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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Middle-Eastern breed of sheep}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} |
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{{Use British English|date=June 2024}} |
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{{Infobox sheep breed |
{{Infobox sheep breed |
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| name = Awassi |
| name = Awassi |
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| image = Kuwaiti sheep.jpg |
| image = Kuwaiti sheep.jpg |
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| image_alt = Awassi Sheep |
| image_alt = Awassi Sheep |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = A ram in Kuwait |
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| status = |
| status = |
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| altname = Arab |
| altname = {{ubl|Arab (Turkey)|Baladi|Deiri|Gezirieh (Iraq))|Ivesi (Turkey)|Shami (Syria)|Syrian}} |
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| country = [[ |
| country = [[Middle East]] |
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| distribution = |
| distribution = eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and Europe{{r|dad2}} |
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| standard = |
| standard = |
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| type = |
| type = |
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| use = |
| use = milk, meat, wool |
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| maleweight = |
| maleweight = 70 kg{{r|dad}} |
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| femaleweight = |
| femaleweight = 68 kg{{r|dad}} |
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| maleheight = |
| maleheight = 50 cm{{r|dad}} |
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| femaleheight = |
| femaleheight = 76 cm{{r|dad}} |
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| skincolour = |
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| |
| woolcolour = white |
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| facecolour = brown |
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| horns = |
| horns = |
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| note = |
| note = tolerant of extreme temperatures |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Awassi''' ({{lang-ar|عواسي}}) is a local [[fat-tailed sheep]] breed in [[West Asia]] originated in the [[Syrian Desert|Syro-Arabian desert]]. Other local names can also be Arab (not to be confused with [[Arabi sheep]]), Baladi, Deiri, Syrian, Ausi, Nuami, Gezirieh (or Qezirieh), or Ivesi (Turkish).<ref name="OKState"> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/awassi/index.htm |title=Awassi |work=Breeds of Livestock |publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]], Dept. of Animal Science |access-date=2009-05-14 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326110600/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/awassi/index.htm |archive-date=2009-03-26 }}</ref> It is multi coloured: white with brown head and legs (sometimes also black or brown). The ears are long and drooping.<ref name="Abstract"> |
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{{cite journal|url=http://www.tropentag.de/2006/abstracts/links/Amin_PHd1KUmD.pdf |first1=M. Y. |last1=Amin |first2=K. |last2=Peters |name-list-style=amp |title=Awassi Sheep Production and the Development of breeding Program Options in Syria |publisher=Humboldt University|location=Bonn |date=October 11–13, 2006|access-date=2009-05-14}}</ref> |
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The '''Awassi'''{{efn|name= a}} is a [[list of sheep breeds|breed]] of [[dairy sheep]] of [[fat-tailed sheep|Near-Eastern fat-tailed]] type. It is the most widely distributed non-European dairy breed. It is known by many names, among them '''Arab''', '''Baladi''', '''Deiri''', '''Gezirieh''', '''Ivesi''', '''Shami''' and ''' Syrian'''.{{r|mason|p=265}} It is usually white with brown head and legs. |
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==Habitat== |
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The Awassi is the most prevalent sheep breed in the [[Arab World]]. The Awassi sheep breed is common in most of the [[Middle East]] Countries including [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. It is an extremely hardy breed, well adapted over centuries of use to nomadic and more sedentary rural management. The Awassi is the natural or basic breed of sheep for production in these areas and a logical choice as the native or basic breed for any genetic improvement because of its apparent adaptation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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== |
== History == |
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It is used for a range of products; [[Lamb and mutton|meat]], [[milk]] and [[wool]]. However, this breed is raised primarily for milk.<ref name="DADIS"> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://dad.fao.org/ |
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|title=Awassi/Israel/Iran |
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|work=Breed Data Sheet |
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|publisher=Domestic Animal Diversity Information System |
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The Awassi is a traditional breed of [[dairy sheep]] of [[fat-tailed sheep|Near-Eastern fat-tailed]] type. Its origins are unknown, but it is thought to originate in the historic region of [[Mesopotamia]] – the area between the [[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]] rivers, now in modern Iraq and Syria.{{r|eds|p=115}} The breed name is thought to derive from that of Al-ʿAwās, a Bedouin tribe of northern Syria.{{r|eds|p=115|war|p2=12}} It is the most widely distributed non-European dairy breed{{r|cabi|p=727}} and the most numerous sheep breed of south-west Asia. It is the principal sheep of Iraq and Syria and the only indigenous sheep of Israel, Jordan and Lebanon.{{r|dad}} |
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| ⚫ | Awassi sheep can be kept under a wide range of production systems, from nomadic flocks relying on natural pasture in semi-arid areas where lamb production is the primary products, to intensive dairy flocks where milk and lambs contribute almost equally to the flock gross income, and it is known for its hardiness and adaptability. |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz/awassi.html |
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|publisher=Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand |
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|title=Awassi Sheep A Rare Breed of Middle East Origin |
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|access-date=2009-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/awassi |
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|publisher=ScienceDirect |
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|title=Awassi |
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|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref> |
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It is reportedly present in eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with a total population estimated in 2024 at {{val|2.85|u=million}} head.{{r|dad2}} The largest population is reported by Turkey, where the Ivesi numbers approximately {{val|1.7|–|2.9|u=million}} head; other substantial populations are in Palestine (over {{val|360000}}) and Lebanon (about {{val|200000}}).{{r|dad2}} A population in Syria of approximately {{val|13.5|u=million}} head was reported in 2006.{{r|tropen}} |
