Hebrew
|Hebrew
Line 1,169: Line 1,206:
|-
|-
|[[Genoa]]
|[[Genoa]]
|Giai Noa<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250.</ref>
|Giai Noa<ref name="auto1">Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250.</ref>
|Genoa
|Genoa
|Italian
|Italian
Line 1,175: Line 1,212:
|-
|-
|[[Naples]]
|[[Naples]]
|Nạp Bồ Lê<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250.</ref>
|Nạp Bồ Lê<ref name="auto1"/>
|Napoli
|Napoli
|Italian
|Italian
Line 1,379: Line 1,416:
|Sầm Châu
|Sầm Châu
|Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
|Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,391: Line 1,428:
|Cam Cát
|Cam Cát
|Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
|Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,397: Line 1,434:
|Cam Môn
|Cam Môn
|Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
|Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Luang Phrabang]]
|[[Luang Phrabang]]
|Luông Pha Băng,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luang Prabang - Luông Pha Băng miền Bắc Lào, luang prabang luong pha bang mien bac lao |url=https://indochinasensetravel.com/luang-prabang--luong-pha-bang-mien-bac-lao-n.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=indochinasensetravel.com |language=vi}}</ref> Lão Qua
|Lão Qua
|Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
|Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,409: Line 1,446:
|Sầm Nứa
|Sầm Nứa
|Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
|Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,415: Line 1,452:
|Sầm Tộ
|Sầm Tộ
| Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)
| Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,421: Line 1,458:
|Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viêng Chăn|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vi%C3%AAng+Ch%C4%83n,+L%C3%A0o/@17.5449423,77.4331473,8z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3124688606ed7b21:0x1f93b18618c1eedf!8m2!3d17.9757058!4d102.6331035?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Viêng Chăn|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viêng Chăn|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vi%C3%AAng+Ch%C4%83n,+L%C3%A0o/@17.5449423,77.4331473,8z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3124688606ed7b21:0x1f93b18618c1eedf!8m2!3d17.9757058!4d102.6331035?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Viêng Chăn|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
|Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
|
|Lao
|Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
|
|-
|-
|[[Xiangkhouang Province|Xiangkhoang]]
|[[Xiangkhouang Province|Xiangkhoang]]
|Trấn Ninh
|Trấn Ninh
|Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
|Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,433: Line 1,470:
|Trình Cố
|Trình Cố
|Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)
|Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)
|
|Lao
|
|
|}
|}
Line 1,439: Line 1,476:
== Latvia ==
== Latvia ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Latvia}} Lát-vi-a<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lát-vi-a|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/L%C3%A1t-vi-a/@56.8630862,22.301421,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x46e930677b8a9afd:0xcfcd68f2fc10!8m2!3d56.9988671!4d25.9991455?hl=vi|website=Lát-vi-a|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Latvia}} Lát-vi-a<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Lát-vi-a|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/L%C3%A1t-vi-a/@56.8630862,22.301421,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x46e930677b8a9afd:0xcfcd68f2fc10!8m2!3d56.9988671!4d25.9991455?hl=vi|website=Lát-vi-a|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English name
Line 1,451: Line 1,488:
|-
|-
|[[Riga]]
|[[Riga]]
|Ri-ga<ref name="auto5"/>
|Ri-ga<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lát-vi-a|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/L%C3%A1t-vi-a/@56.8630862,22.301421,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x46e930677b8a9afd:0xcfcd68f2fc10!8m2!3d56.9988671!4d25.9991455?hl=vi|website=Lát-vi-a|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
|Riga
|Riga
|Latvian
|Latvian
Line 1,470: Line 1,507:
!
!
|-
|-
|[[Tripoli]]
|[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]
|Tri-po-li<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tri-po-li,+Li-bi/@32.8829357,13.1708262,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x13a892d98ece010d:0xfa076041c7f9c22a!2sLi-bi!3b1!8m2!3d26.3351!4d17.228331!3m4!1s0x13a892c4c11c43d9:0x8d99d8947b5cec86!8m2!3d32.8888132!4d13.1945801?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Tri-po-li<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tri-po-li,+Li-bi/@32.8829357,13.1708262,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x13a892d98ece010d:0xfa076041c7f9c22a!2sLi-bi!3b1!8m2!3d26.3351!4d17.228331!3m4!1s0x13a892c4c11c43d9:0x8d99d8947b5cec86!8m2!3d32.8888132!4d13.1945801?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Ṭarābulus (طرابلس)
|Ṭarābulus (طرابلس)
Line 1,701: Line 1,738:
|-
|-
|[[Amsterdam]]
|[[Amsterdam]]
|Am Tước Đàm, Am-xtéc-đam<ref>{{Citation|last1=Tarragó|first1=Ferran Ruiz I|title=XTEC Online In-Service Teacher Training Project|date=1992|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2672-4_21|work=Learning Technology in the European Communities|pages=243–250|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-010-5182-8|access-date=2020-05-27|last2=Martí|first2=Jordi Vivancos I|last3=Roselló|first3=Jordi Baldricr I|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-2672-4_21}}</ref>
|Am-xtéc-đam<ref>{{Citation|last1=Tarragó|first1=Ferran Ruiz I|title=XTEC Online In-Service Teacher Training Project|date=1992|work=Learning Technology in the European Communities|pages=243–250|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-010-5182-8|last2=Martí|first2=Jordi Vivancos I|last3=Roselló|first3=Jordi Baldricr I|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-2672-4_21|doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 }}</ref>
|Amsterdam
|Amsterdam
|Dutch
|Dutch
Line 1,718: Line 1,755:
== New Zealand ==
== New Zealand ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |{{Flag|New Zealand}} Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Niu+Di-l%C3%A2n/@-39.3461934,157.2913159,4z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x453c569a896724fb:0x1409fdf86611f613!2sNga!3b1!8m2!3d61.52401!4d105.318756!3m4!1s0x6d2c200e17779687:0xb1d618e2756a4733!8m2!3d-42.4234565!4d172.3535156?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Google Maps|language=vi}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |{{Flag|New Zealand}} Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Niu+Di-l%C3%A2n/@-39.3461934,157.2913159,4z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x453c569a896724fb:0x1409fdf86611f613!2sNga!3b1!8m2!3d61.52401!4d105.318756!3m4!1s0x6d2c200e17779687:0xb1d618e2756a4733!8m2!3d-42.4234565!4d172.3535156?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
!English name
!English name
!Vietnamese name
!Vietnamese name
!Notes
!Notes
|-
|[[Chatham Island]]
|Quần Đảo Chatham
|
|-
|[[North Island]]
|Hòn Ðảo Phía Bắc
|
|-
|[[South Island]]
|Đảo Nam
|
|-
|-
|[[Wellington]]
|[[Wellington]]
|Oen-ling-tơn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Oen-ling-t%C6%A1n,+Niu+Di-l%C3%A2n/@-41.244027,174.6217692,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x453c569a896724fb:0x1409fdf86611f613!2sNga!3b1!8m2!3d61.52401!4d105.318756!3m4!1s0x6d38b1fc49e974cb:0xa00ef63a213b470!8m2!3d-41.2943173!4d174.7705078?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Google Maps|language=vi}}</ref>
|Oen-ling-tơn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Oen-ling-t%C6%A1n,+Niu+Di-l%C3%A2n/@-41.244027,174.6217692,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x453c569a896724fb:0x1409fdf86611f613!2sNga!3b1!8m2!3d61.52401!4d105.318756!3m4!1s0x6d38b1fc49e974cb:0xa00ef63a213b470!8m2!3d-41.2943173!4d174.7705078?hl=vi|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|
|}
|}
<!-- -->


