RELIKT-1: Difference between revisions

RELIKT-1
Part of	Prognoz 9
Organization	Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
Wavelength	37 GHz (8.1 mm)
First light	1 July 1983
Decommissioned	February 1984
Telescope style	cosmic microwave background experiment; artificial satellite of the Earth
Angular resolution	5.8 degree
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RELIKT-1 from Russian: РЕЛИКТ-1^[a] (sometimes RELICT-1) was a Soviet cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment launched on board the Prognoz 9 satellite on 1 July 1983. It operated until February 1984. It was the first CMB satellite (followed by the Cosmic Background Explorer in 1989) and measured the CMB dipole, the Galactic plane, and gave upper limits on the quadrupole moment.

A follow-up, RELIKT-2, would have been launched around 1993, and a RELIKT-3 was proposed, but neither took place due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Launch and observations

RELIKT-1 was launched on board the Prognoz-9 satellite on 1 January 1983. The satellite was in a highly eccentric orbit, with perigee around 1,000 km and apogee around 750,000 km, and an orbital period of 26 days.^[1]

RELIKT-1 observed at 37 GHz (8 mm), with a bandwidth of 0.4 GHz and an angular resolution of 5.8°. It used a superheterodyne, or Dicke-type modulation radiometer^[2] with an automatic balancer for the two input levels with a 30-second time constant. The noise in 1 second was 31mK,^[1] with a system temperature of 300K, and a receiver temperature of 110K.^[3] The signal was sampled twice a second, and the noise was correlated between samples.^[1]

The receiver used two corrugated horn antennas, one pointing parallel to the spacecraft spin axis, the other pointing at a parabolic antenna to point at 90° from the spin axis. The satellite rotated every 120 seconds.^[1] The experiment weight 30 kilograms (66 lb), and consumed 50W of power.^[3]

The radiometer was calibrated to 5% accuracy before launch, as was an internal noise source (which was used every four days during observations).^[1] Additionally the moon was used as a calibrator, as it was observed twice a month,^[3] and the in-flight system temperatures were measured to vary by 4% on a weekly basis.^[1]

The satellite rotation axis was kept constant for a week, giving 5040 scans of a great circle, after which it was changed to a new axis.^[1] The signal was recorded onto a tape recorder, and transmitted to Earth every four days.^[4] It observed for 6 months, giving 31 different scans that covered the whole sky, all of which intersected at the ecliptic poles. The experiment ceased observations in February 1984,^[1] after collecting 15 million measurements.^[2]

Results

It measured the CMB dipole, the Galactic plane,^[2] and reported constraints on the quadrupole moment.^[1]

The first dipole measurement was reported in 1984, while the telescope was still observing, at 2.1±0.5mK, and upper limits on the quadrupole of 0.2mK.^[3] It also detected brighter-than-expected Galactic plane emission from compact HII regions.^[5]

A reanalysis of the data by Strukov et al. in 1992 found a quadrupole $(\Delta T/T)_{quad}$ between $6\times 10^{-6}$ and $3.3\times 10^{-5}$ at 90% confidence level, and also reported a negative anomaly at l=150°, b=-70° at a 99% confidence level,^[6]^[7]^[8]

Another reanalysis of the data by Klypin, Stukov and Skulachev in 1992 found a dipole of 3.15±0.12mK, with a direction of 11h17m±10m and -7.5°±2.5°. It placed a limit on the CMB quadrupole of $(\Delta T/T)_{quad}=1.5\times 10^{-5}$ with a 95% confidence level, assuming a Harrison-Zeldovich spectrum, or $<3.0\times 10^{-5}$ without assuming a model. The results were close to those measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer^[1] and the Tenerife Experiment.^[5]