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The whole body is covered with wool, while the head and legs are short and shiny, and sometimes the chest and belly are bare. The head, ears and front part of the neck can be red, brown or black. These colors cover different parts of the body. White, gray or mottled colors are sometimes observed. Although horned specimens are characterized by large, spiral-shaped, numerous wrinkled horns, Awassi can occasionally be hornless. Around 25% of the female population may have short straight or bow-shaped horns. The ears are long and drooping, and sometimes small, rudimentary or absent. The tail is broad, rounded, medium-sized and bi-layered with a bare fat pad on the underside and extending to the ankles. The middle of the tail is narrow, woolly and curved upwards, ending with a short, thin appendage. {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
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It has contributed to the development of several modern breeds, among them the [[Assaf (sheep)|Assaf]], Israeli Awassi, Pak Awassi, Neimi and Shafali.{{r|cabi|p=727}} |
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{{Commons category|Awassi sheep}} |
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* [[Assaf (sheep)]] |
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== Characteristics == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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The Awassi is of moderate size, with average weights of {{val|68|u=kg}} for ewes and {{val|70|u=kg}} for rams; average heights are {{val|50|u=cm}} and {{val|76|u=cm}} respectively.{{r|dad}} The usual colouring is white with brown head and legs; the face may also be white, grey, black or spotted, and a solid-coloured brown or black coat occasionally occurs.{{r|mason|p=265}} The facial profile is convex and the ears pendulous.{{r|dad}} Rams are normally horned, ewes more often [[polled (livestock)|polled]].{{r|mason|p=265}} |
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Although the Awassi is considered a [[dairy sheep]], it is commonly reared for [[lamb and mutton|meat]], for [[sheep's milk|milk]] and for [[wool]]. In Syria it supplies all the wool, about 30% of all milk and about 80% of all red meat.{{r|tropen}} In Iraq it is raised principally for meat.{{r|war|p=22}} |
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| ⚫ | They have unique physiological characteristics such as resistance to many diseases and parasites, walk long distances over pastures for grazing, tolerating extreme temperatures (<ref name="Al-Ghetaa 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Ghetaa |first1=Hasan |title=Effect of Environmental High Temperature on the Reproductive activity of Awassi Ram Lambs |journal=The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine |date=2012 |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=244 |doi=10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i2.502 |url=https://jcovm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/Iraqijvm/article/view/502|doi-access=free }}</ref> Al-Ghetaa, 2012) and enduring adverse feeding conditions. It easily adapts to different environments and performs as well as in its native habitat. Awassi sheep are well-adapted to the poor [[Mediterranean]] pasture and can compensate for under-nutrition during the dry season by using the stored energy reserves in the fat tail. It has a high mothering ability. Due to its high milk producing potential under harsh conditions, the Awassi breed can be used as a sire breed in improving milk production of many indigenous Asiatic and African breeds. The Awassi breed is known to be the highest milking breed after the [[East Friesian sheep|East Friesian breed]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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| ⚫ | Awassi sheep can be kept under a wide range of production systems, from nomadic flocks relying on natural pasture in semi-arid areas where lamb production is the primary products, to intensive dairy flocks where milk and lambs contribute almost equally to the flock gross income, and it is known for its hardiness and adaptability.{{cn|date=June 2024}} |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist | refs= |
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{{efn|name = a| {{langx|ar|عواسي|translit={{noitalic|ʿAwāsī}}}})}} |
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}} |
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{{commonscat}} |
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{{reflist|45em|refs= |
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<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|9781780647944}}.</ref> |
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<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.web.app/?country=SYR&specie=Sheep&breed=Awassi&callback=transboundarylist Breed data sheet: Awassi / Syrian Arab Republic (Sheep)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2024.</ref> |
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<ref name=dad2>[https://dadis-transboundary-ext-ws.web.app/?species=Sheep&transboundary=Awassi&lang=en Transboundary breed: Awassi]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2024.</ref> |
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<ref name=eds>M.H. Fahmy (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/awassi Awassi]. In: Paul L.H. McSweeney, John P. McNamara (editors) (2022). ''Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences'', third edition. Amsterdam; Kidlington, Oxford; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. {{isbn|9780128187678|}}.</ref> |
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<ref name=mason>Valerie Porter, Ian Lauder Mason (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNUW-44fEsC&pg=PA314 ''Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types, and Varieties''] (fifth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|085199430X}}.</ref> |
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<ref name=tropen>Mohamad Yaser Amin, Kurt-Johannes Peters (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095818/https://www.tropentag.de/2006/abstracts/links/Amin_PHd1KUmD.pdf Awassi Sheep Production and the Development of breeding Program Options in Syria]. ''Prosperity and Poverty in a Globalised World – Challenges for Agricultural Research (Tropentag, 11–13 October 2006). Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn. Archived 19 July 2011.</ref> |
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<ref name=war>H. Epstein (1982). [https://www.fao.org/4/p8550e/p8550e00.pdf Awassi Sheep]. ''World Animal Review'', 44: 11–27.</ref> |
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}} |
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[[Category:Sheep breeds]] |
[[Category:Sheep breeds]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:28, 2 November 2024
 A ram in Kuwait | |
| Other names |
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|---|---|
| Country of origin | Middle East |
| Distribution | eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and Europe[1] |
| Use | milk, meat, wool |
| Traits | |
| Weight | |
| Height | |
| Wool colour | white |
| Face colour | brown |
| Notes | |
| tolerant of extreme temperatures | |
| |
The Awassi[a] is a breed of dairy sheep of Near-Eastern fat-tailed type. It is the most widely distributed non-European dairy breed. It is known by many names, among them Arab, Baladi, Deiri, Gezirieh, Ivesi, Shami and Syrian.[3]: 265 It is usually white with brown head and legs.