== North Korea ==
== North Korea ==
Line 1,749: Line 1,772:
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
|-
!Name
!Name
!Language
!Language
!
!Notes
|-
|-
|[[Pyongyang]]
|[[Pyongyang]]
Line 2,058: Line 2,082:
|Korean
|Korean
|-
|-
|[[Warsaw|Chungju]]
|[[Chungju]]
|Trung Châu
|Trung Châu
|Chungju (충주)
|Chungju (충주)
Line 2,084: Line 2,108:
|-
|-
|[[Seoul]]
|[[Seoul]]
|Hán Thành<br>Xơ-un
|Hán Thành<br />Xơ-un
|Hansŏng (한성)<br>Sŏul (서울)
|Hansŏng (한성)<br />Sŏul (서울)
|Korean
|Korean
|}
|}
Line 2,103: Line 2,127:
|-
|-
|[[Alicante]]
|[[Alicante]]
|A Li Căn<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233.</ref>
|A Li Căn<ref name="auto4">Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233.</ref>
|Alicante
|Alicante
|Spanish
|Spanish
Line 2,118: Line 2,142:
|-
|-
|[[Cadiz]]
|[[Cadiz]]
|Ca-đích<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244.</ref>
|Ca-đích<ref name="auto">Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244.</ref>
|Cádiz
|Cádiz
|Spanish
|Spanish
Line 2,128: Line 2,152:
|-
|-
|[[Menorca]]
|[[Menorca]]
|Mi-nô-ca<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233.</ref>
|Mi-nô-ca<ref name="auto4"/>
|Menorca
|Menorca
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
|[[Valencia]]
|[[Valencia]]
|Ba-linh-xa<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244.</ref>
|Ba-linh-xa<ref name="auto"/>
|València
|València
|Spanish
|Spanish
Line 2,208: Line 2,232:
|Berna
|Berna
|Romansch
|Romansch
|-
|[[Geneva]]
|Genève<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genève · Thụy Sĩ |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gen%C3%A8ve,+Th%E1%BB%A5y+S%C4%A9/@46.2048226,6.1018393,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x478c650693d0e2eb:0xa0b695357b0bbc39!8m2!3d46.2043907!4d6.1431577!16zL20vMDM5MDI?authuser=1&hl=vi&entry=ttu |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Genève · Thụy Sĩ |language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Genève
|French
|}
|}


