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{{Short description|Primary traditional home of the Navajo people}}
{{Other uses|Hogan (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{wtp|hooghan|hogan}}

{{Refimprove|date=October 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2018}}


[[File:The evolution of the Navajo Hogan, Left to right. The very old hogan. A later style, a few of which are still in use.... - NARA - 298586.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The evolution of the hogan as of the 1930s.]]
[[File:The evolution of the Navajo Hogan, Left to right. The very old hogan. A later style, a few of which are still in use.... - NARA - 298586.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The evolution of the hogan as of the 1930s.]]
A '''hogan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|ɡ|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|ɡ|ən}}; from [[Navajo language|Navajo]] ''{{spell-nv|hooghan}}'' {{IPA-ath|hoːɣan|}}) is the primary, traditional dwelling of the [[Navajo people]]. Other traditional structures include the summer shelter, the underground home, and the sweat house. A hogan can be round, cone-shaped, multi-sided, or square; with or without internal posts; timber or stone walls and packed with earth in varying amounts or a bark roof for a summer house,<ref>Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navajo Language. 1910 Saint Michaels, Arizona, reprinted 1929 by Max Breslauer; Leipzig, Germany.</ref> with the door facing east to welcome the rising sun for wealth and good fortune.
A '''hogan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|ɡ|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|ɡ|ən}}; from [[Navajo language|Navajo]] ''{{spell-nv|hooghan}}'' {{IPA|ath|hoːɣan|}}) is the primary, traditional dwelling of the [[Navajo people]]. Other traditional structures include the summer shelter, the underground home, and the sweat house. A hogan can be round, cone-shaped, multi-sided, or square; with or without internal posts; with walls and roof of timber, packed earth, and stone in varying amounts, and a bark roof for a summer house.<ref>Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navajo Language. 1910 Saint Michaels, Arizona, reprinted 1929 by Max Breslauer; Leipzig, Germany.</ref> The door traditionally faced east to welcome the rising sun, believed to bring good fortune.


Today, while some older hogans are now still used as dwellings and others are maintained for ceremonial purposes, new hogans are rarely intended as family dwellings.
Today, while some older hogans are still used as dwellings and others are maintained for ceremonial purposes, new hogans are rarely intended as family dwellings.


Traditional structured hogans are also considered pioneers of energy efficient homes. Using packed mud against the entire wood structure, the home was kept cool by natural air ventilation and water sprinkled on the dirt ground inside. During the winter the fireplace kept the inside warm well into the night. This concept is called [[thermal mass]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVault|first=Kayla|date=2018-10-19|title=The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs|url=http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/565|journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|issn=2158-4168}}</ref>
Hogans are also considered pioneers of energy efficient homes. Using packed mud against the wooden walls, the home was kept cool in summer by natural ventilation and water sprinkled on the packed dirt floor. In winter the fireplace kept the inside warm well into the night, due to the high [[thermal mass]] of earth in the construction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVault|first=Kayla|date=2018-10-19|title=The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs|url=http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/565|journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|issn=2158-4168}}</ref>


==Modern application and revival==
==Modern application and revival==

{{Original research|date=July 2020}}
{{Original research|date=July 2020}}
The preference of hogan construction and use is still very popular among the Navajos, although the use of it as a home shelter dwindled through the 1900s, due mainly to the requirement by many Navajos to acquire homes built through government and lender funding – which largely ignored the hogan-style and cultural needs of a community – in preference for [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]-standardized construction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVault|first=Kayla|date=2018-10-19|title=The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs|url=http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/565|journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|issn=2158-4168}}</ref>
The preference of hogan construction and use is still very popular among the Navajos, although the use of it as a home shelter dwindled through the 1900s, due mainly to the requirement by many Navajos to acquire homes built through government and lender funding – which largely ignored the hogan-style and cultural needs of a community – in preference for [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]-standardized construction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVault|first=Kayla|date=2018-10-19|title=The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs|url=http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/565|journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|issn=2158-4168}}</ref>
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[[File:16 21 2006 monument valley.jpg|thumbnail|Hogan at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park]]
[[File:16 21 2006 monument valley.jpg|thumbnail|Hogan at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park]]