RELIKT-2

The second RELIKT satellite would have been launched in mid-1993. It would have had five channels to observe at 21.7 (13.8), 24.5 (8.7), 59.0 (5.1), 83.0 (3.6) and 193 GHz (1.6mm),^[1] using degenerated paramps.^[5] It would have had corrugated horns to give a resolution of 7°, and a more distant orbit to avoid contamination from the Moon and Sun, with a mission duration around 2 years, to give a better sensitivity than COBE.^[1] It would have been cooled to 100K. It was constructed, and was undergoing tests in 1992. It would have been launched as the Libris satellite on a Molniya rocket.^[4] The launch was put back to 1996, with expanded plans to observe with 1.5-3° resolution from two spacecraft in 1995,^[1] but ultimately never took place because of the Soviet Union's break-up and lack of funding.

A RELIKT-3 was also planned, which would have observed at 34–90 GHz with a resolution around 1°.^[1]

Notes

^ From Russian: реликтовое излучение, lit. 'relict radiation' meaning 'cosmic microwave background'

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Klypin A. A.; Strukov I. A.; Skulachev D. P. (1992). "The Relikt missions : results and prospects for detection of the microwave background anisotropy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258: 71–81. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258...71K. doi:10.1093/MNRAS/258.1.71. ISSN 0035-8711. Wikidata Q68552080.
^ ^a ^b ^c "LAMBDA - Relikt Overview". lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strukov, I. A.; Skulachev, D. P. (1984). "Deep-Space Measurements of the Microwave Background Anisotropy - First Results of the Relikt Experiment". Soviet Astronomy Letters. 10: 1–4. Bibcode:1984SvAL...10....1S.
^ ^a ^b "Взгляд в прошлое Вселенной ("A glimpse into the past of the universe", "Science in the USSR" 1992 #4)". epizodsspace.airbase.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Strukov, I.; Skulachev, D.; Brjukhanov, A. (1995). The results of RELICT-1 spaceborne experiment (Report). p. 139. Bibcode:1995foap.conf..139S.
^ Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1992). "Anisotropy of the microwave background radiation". Soviet Astronomy Letters. 18 (5): 153–156. Bibcode:1992SvAL...18..153S.
^ Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1 September 1992). "The Relikt-1 experiment - New results". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (2): 37P–40P. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..37S. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.37P. ISSN 0035-8711.
^ Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1 September 1993). "Anisotropy of relic radiation in the RELICT-1 experiment and parameters of grand unification". Physics Letters B. 315 (1–2): 198–202. Bibcode:1993PhLB..315..198S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(93)90180-P. ISSN 0370-2693.

[1] From Russian: реликтовое излучение, lit. 'relict radiation' meaning 'cosmic microwave background'

[Klypin1992-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Klypin A. A.; Strukov I. A.; Skulachev D. P. (1992). "The Relikt missions : results and prospects for detection of the microwave background anisotropy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258: 71–81. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258...71K. doi:10.1093/MNRAS/258.1.71. ISSN 0035-8711. Wikidata Q68552080.

[lambda-3] "LAMBDA - Relikt Overview". lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2021.

[Strukov1984-4] Strukov, I. A.; Skulachev, D. P. (1984). "Deep-Space Measurements of the Microwave Background Anisotropy - First Results of the Relikt Experiment". Soviet Astronomy Letters. 10: 1–4. Bibcode:1984SvAL...10....1S.

[scienceUSSR-5] "Взгляд в прошлое Вселенной ("A glimpse into the past of the universe", "Science in the USSR" 1992 #4)". epizodsspace.airbase.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 26 April 2021.

[Strukov1995-6] Strukov, I.; Skulachev, D.; Brjukhanov, A. (1995). The results of RELICT-1 spaceborne experiment (Report). p. 139. Bibcode:1995foap.conf..139S.

[Strukov1992-7] Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1992). "Anisotropy of the microwave background radiation". Soviet Astronomy Letters. 18 (5): 153–156. Bibcode:1992SvAL...18..153S.

[Strukov1992a-8] Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1 September 1992). "The Relikt-1 experiment - New results". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (2): 37P–40P. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..37S. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.37P. ISSN 0035-8711.