Line 2,258: Line 2,287:
|Táiběi (台北 / 臺北)
|Táiběi (台北 / 臺北)
|Mandarin
|Mandarin
|-
|[[Taitung City|Taitung]]
|Đài Đông
|Táidōng (台东 / 臺東)
|Mandarin
|
|}
|}


==Thailand==
==Thailand==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Thailand}} Thái Lan
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Thailand}} (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc)
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English name
Line 2,299: Line 2,334:
| rowspan="2" |[[Chiang Rai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chiang Rai]]
|Chiềng Rai
|Chiềng Rai
|Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย)
|Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)
|Thai
|Thai
|
|
|-
|-
|Chiềng Hai
|Chiềng Hai
|Jiang Hai
|Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ)
|Northern Thai
|Northern Thai
|
|
Line 2,350: Line 2,385:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Pattani]]
|[[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]]
|Tà Nê
|Tà Nê
|Pattani (ปัตตานี)
|Pattani (ปัตตานี)
Line 2,361: Line 2,396:
|Thai
|Thai
|
|
|}

== Tajikistan ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
!Name
!Language
!
|-
|[[Dushanbe]]
|Đu-san-be
|Dushanbe (Душанбе)
|Tajik
|}
|}


Line 2,384: Line 2,438:
==Turkey==
==Turkey==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Turkey}} Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ , Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 95</ref>
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Turkey}} Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 95</ref>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English name
Line 2,408: Line 2,462:
== Ukraine ==
== Ukraine ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Ukraine}} U-crai-na
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Ukraine}} U-crai-na, Ukraina
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |English name
Line 2,525: Line 2,579:
|-
|-
|[[California]]
|[[California]]
|Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha
|Ca-li
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,536: Line 2,590:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Hollywood]]
|[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]
|Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
|Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
|
|
Line 2,549: Line 2,603:
|-
|-
|[[Manhattan]]
|[[Manhattan]]
|Mã Nhật Tân<ref>[http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=198618 "New York Tháng Mười Một"]</ref>
|Mã Nhật Tân<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=198618|title="New York Tháng Mười Một"}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|[[New Orleans]]
|Ngọc Lân,<ref>[http://taberd.org/van/nhi_long/katrina_p1.html]</ref> Tân Linh
|Ngọc Lân,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taberd.org/van/nhi_long/katrina_p1.html|title=Taberd.org - Châu thành Ngọc Lân (New Orleans, Louisiana)|website=taberd.org}}</ref> Tân Linh
|
|
|-
|-
|[[New York City|New York]]
|[[New York City|New York]]
|Nữu Ước, Tiểu bang New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ti%E1%BB%83u+bang+New+York/@42.7287668,-78.0137629,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x876b80aa231f17cf:0x118ef4f8278a36d6!2sDenver,+Colorado!3b1!8m2!3d39.7392358!4d-104.990251!3m4!1s0x4ccc4bf0f123a5a9:0xddcfc6c1de189567!8m2!3d42.9001127!4d-76.003418?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ti%E1%BB%83u+bang+New+York/@42.7287668,-78.0137629,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x876b80aa231f17cf:0x118ef4f8278a36d6!2sDenver,+Colorado!3b1!8m2!3d39.7392358!4d-104.990251!3m4!1s0x4ccc4bf0f123a5a9:0xddcfc6c1de189567!8m2!3d42.9001127!4d-76.003418?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|-
|[[New York City]]
|[[New York City]]
|Thành phố New York
|Thành phố New York
|
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|Bắc Carolina
|
|-
|[[North Dakota]]
|Bắc Dakota
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,577: Line 2,639:
|-
|-
|[[Seven Corners, VA|Seven Corners]]
|[[Seven Corners, VA|Seven Corners]]
|Ngã Bảy<ref>[http://saigonecho.info/main/cdviettynan/xaydungcdviet/18038-cng-ng-ngi-vit-washington.html "Cộng đồng người Việt ở Washington"]</ref>
|Ngã Bảy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saigonecho.info/main/cdviettynan/xaydungcdviet/18038-cng-ng-ngi-vit-washington.html|title="Cộng đồng người Việt ở Washington"}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[South Carolina]]
|Nam Carolina
|
|-
|[[South Dakota]]
|Nam Dakota
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Washington, DC|Washington]]
|[[Washington, DC|Washington]]
|Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
|Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
|
|-
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|Oa-xinh-tơn
|
|-
|[[West Virginia]]
|Tây Virginia
|
|
|}
|}
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