With government and lender requirements requiring low costs, as well as bathrooms and kitchens, the hogan as a person's home was dwindling away, save for those who could build their own. That began to officially change in the late 1990s with various small projects to find ways to bring the hogan back. In 2001, it began changing significantly with a joint-venture of a partnership involving the Navajo Nation, Northern Arizona University, the US Forest Service and other private and public partners – to begin manufacturing and building log hogans from a Navajo-majority owned log home factory in Cameron, Arizona, next to the Cameron Chapter House. Using surplus small-diameter wood being culled out of the Northern Arizona forests to mitigate devastating wildfires, and with a series of meetings between elders, medicine men, and project leaders – a log hogan revival is being born on the Navajo Nation. While keeping the sacred space of the hogan relatively untouched, and also meeting the requirements for modern home amenities, an ancient tradition is now once again beginning to flourish. Along with assuring the survival of a cultural heritage, this project has also created new jobs, summer school construction experience for Navajo teens, public buildings, and much more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azdailysun.com/hogans-readied-for-sale/article_85fe399c-47ad-5e91-bf12-7a15b55b6338.html|title=Hogans readied for sale|last=Minard|first=Anne|date=3 September 2001|website=Arizona Daily Sun}}</ref>
With government and lender requirements requiring low costs, as well as bathrooms and kitchens, the hogan as a person's home was dwindling away, save for those who could build their own. That began to officially change in the late 1990s with various small projects to find ways to bring the hogan back.
In 2001, a joint venture involving the [[Navajo Nation]], [[Northern Arizona University]], and the [[US Forest Service]] began building log hogans with materials from a Navajo-owned log home factory in [[Cameron, Arizona]], next to the Cameron Chapter House, using surplus wood culled from Northern Arizona forests to prevent wildfires. Through cooperation among elders, medicine men, and project leaders, this ancient Navajo tradition is reviving. While providing the traditional sacred space of the hogan, new construction also meets requirements for modern amenities. The project has also provided jobs, summer school construction experience for Navajo teens, and new public buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azdailysun.com/hogans-readied-for-sale/article_85fe399c-47ad-5e91-bf12-7a15b55b6338.html|title=Hogans readied for sale|last=Minard|first=Anne|date=3 September 2001|website=Arizona Daily Sun}}</ref>


==In other languages==
==In other languages==
These terms are possible Native American sources of the current term '''hogan''':
Possible Native American sources of the English word ''hogan'':
* {{spell-nv|hooghan}} in [[Navajo language|Navajo]]
* {{spell-nv|hooghan}} in [[Navajo language|Navajo]]
* ''gowąh'' ([[Western Apache language|Western Apache]])
* ''gowąh'' ([[Western Apache language|Western Apache]])
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline|Hogans}}
* {{commonscat-inline|Hogans}}


{{Huts}}
{{Huts}}
{{Native american styles}}

{{Architecture in the United States}}
[[Category:Indigenous architecture]]
[[Category:Indigenous architecture]]
[[Category:Traditional Native American dwellings]]
[[Category:Traditional Native American dwellings]]
[[Category:Navajo culture]]
[[Category:Navajo culture]]
[[Category:Semi-subterranean structures]]
[[Category:Semi-subterranean structures]]
[[Category:Western (genre) staples and terminology]]
[[Category:Hogans| ]]

Latest revision as of 16:37, 2 November 2024

For other uses, see Hogan (disambiguation).
The evolution of the hogan as of the 1930s.

A hogan (/ˈhoʊɡɑːn/ or /ˈhoʊɡən/; from Navajo hooghan [hoːɣan]) is the primary, traditional dwelling of the Navajo people. Other traditional structures include the summer shelter, the underground home, and the sweat house. A hogan can be round, cone-shaped, multi-sided, or square; with or without internal posts; with walls and roof of timber, packed earth, and stone in varying amounts, and a bark roof for a summer house.[1] The door traditionally faced east to welcome the rising sun, believed to bring good fortune.

Today, while some older hogans are still used as dwellings and others are maintained for ceremonial purposes, new hogans are rarely intended as family dwellings.

Hogans are also considered pioneers of energy efficient homes. Using packed mud against the wooden walls, the home was kept cool in summer by natural ventilation and water sprinkled on the packed dirt floor. In winter the fireplace kept the inside warm well into the night, due to the high thermal mass of earth in the construction.[2]

Modern application and revival

[edit]

The preference of hogan construction and use is still very popular among the Navajos, although the use of it as a home shelter dwindled through the 1900s, due mainly to the requirement by many Navajos to acquire homes built through government and lender funding – which largely ignored the hogan-style and cultural needs of a community – in preference for HUD-standardized construction.[3]

Modern day hogan.
Hogan at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park

With government and lender requirements requiring low costs, as well as bathrooms and kitchens, the hogan as a person's home was dwindling away, save for those who could build their own. That began to officially change in the late 1990s with various small projects to find ways to bring the hogan back.

In 2001, a joint venture involving the Navajo Nation, Northern Arizona University, and the US Forest Service began building log hogans with materials from a Navajo-owned log home factory in Cameron, Arizona, next to the Cameron Chapter House, using surplus wood culled from Northern Arizona forests to prevent wildfires. Through cooperation among elders, medicine men, and project leaders, this ancient Navajo tradition is reviving. While providing the traditional sacred space of the hogan, new construction also meets requirements for modern amenities. The project has also provided jobs, summer school construction experience for Navajo teens, and new public buildings.[4]

In other languages

[edit]

Possible Native American sources of the English word hogan:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navajo Language. 1910 Saint Michaels, Arizona, reprinted 1929 by Max Breslauer; Leipzig, Germany.
  2. ^ DeVault, Kayla (2018-10-19). "The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs". Indigenous Policy Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 2158-4168.
  3. ^ DeVault, Kayla (2018-10-19). "The Energy Efficiency and Cultural Significance of Traditional Housing: Comparing the Navajo Nation and Pueblo of Acoma in an Effort to Reform Federal Indian Programs". Indigenous Policy Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 2158-4168.
  4. ^ Minard, Anne (3 September 2001). "Hogans readied for sale". Arizona Daily Sun.
[edit]
  • Media related to Hogans at Wikimedia Commons
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