History
[edit]The Awassi is a traditional breed of dairy sheep of Near-Eastern fat-tailed type. Its origins are unknown, but it is thought to originate in the historic region of Mesopotamia – the area between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, now in modern Iraq and Syria.[4]: 115 The breed name is thought to derive from that of Al-ʿAwās, a Bedouin tribe of northern Syria.[4]: 115 [5]: 12 It is the most widely distributed non-European dairy breed[6]: 727 and the most numerous sheep breed of south-west Asia. It is the principal sheep of Iraq and Syria and the only indigenous sheep of Israel, Jordan and Lebanon.[2]
It is reportedly present in eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with a total population estimated in 2024 at 2.85 million head.[1] The largest population is reported by Turkey, where the Ivesi numbers approximately 1.7–2.9 million head; other substantial populations are in Palestine (over 360000) and Lebanon (about 200000).[1] A population in Syria of approximately 13.5 million head was reported in 2006.[7]
It has contributed to the development of several modern breeds, among them the Assaf, Israeli Awassi, Pak Awassi, Neimi and Shafali.[6]: 727
Characteristics
[edit]
The Awassi is of moderate size, with average weights of 68 kg for ewes and 70 kg for rams; average heights are 50 cm and 76 cm respectively.[2] The usual colouring is white with brown head and legs; the face may also be white, grey, black or spotted, and a solid-coloured brown or black coat occasionally occurs.[3]: 265 The facial profile is convex and the ears pendulous.[2] Rams are normally horned, ewes more often polled.[3]: 265
Use
[edit]Although the Awassi is considered a dairy sheep, it is commonly reared for meat, for milk and for wool. In Syria it supplies all the wool, about 30% of all milk and about 80% of all red meat.[7] In Iraq it is raised principally for meat.[5]: 22
They have unique physiological characteristics such as resistance to many diseases and parasites, walk long distances over pastures for grazing, tolerating extreme temperatures ([8] Al-Ghetaa, 2012) and enduring adverse feeding conditions. It easily adapts to different environments and performs as well as in its native habitat. Awassi sheep are well-adapted to the poor Mediterranean pasture and can compensate for under-nutrition during the dry season by using the stored energy reserves in the fat tail. It has a high mothering ability. Due to its high milk producing potential under harsh conditions, the Awassi breed can be used as a sire breed in improving milk production of many indigenous Asiatic and African breeds. The Awassi breed is known to be the highest milking breed after the East Friesian breed.[citation needed]
Awassi sheep can be kept under a wide range of production systems, from nomadic flocks relying on natural pasture in semi-arid areas where lamb production is the primary products, to intensive dairy flocks where milk and lambs contribute almost equally to the flock gross income, and it is known for its hardiness and adaptability.[citation needed]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Awassi sheep.
- ^ a b c Transboundary breed: Awassi. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Breed data sheet: Awassi / Syrian Arab Republic (Sheep). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2024.
- ^ a b c Valerie Porter, Ian Lauder Mason (2002). Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types, and Varieties (fifth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 085199430X.
- ^ a b M.H. Fahmy (2022). Awassi. In: Paul L.H. McSweeney, John P. McNamara (editors) (2022). Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, third edition. Amsterdam; Kidlington, Oxford; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 9780128187678.
- ^ a b H. Epstein (1982). Awassi Sheep. World Animal Review, 44: 11–27.
- ^ a b Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
- ^ a b Mohamad Yaser Amin, Kurt-Johannes Peters (2006). Awassi Sheep Production and the Development of breeding Program Options in Syria. Prosperity and Poverty in a Globalised World – Challenges for Agricultural Research (Tropentag, 11–13 October 2006). Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn. Archived 19 July 2011.
- ^ Al-Ghetaa, Hasan (2012). "Effect of Environmental High Temperature on the Reproductive activity of Awassi Ram Lambs". The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 36 (2): 244. doi:10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i2.502.
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