== Uzbekistan ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
!Name
!Language
!
|-
|[[Tashkent]]
|Ta-sơ-ken
|Toshkent
|Uzbek
|}


== Other ==
== Other ==
Line 2,594: Line 2,691:
|-
|-
|[[Alps]]
|[[Alps]]
|Ân Lô Bi,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252.</ref> An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
|Ân Lô Bi,<ref name="auto2"/> An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
|
|-
|[[Annamite Range|Annamite Mountains]]
|Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Aral Sea]]
|[[Aral Sea]]
|Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
|Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
|
|-
|[[Atlantic Ocean]]
|Đại Tây
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Dead Sea]]
|[[Dead Sea]]
|Biển Chết
|Biển Chết
|
|-
|[[East China Sea]]
|Biển Hoa Đông
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,639: Line 2,748:
|[[Nile|Nile River]]
|[[Nile|Nile River]]
|Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
|Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
|
|-
|[[Pacific Ocean]]
|Thái Bình Dương
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,667: Line 2,780:
|[[Sunda Strait]]
|[[Sunda Strait]]
|Cửa Song Đề,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 73</ref> eo biển Sunda
|Cửa Song Đề,<ref>Phạm Phú Thứ. p 73</ref> eo biển Sunda
|
|-
|[[Tigris]]
|Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
|
|
|-
|-
|[[South China Sea]]
|[[South China Sea]]
|Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from ''East Sea''), Biển Đông
|Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from ''East Sea''), Biển Đông
|
|-
|[[Tigris]]
|Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
|
|
|-
|-

Latest revision as of 16:18, 2 November 2024

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

History

[edit]

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.

During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.

Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.

Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

[edit]

Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.

Exonyms from other languages

[edit]

In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.

See also: Spelling of Shakespeare's name

However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[1]

There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French[citation needed]. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.

Other cases

[edit]

The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວ Lav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញ Phnum Pénh, Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viangchan and Thai บางกอก Bāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.

Afghanistan

[edit]
 Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[2]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kabul Ka-bun[3] Kābol (کابل) Persian
Kābəl (کابل) Pashto

Albania

[edit]
 Albania An-ba-ni[4]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tirana Ti-ra-na[5] Tiranë Albanian

Algeria

[edit]
 Algeria An-giê-ri
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Algiers thủ đô nước An-giê-ri Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) Standard Arabic

Argentina

[edit]
 Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[6]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Buenos Aires Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[7] Buenos Aires Spanish

Australia

[edit]
 Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Melbourne Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[8] Melbourne English
Sydney Xích-ni Sydney English

Austria

[edit]
 Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vienna Viên Wien German

Bahrain

[edit]
 Bahrain Ba-ranh

Bangladesh

[edit]
 Bangladesh Băng-la-đét
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dhaka Đắc-ca Dhaka (ঢাকা) Bengali

Belarus

[edit]
 Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga[9]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Minsk Min-xcơ[10] Minsk (Мінск) Belarusian

Belgium

[edit]
 Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích,[11] Bỉ[12]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brussels Bức San, Brúc-xen[13] Brussel Dutch
Bruxelles French

Brazil

[edit]
 Brazil Ba Tây,[14] Bi Lê Diên Lô,[15] Bra-xin[16]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brasilia Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[17] Brasilia Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô Rio de Janeiro Portuguese
São Paulo Thánh Phao Lồ São Paulo Portuguese

Bulgaria

[edit]
 Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[18]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Sofia Xô-phi-a[19] Sofija (София) Bulgarian

Cambodia

[edit]
 Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia)
English Vietnamese Endonym Notes
Name Language
Angkor Đế Thiên Đế Thích Ângkôr (អង្គរ) Khmer
Banteay Meas Sài Mạt Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស) Khmer
Battambang Bát Tầm Bôn Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង) Khmer
Bavet Truông Cát Bavĭt (បាវិត) Khmer
Bokor Tà Lơn Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ) Khmer
Damrei Mountains Tượng Sơn Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី) Khmer
Kampot Cần Bột Kâmpôt (កំពត) Khmer
Kep Bạch Mã Kêb (កែប) Khmer
Kiri Vong Linh Quỳnh Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់) Khmer
Koh Tang Hòn Thăng Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង) Khmer
Koh Wai Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ) Khmer
Kompong Chhnang Xà Năng Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) Khmer
Kratié Cần Ché Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ) Khmer
Lavek/Longvek La Bích Lvêk (ល្វែក)
Lôngvêk (លង្វែក) 		Khmer
Neak Loeung Hối Lương,[20] Cầu Nam 'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង) Khmer
Peam Chor Biên Chúc Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ) Khmer
Phnom Penh Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[21] Phnôm Pênh[22] Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ) Khmer
Pursat Phú Túc Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់) Khmer
Siem Reap Xiêm Riệp[23] Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប) Khmer
Sihanoukville Kâm Póng Sao,[24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ)
Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម) 		Khmer
Svay Rieng Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង) Khmer
Tonlé Sap Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប) Khmer