[Strukov1993-9] Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. (1 September 1993). "Anisotropy of relic radiation in the RELICT-1 experiment and parameters of grand unification". Physics Letters B. 315 (1–2): 198–202. Bibcode:1993PhLB..315..198S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(93)90180-P. ISSN 0370-2693.

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+{{Short description|Soviet cosmic microwave background experiment on the Prognoz 9 satellite}}
-'''RELIKT-1''' (sometimes '''RELICT-1''' from {{lang-ru|РЕЛИКТ-1}}) - a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmic microwave background]] anisotropy experiment on board the [[Prognoz 9]] satellite (launched [[1 July]] [[1983]]) gave upper limits on the large-scale anisotropy. A reanalysis of the data in the later years claimed a confident blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Results have been published in January [[1992]], issue 4/1992 of the "Science in USSR" journal. Nevertheless, the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2006 was awarded to a team of American scientists, who announced the fact on April 23, 1992 based on data taken by the [[COBE]] spacecraft.
+{{Infobox telescope}}
+'''RELIKT-1''' from {{langx|ru|РЕЛИКТ-1}}{{efn|1=From {{langx|ru|реликтовое излучение|lit=relict radiation}} meaning 'cosmic microwave background'}} (sometimes '''RELICT-1''') was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmic microwave background]] [[anisotropy]] experiment launched on board the [[Prognoz 9]] satellite on 1 July 1983. It operated until February 1984. It was the first CMB satellite (followed by the [[Cosmic Background Explorer]] in 1989) and measured the CMB dipole, the Galactic plane, and gave upper limits on the [[quadrupole moment]].
+A follow-up, '''RELIKT-2''', would have been launched around 1993, and a '''RELIKT-3''' was proposed, but neither took place due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].
-This experiment was prepared by the Space Research Institute of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by Dr. [[Igor Strukov]].
+== Launch and observations ==
-A map of the sky at 37 GHz was built using an 8 mm band [[Dicke-type modulation radiometer]]. The radiometer could not conduct multi-band astronomical observations. The entire sky was observed in 6 months. The angular resolution was 5.5 degrees, with a temperature resolution of 0.6 mK.
+[[File:Astron orbit.gif|thumb|Prognoz 9 orbit]]
+RELIKT-1 was launched on board the Prognoz-9 satellite on 1 January 1983. The satellite was in a highly eccentric orbit, with perigee around 1,000&nbsp;km and apogee around 750,000&nbsp;km, and an orbital period of 26 days.{{r|Klypin1992}}
+RELIKT-1 observed at 37&nbsp;GHz (8&nbsp;mm), with a bandwidth of 0.4&nbsp;GHz and an angular resolution of 5.8°. It used a superheterodyne, or [[Dicke-type modulation radiometer]]<ref name="lambda" /> with an automatic balancer for the two input levels with a 30-second time constant. The noise in 1 second was 31mK,{{r|Klypin1992}} with a system temperature of 300K, and a receiver temperature of 110K.{{r|Strukov1984}} The signal was sampled twice a second, and the noise was correlated between samples.{{r|Klypin1992}}
-The galactic microwave flux was measured and the CMB dipole observed. A [[quadrupole moment]] was found between 17 and 95 [[microkelvin]]s [[root mean square|rms]], with 90% [[confidence level]].
+The receiver used two corrugated horn antennas, one pointing parallel to the spacecraft spin axis, the other pointing at a parabolic antenna to point at 90° from the spin axis. The satellite rotated every 120 seconds.{{r|Klypin1992}} The experiment weight {{convert|30|kg|lb}}, and consumed 50W of power.{{r|Strukov1984}}
-The heat radiation map of the Universe served as the emblem of the 1989 international conference "The Cosmic Wave Background: 25 Years Later" in L'Aquila, Italy.