Canada

[edit]
 Canada Gia Nã Đại
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
British Columbia Columbia Thuộc Anh British Columbia English
Montreal Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn Montréal French
Ottawa Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[25] Ottawa English
Quebec Quế Bích Québec French
Toronto Tô Luân Toronto English
Vancouver Văn Cầu Vancouver English

China

[edit]
 China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Beijing Bắc Kinh Běijīng (北京) Mandarin
Changchun Trường Xuân Chángchūn (长春) Mandarin
Chengdu Thành Đô Chéngdū (成都) Mandarin
Chongqing Trùng Khánh Chóngqìng (重庆) Mandarin
Fujian Phúc Kiến Fújiàn (福建) Mandarin
Hok-kiàn Hokkien
Guangzhou Quảng Châu Guǎngzhōu (广州) Mandarin
Guilin Quế Lâm Guìlín (桂林) Mandarin
Hainan Hải Nam Hǎinán (海南) Mandarin
Harbin Cáp Nhĩ Tân Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) Mandarin
Hohhot Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) Mandarin
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script
Hong Kong Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông Xiānggǎng (香港) Mandarin
Hēunggóng Cantonese
Hong Kong English
Inner Mongolia Nội Mông (Cổ) Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin
Öbür Monggol

(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)

Mongolian script
Macau Áo Môn, Ma Cao Àomén(澳門) Mandarin
Ōumún Cantonese
Macau Portuguese
Nanjing Nam Kinh Nánjīng (南京) Mandarin
Sanya Tam Á Sānyà (三亚) Mandarin
Shanghai Thượng Hải Shànghǎi (上海) Mandarin
Shenzhen Thâm Quyến Shēnzhèn (深圳) Mandarin
Sichuan Tứ Xuyên Sìchuān (四川) Mandarin
Ürümqi U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) Mandarin
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) Uyghur
Wuhan Vũ Hán Wǔhàn (武汉) Mandarin
Xiamen Hạ Môn Xiàmén (厦门) Mandarin
Xi'an Tây An Xī'ān (西安) Mandarin
Yangtze River Trường Giang Cháng Jiāng (长江) Mandarin
Zhengzhou Trịnh Châu Zhèngzhōu (郑州) Mandarin

Cyprus

[edit]
 Cyprus Đảo Síp[26]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nicosia Ni-cô-xi-a[27] Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) Greek
Lefkoşa Turkish

Czechia

[edit]
 Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc[28]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Prague Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[29] Praha Czech

Denmark

[edit]
 Denmark Đan Mạch
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Copenhagen Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[30] København Danish
Greenland Grin-len,[31] Thanh Đảo Grønland Danish
Nuuk Nu-úc[32] Godthåb Danish

East Timor

[edit]
 East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dili Đi-li[33] Dili Tetum

Egypt

[edit]
 Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Alexandria A-lếch-xan-đri-a al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية) Standard Arabic
Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) Coptic
Cairo Kê Thành al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎) Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر) Egyptian Arabic Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city, the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well.
Port Said thành phố Cảng (Port) Said[34] Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد) Egyptian Arabic

Eritrea

[edit]
 Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a[35]

Estonia

[edit]
 Estonia E-xtô-ni-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tallinn Ta-lin[36] Talin Estonian

Ethiopia

[edit]
 Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[37]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Addis Ababa A-đi A-ba-ba አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[38] Amharic

Finland

[edit]
 Finland Phần Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Helsinki Hiệu Sinh Kì Helsinki Finnish

France

[edit]
 France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Lyon Li-ông Lyon French
Marseille Ma-xai[39] Marseille French
Nice Niết-xa[40] Nice French
Nouvelle Calédonie Tân Thế Giới Nouvelle Calédonie French
Paris Ba Lê, Pha Lí,[39] Pa-ri[41] Paris French
Sète Xét-ta[42] Sète French
Toulon Thu-long[39] Toulon French

Georgia

[edit]
 Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[43]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tbilisi Tbi-li-xi[44] Tbilisi (თბილისი) Georgian

Germany

[edit]
 Germany Đức, An-lê-mân[45]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Berlin Bá Linh, Béc-lin[46] Berlin German
Cologne Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ Köln / Koeln German
Hamburg Hàm Phủ Hamburg German
Hanover An-nô-vi[47] Hannover German

Greece

[edit]
 Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách,[48] Gờ-réc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Athens Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[49] Athína (Αθήνα) Greek
Ionian Islands Y Du Nhiên Greek
Santorini Đảo San Hô Thíra (Θήρα) Greek
Thessalonica Salonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek
Zakynthos San-tê Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) Greek

Iceland

[edit]
 Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len[50]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Reykjavik Rây-ki-a-vích[51] Reykjavík Icelandic

India

[edit]
 India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ganges sông Hằng Gangā (गंगा) Hindi
Goa Cô Á Gōvā (गोवा) Hindi
New Delhi Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[52] Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) Hindi

Indonesia

[edit]
 Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[53]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Aceh A Chinh[54] Aceh Indonesian
Batavia Ba Thiềng modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta Giang Lưu Ba Jakarta Indonesian
Java Trảo Oa Java Indonesian
Palembang Tam Phật Tề[55] Palembang Indonesian

Iran

[edit]
 Iran Ba Tư
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tehran Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[56] Ťehrân (تهران‎) Persian

Iraq

[edit]
 Iraq Y Lạp
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Baghdad Bác Đạt, Bát-đa Baghdad (بغداد‎) Standard Arabic

Ireland

[edit]
 Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dublin Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[57] Baile Átha Cliath Irish English name also used locally

Israel

[edit]
 Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Acre Akko Ako (עכו) Hebrew
Bethlehem Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories
Jerusalem Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem[58] Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) Hebrew partially in Palestinian territories
Judea Do Thái Yehuda (יהודה) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories

Italy

[edit]
 Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Capri Ca Pha Lí[59] Capri Italian
Genoa Giai Noa[60] Genoa Italian
Naples Nạp Bồ Lê[60] Napoli Italian
Rome La Mã Roma Italian
Venice Vơ-ni-dơ Venezia Italian

Japan

[edit]
 Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hiroshima Quảng Ðảo Hiroshima (広島) Japanese
Hokkaido Bắc Hải Ðạo Hokkaidō (北海道) Japanese
Honshu Bổn Châu Honshū (本州) Japanese
Kansai Quan Tây Kansai (関西) Japanese
Kanto Quan Ðông Kantō (関東) Japanese
Kobe Thần Hộ Kōbe (神戸) Japanese
Kyoto Kinh Ðô Kyōto (京都) Japanese
Kyushu Cửu Châu Kyūshū (九州) Japanese
Nagasaki Tràng Kỳ Nagasaki (長崎) Japanese
Okinawa Xung Thằng Okinawa (沖縄) Japanese
Osaka Đại Phản Ōsaka (大阪) Japanese
Ryukyu Lưu Cầu Ryūkyū (琉球) Japanese
Sapporo Trát Hoảng Sapporo (札幌) Japanese
Sendai Tiên Ðài Sendai (仙台) Japanese
Senkaku Tiêm Các Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) Japanese
Shikoku Tứ Quốc Shikoku (四国) Japanese
Tokyo Đông Kinh Tōkyō (東京) Japanese

While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

Jordan

[edit]
 Jordan Gióc-đan, Gioóc-đa-ni[61]

Kazakhstan

[edit]
 Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan[62]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nur-Sultan A-xta-na[63] Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) Kazakh

Kyrgyzstan

[edit]
 Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bishkek Bi-sơ-kếch Bishkek (Бишкек) Kyrgyz
Russian

Laos

[edit]
 Laos Ai Lao, Lào
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Champasak Ba Thắc Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) Lao
Houaphanh Sầm Châu Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) Lao
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Nam Chưởng
Khamkeut Cam Cát Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) Lao
Khammouane Cam Môn Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) Lao
Luang Phrabang Luông Pha Băng,[64] Lão Qua Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) Lao
Samneua Sầm Nứa Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) Lao
Sam Tai Sầm Tộ Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) Lao
Vientiane Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[65] Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) Lao Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
Xiangkhoang Trấn Ninh Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) Lao
Xiengkho Trình Cố Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) Lao

Latvia

[edit]
 Latvia Lát-vi-a[66]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riga Ri-ga[66] Riga Latvian

Libya

[edit]
 Libya Li-bi[67]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tripoli Tri-po-li[68] Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic

Lithuania

[edit]
 Lithuania Lít-va[69]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vilnius Vin-ni-út[70] Vilnius Lithuanian

Luxembourg

[edit]
 Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo[71]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Luxembourg City Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua Lëtzebuerg Luxembourgish

Malaysia

[edit]
 Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bidong Island Hòn Rắn Pulau Bidong Malay
Kuala Lumpur Cát Long Pha Kuala Lumpur Malay
Penang Island Cù lao Cau Pulau Pinang Malay