+The radiometer was calibrated to 5% accuracy before launch, as was an internal noise source (which was used every four days during observations).{{r|Klypin1992}} Additionally the moon was used as a calibrator, as it was observed twice a month,{{r|Strukov1984}} and the in-flight system temperatures were measured to vary by 4% on a weekly basis.{{r|Klypin1992}}
-The discovery of anisotropy by the RELIKT-1 spacecraft was first reported officially in January 1992 at the Moscow astrophysical seminar.
+The satellite rotation axis was kept constant for a week, giving 5040 scans of a great circle, after which it was changed to a new axis.{{r|Klypin1992}} The signal was recorded onto a tape recorder, and transmitted to Earth every four days.{{r|scienceUSSR}} It observed for 6 months, giving 31 different scans that covered the whole sky, all of which intersected at the ecliptic poles. The experiment ceased observations in February 1984,{{r|Klypin1992}} after collecting 15 million measurements.{{r|lambda}}
-As a follow-up to RELIKT-1, it was decided in 1986 to study the anisotropy of CMB as part of the Relikt-2 project.  The sensitivity of the equipment had greatly increased. The spacecraft was scheduled to launch in 1993-1994, but the launch never took place because of the [[Soviet Union's break-up]] and lack of funding.
-==Publications==
+== Results ==
+It measured the CMB dipole, the Galactic plane,<ref name="lambda" /> and reported constraints on the quadrupole moment.<ref name="Klypin1992" />
-* Strukov, I. A.; Skulachev, D. P. Deep-Space Measurements of the Microwave Background Anisotropy - First Results of the Relikt Experiment. 1984
-* Strukov, I. A.; Brukhanov, A. A.; Skulachev, D. P.; Sazhin, M. V. Anisotropy of relic radiation in the RELICT-1 experiment and parameters of grand unification. Physics Letters B, Volume 315, Issue 1-2, p. 198-202. 09/1993
+The first dipole measurement was reported in 1984, while the telescope was still observing, at 2.1±0.5mK, and upper limits on the quadrupole of 0.2mK.<ref name="Strukov1984" /> It also detected brighter-than-expected Galactic plane emission from compact HII regions.<ref name="Strukov1995" />
-==External links==
-* [http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/relikt/ The Relikt Experiment] at NASA's LAMBDA
+A reanalysis of the data by Strukov et al. in 1992 found a quadrupole <math>(\Delta T/T)_{quad}</math> between <math>6\times10^{-6}</math> and <math>3.3\times10^{-5}</math> at 90% confidence level, and also reported a negative anomaly at l=150°, b=-70° at a 99% confidence level,<ref name="Strukov1992" /><ref name="Strukov1992a" /><ref name="Strukov1993" />
-* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/nauka-v-ussr/1992/vzglad.html The Universe Flashback], the "Science in USSR" journal
+Another reanalysis of the data by Klypin, Stukov and Skulachev in 1992 found a dipole of 3.15±0.12mK, with a direction of 11h17m±10m and -7.5°±2.5°. It placed a limit on the CMB quadrupole of <math>(\Delta T/T)_{quad} = 1.5 \times 10^{-5}</math> with a 95% confidence level, assuming a [[Matter power spectrum|Harrison-Zeldovich spectrum]], or <math><3.0\times10^{-5}</math> without assuming a model. The results were close to those measured by the [[Cosmic Background Explorer]]<ref name="Klypin1992" /> and the [[Tenerife Experiment]].<ref name="Strukov1995" />
+== RELIKT-2 ==
+The second RELIKT satellite would have been launched in mid-1993. It would have had five channels to observe at 21.7 (13.8), 24.5 (8.7), 59.0 (5.1), 83.0 (3.6) and 193&nbsp;GHz (1.6mm),<ref name="Klypin1992" /> using degenerated paramps.<ref name="Strukov1995" /> It would have had corrugated horns to give a resolution of 7°, and a more distant orbit to avoid contamination from the Moon and Sun, with a mission duration around 2 years, to give a better sensitivity than COBE.<ref name="Klypin1992" /> It would have been cooled to 100K. It was constructed, and was undergoing tests in 1992. It would have been launched as the [[Libris satellite]] on a [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] rocket.<ref name="scienceUSSR" /> The launch was put back to 1996, with expanded plans to observe with 1.5-3° resolution from two spacecraft in 1995,<ref name="Klypin1992" /> but ultimately never took place because of the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union's break-up]] and lack of funding.
+A RELIKT-3 was also planned, which would have observed at 34–90&nbsp;GHz with a resolution around 1°.<ref name="Klypin1992" />
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
+== References ==
+{{Reflist | refs=
+<ref name="Klypin1992">{{Cite Q|Q68552080}}</ref>
+<ref name="Strukov1992">{{cite journal|last1=Strukov |first1=I. A. |last2=Brukhanov |first2=A. A. |last3=Skulachev |first3=D. P. |last4=Sazhin |first4=M. V. |title=Anisotropy of the microwave background radiation |journal= Soviet Astronomy Letters |year=1992 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages= 153–156 |bibcode=1992SvAL...18..153S}}</ref>
+<ref name="scienceUSSR">{{cite web |title=Взгляд в прошлое Вселенной ("A glimpse into the past of the universe", "Science in the USSR" 1992 #4) |url=http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/nauka-v-ussr/1992/vzglad.html |website=epizodsspace.airbase.ru |access-date=26 April 2021|language=ru}}</ref>
+<ref name="lambda">{{cite web |title=LAMBDA - Relikt Overview |url=https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/relikt/ |website=lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Strukov1984">{{cite journal |last1=Strukov |first1=I. A. |last2=Skulachev |first2=D. P. |title=Deep-Space Measurements of the Microwave Background Anisotropy - First Results of the Relikt Experiment |journal=Soviet Astronomy Letters |date=1984 |volume=10 |pages=1–4 |bibcode=1984SvAL...10....1S |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984SvAL...10....1S/abstract}}</ref>
+<ref name="Strukov1993">{{cite journal |last1=Strukov |first1=I. A. |last2=Brukhanov |first2=A. A. |last3=Skulachev |first3=D. P. |last4=Sazhin |first4=M. V. |title=Anisotropy of relic radiation in the RELICT-1 experiment and parameters of grand unification |journal=Physics Letters B |date=1 September 1993 |volume=315 |issue=1–2 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(93)90180-P |bibcode=1993PhLB..315..198S |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhLB..315..198S/abstract |issn=0370-2693}}</ref>
+<ref name="Strukov1992a">{{cite journal |last1=Strukov |first1=I. A. |last2=Brukhanov |first2=A. A. |last3=Skulachev |first3=D. P. |last4=Sazhin |first4=M. V. |title=The Relikt-1 experiment - New results |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=1 September 1992 |volume=258 |issue=2 |pages=37P–40P |doi=10.1093/mnras/258.1.37P |bibcode=1992MNRAS.258P..37S |issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+<ref name="Strukov1995">{{cite report |last1=Strukov |first1=I. |last2=Skulachev |first2=D. |last3=Brjukhanov |first3=A. |title=The results of RELICT-1 spaceborne experiment |date=1995 |pages=139 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995foap.conf..139S/abstract |bibcode=1995foap.conf..139S}}</ref>
+}}
 {{CMB experiments}}
+{{Space observatories}}
-[[Category:Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments]]
+[[Category:1983 in spaceflight]]
+[[Category:1983 in the Soviet Union]]
+[[Category:Cosmic microwave background experiments]]
 [[Category:Space telescopes]]
 [[Category:Soviet space observatories]]
-[[Category:1983 in space exploration]]
+[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1983]]
-[[Category:1983 in the Soviet Union]]
-[[it:RELIKT-1]]
-[[ru:РЕЛИКТ-1]]