Moldova

[edit]
 Moldova Môn-đô-va[72]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Chisinau Ki-si-nhốp[73] Chișinău Moldovan

Mongolia

[edit]
 Mongolia Mông Cổ[74]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ulaanbaatar Ulan Bato[75] Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) Mongolian Cyrillic
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) Mongolian script

Montenegro

[edit]
 Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[76]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Podgorica Pốt-gô-ri-xa Podgorica (Подгорица) Montenegrin

Morocco

[edit]
 Morocco Ma-rốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Casablanca Bạch Ốc ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) Arabic
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) Berber languages
Rabat Ra-bát ar-Rabat (الرباط) Arabic

Mexico

[edit]
 Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô[77]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Mexico City Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[78] Ciudad de México Spanish

Myanmar

[edit]
 Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện,[79] Diến Điện
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Naypyidaw Nây-pi-tô[80] Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) Burmese
Yangon Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[81] Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) Burmese

Netherlands

[edit]
 Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Amsterdam Am-xtéc-đam[82] Amsterdam Dutch
Rotterdam Luật Tước Đàm Rotterdam Dutch
The Hague Hạc Phủ Den Haag Dutch

New Zealand

[edit]
 New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân[83]
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Wellington Oen-ling-tơn[84]

North Korea

[edit]
 North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Pyongyang Bình Nhưỡng Phyŏngyang (평양) Korean
Hamhung Hàm Hưng Hamhǔng (함흥) Korean
Rason La Tiên Rasŏn (라선) Korean
Sinuiju Tân Nghĩa Châu Sinŭiju (신의주) Korean
Kaesong Khai Thành Kaesŏng (개성) Korean
Chongjin Thanh Tân Chŏngjin (청진) Korean
Nampo Nam Phổ Nampho (남포) Korean
Wonsan Nguyên Sơn Wŏnsan (원산) Korean

North Macedonia

[edit]
 North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia[85]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Skopje Xcốp-pi-ê[86] Скопје (Skopje) Macedonian

Norway

[edit]
 Norway Na Uy
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Oslo Ốt-xlô Oslo Norwegian

Pakistan

[edit]
 Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Islamabad I-xla-ma-bát[87] Islamabad (اسلام آباد) Urdu

Philippines

[edit]
 Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Manila Ma Ní Manila Tagalog
Luzon Lữ Tống Luzon Tagalog

Poland

[edit]
 Poland Ba Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Warsaw Vác-sa-va Warszawa Polish

Portugal

[edit]
 Portugal Bồ Đào Nha
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Lisbon Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Qatar

[edit]
 Qatar Ca-ta

Romania

[edit]
 Romania Ru-ma-ni[88]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bucharest Bu-ca-rét[89] București Romanian

Russia

[edit]
 Russia Nga La Tư, Nga
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kamchatka Cam-sát-ca Kamchatka (Камчатка) Russian
Moscow Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va Moskva (Москва) Russian
Novosibirsk Nô-vô-xi-biếc Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) Russian
Saint Petersburg Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) Russian
Sevastopol Tô Bồ Lô[90] Sevastopol' (Севастополь) Russian
Vladivostok Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông Vladivostok (Владивосток) Russian
Volgagrad Vôn-ga-grát Volgagrad (Волгоград) Russian

Saudi Arabia

[edit]
 Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riyadh E-ri-át ar-Riyadh (لرياض) Standard Arabic

Singapore

[edit]
 Singapore Xinh-ga-po, Tân Gia Ba

South Africa

[edit]
 South Africa Nam Phi
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bloemfontein Blô-phông-ten[91] Bloemfontein English
Cape Town Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[92] Cape Town English
Pretoria Pri-tơ-ri-a[93] Pretoria English

South Korea

[edit]
 South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Busan Phủ Sơn Busan (부산) Korean
Chungju Trung Châu Chungju (충주) Korean
Daegu Đại Khâu Daegu (대구) Korean
Gangnam Giang Nam Gangnam (강남) Korean
Incheon Nhân Xuyên Inchŏn (인천) Korean
Jeju Tế Châu Jeju (제주) Korean
Seoul Hán Thành
Xơ-un 		Hansŏng (한성)
Sŏul (서울) 		Korean

Spain

[edit]
 Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Alicante A Li Căn[94] Alicante Spanish
Almansa An-ma-gia[95] Almansa Spanish
Barcelona Ba Xà Luân[96] Barcelona Spanish
Cadiz Ca-đích[97] Cádiz Spanish
Madrid Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí,[98] Ma-đrít[99] Madrid Spanish
Menorca Mi-nô-ca[94] Menorca Spanish
Valencia Ba-linh-xa[97] València Spanish

Sri Lanka

[edit]
 Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng,[100] Xri Lan-ca[101]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Colombo Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[102] Kolamba (කොළඹ) Sinhala
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) Tamil

Sweden

[edit]
 Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà[103]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Stockholm Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[104] Stockholm Swedish

Switzerland

[edit]
  Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[105]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bern Bơn[106] Bern German
Bärn Alemannic German
Berne French
Berna Italian
Berna Romansch
Geneva Genève[107] Genève French

Taiwan

[edit]
 Taiwan Đài Loan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hualien Hoa Liên Huālián (花蓮) Mandarin
Kaohsiung Cao Hùng Gāoxióng (高雄) Mandarin
Keelung Cơ Long[108] Jīlóng (基隆) Mandarin
Taichung Đài Trung Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) Mandarin
Tainan Đài Nam Táinán (台南 / 臺南) Mandarin
Taipei Đài Bắc Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) Mandarin
Taitung Đài Đông Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) Mandarin

Thailand

[edit]
 Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc)
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ayutthaya Thượng Thành Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) Thai
Bangkok Vọng Các, Băng Cốc Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) Thai
Chanthaburi Chân Bôn Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) Thai
Chiang Mai Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Thai
Chiang Rai Chiềng Rai Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) Thai
Chiềng Hai Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ) Northern Thai
Ko Chang Dương Khảm Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) Thai
Ko Kut Cổ Cốt Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) Thai
Lopburi La Hộc Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) Thai
Nakhon Phanom Na Khổng Phù Nam Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Thai
Nakhon Ratchasima Cổ Lạc Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) Thai
Nakhon Si Thammarat Na Khổng Tam Hoạt Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) Thai
Nongkhai Mường Nông Nongkhai (หนองคาย) Thai
Pattani Tà Nê Pattani (ปัตตานี) Thai
Sukhothai Xụ-khổ-thay Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) Thai

Tajikistan

[edit]
 Tajikistan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dushanbe Đu-san-be Dushanbe (Душанбе) Tajik

Tunisia

[edit]
 Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[109]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tunis Tuy-nít Tunis (تونس) Standard Arabic

Turkey

[edit]
 Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[110]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ephesus Ê-phê-sô Efes Turkish
Istanbul Tân La Mã İstanbul Turkish

Ukraine

[edit]
 Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kyiv Ki-ép Kyiv (Київ) Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates

[edit]
 United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Abu Dhabi ʼAbū Ẓaby Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) Arabic
Dubai Đu-bai Dubey (دبيّ) Arabic

United Kingdom

[edit]
 United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Edinburgh Ê-đin-brơ Edinburgh English
Scots
England Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao England English
Northern Ireland Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan Northern Ireland English
London Luân Đôn, Long-đôn London English
Scotland Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[111] Scotland English
Wales Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales Wales English

United States

[edit]
 United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Arlington, VA Ái Linh Tân
Arlington, TX
Baltimore Bạt Đế Mỗ
Boston Bật Tân
California Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha
Harlem Hắc Lem
Hawaii Hạ Uy Di
Hollywood Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
Honolulu Hòn Lau
Los Angeles Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê
Manhattan Mã Nhật Tân[112]
New Orleans Ngọc Lân,[113] Tân Linh
New York Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York[114]
New York City Thành phố New York
North Carolina Bắc Carolina
North Dakota Bắc Dakota
Orange County Quận Cam
Philadelphia Huynh Đệ thành
San Francisco Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành
Seven Corners Ngã Bảy[115]
South Carolina Nam Carolina
South Dakota Nam Dakota
Washington Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
Washington, D.C. Oa-xinh-tơn
West Virginia Tây Virginia

The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

Uzbekistan

[edit]
 Uzbekistan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tashkent Ta-sơ-ken Toshkent Uzbek

Other

[edit]
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Alps Ân Lô Bi,[40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
Annamite Mountains Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn
Aral Sea Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
Atlantic Ocean Đại Tây
Dead Sea Biển Chết
East China Sea Biển Hoa Đông
Euphrates Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates
Mount Everest đỉnh Everest
Himalayas Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya
Indian Ocean Ấn Độ Dương
Indus River Sông Ấn (Độ)
Issyk-Kul Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul
Mediterranean Sea (Biển) Địa Trung Hải
Mekong River Mê Kông, Cửu Long
Nile River Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
Pacific Ocean Thái Bình Dương
Palestine Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine
Persian Gulf Vịnh Ba Tư
Red Sea Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ
Rocky Mountains Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky
Sahara Desert Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara
Sea of Japan Biển Nhật Bản
See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute
Sunda Strait Cửa Song Đề,[116] eo biển Sunda
South China Sea Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông
Tigris Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
Baltic Sea Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic

References

[edit]
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See also

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_exonyms&oldid=1254986471"