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{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1830 –1910)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date= April 2012}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Muhammad Husain Azad
| name = Muhammad Husain Azad
| image =
| birth_date = 5 May 1827
| birth_date = 5 May 1830
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]], now [[India]]
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br>(now in [[India]])
| death_date = 22 January 1910
| death_date = 22 January 1910
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British Raj]], now [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]<br>(now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
⚫
| notable_works = [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]]
| nationality =
⚫
| notable_works = [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]]
}}
}}


'''Muhammad Husain Azad''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''مُحمّد حُسَین آزاد'''}}}} — {{Transl|ur|''Mọḥammad Ḥusẹ&#x0305;n Āzād''}}; 5 May 1827– 22 January 1910) was an [[Urdu]] writer who wrote both prose and poetry, but he is mostly remembered for his prose. His best known work is [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Elixir of Life").
'''Muhammad Husain Azad''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مُحمّد حُسَین آزاد}}}} — {{Transl|ur|''Mọḥammad Ḥusẹ&#x0305;n Āzād''}}; 5 May 1830 &ndash; 22 January 1910) was a scholar and an [[Urdu]] writer who wrote both prose and poetry, but he is mostly remembered for his prose. His best known work is [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Elixir of Life").<ref name=UC>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/0001fwp.html |title=Everybody Knows This Much....(profile of Muhammad Husain Azad)|author=Frances W. Pritchett, Columbia University|website=University of Chicago website|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=UrduAdab>[http://novelsandfictionstories.blogspot.com/2009/07/muhammad-hussain-azad.html Profile of Muhammad Husain Azad on Urdu Adab website] Published 11 July 2009, Retrieved 25 September 2020</ref>


== Early life and family ==
== Early life and family ==
Azad was born in [[Delhi]] to a Persian immigrant family. His mother died when he was four years old. His father, Muhammad Baqir was educated at the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]]. In early 1837, Azad bought a press and launched the ''Delhi Urdu Akhbaar'' (Delhi Urdu Newspaper).
Muhammad Hussain was born in [[Delhi]] to a Persian immigrant family. His mother died when he was four years old. His father, [[Moulvi Muhammad Baqir]] was educated at the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]]. In early 1837, Azad's father bought a printing press and launched the ''Delhi Urdu Akhbaar'' (Delhi Urdu Newspaper). In 1854, Muhammad Hussain graduated from college and began to help his father with his newspaper and publishing work.<ref name=UC/>


Azad married Aghai Begum, the daughter of another Persian immigrant family. Following his father's death and a period of turmoil in Delhi, Azad migrated to Lahore in 1861.
Azad married Aghai Begum, the daughter of another Persian immigrant family. Then his world came apart during the next few years due to his father-owned newspaper's support of the rebels against the British empire and restoration of the Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] in Delhi temporarily in the aftermath of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. After the British retook Delhi some months later and executed his father Maulvi Muhammad Baqir, his whole joint family including old women and young children were expelled from their house by force by the British authorities. A period of turmoil followed in [[Delhi]], Azad then decided to migrate to [[Lahore]] in 1861.<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>


== Career ==
== Career ==
Azad started teaching at the newly founded (1864) [[Government College, Lahore]], and later at [[Oriental College]], Lahore. In Lahore he came in contact with [[G. W. Leitner]], who was the principal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866 Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887 he established the Azad Library. Azad died in Lahore on 22 January 1910 at the age of 79.
Azad started teaching at the newly-founded [[Government College, Lahore]] in 1864, and later at [[Oriental College]], Lahore. In Lahore, he came in contact with good daady [[G. W. Leitner]], which #was the prandincipal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866, Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887, he established the Azad Library which helped him earn the title of ''Shams-ul-ulama'' (Sun among the Learned).<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>


Along with [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be to “as we express it arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and enwrapped in a 'game of words' that did not produce emotion.<ref name="Dubrow2018">{{cite book|last=Dubrow|first=Jennifer|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583|date=October 2018|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-7270-0|chapter=Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-005/9780824876692-005.xml|page=23|via=[[De Gruyter]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
Along with [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be “as we express it, it should arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and involved in a 'game of words' that did not produce genuine emotion. Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged and supported both Hali and Azad in their effort to create a simple and realistic-looking creed of Urdu literature.<ref name=UC/><ref name="Dubrow2018">{{cite book|last=Dubrow|first=Jennifer|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583|date=October 2018|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-7270-0|chapter=Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-005/9780824876692-005.xml|page=23|via=[[De Gruyter]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-mohammad-hosayn-scholar-and-writer-in-urdu-and-persian-born-about-1834-in-delhi|title=ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>


== Works ==
== Works ==
* ''Qisas ul-hind'' ("Stories of India") - 1869
* ''Qisas ul-hind'' ("Stories of India") - 1869<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>
* ''Nairang-e Khiyāl'' ("The Wonder-World of Thought") - 1880
* ''Nairang-e Khiyāl'' ("The Wonder-World of Thought") - 1880<ref name=UC/>
* [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Water of Life/Elixir") - 1880
* [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Water of Life/Elixir") - 1880 (this book describes the history of Urdu poetry)<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>
* ''Sair-i Iran'' - 1886.
* ''Sair-i Iran'' - 1886
* ''Sukhandān-e fārs'' ("On Iranian Poets") - completed in 1887 and published in 1907.
* ''Sukhandān-e fārs'' ("On Iranian Poets") - completed in 1887 and published in 1907<ref name=UrduAdab/>
* ''Darbār-e akbarī'' ("The Court of Akbar") - 1898
* ''Darbār-e akbarī'' ("The Court of Akbar") - 1898<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>

==Death==
Muhammad Hussain Azad died in Lahore on 22 January 1910 at age 79.<ref name=UC/>


==References==
==References==
Line 36: Line 40:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/dig_toc.html?BOOKID=PK2167.A84 Table of Contents -- Digital South Asia Library<!-- bot-generated title -->] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to 1907 edition printed Naval Kishore Press, Lahore.
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/dig_toc.html?BOOKID=PK2167.A84 Table of Contents -- Digital South Asia Library<!-- bot-generated title -->] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to 1907 edition printed Naval Kishore Press, Lahore.
* [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/index.html <!-- bot-generated title -->] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to English Translation, Translated and edited by Frances W. Pritchett, in association with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/index.html <!-- bot-generated title -->] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to English Translation, Translated and edited by Frances W. Pritchett, in association with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Muhammad Husain}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Muhammad Husain}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu poets from India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets from India]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Government College University, Lahore]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Oriental College]]
[[Category:Zakir Husain Delhi College alumni]]

Latest revision as of 23:23, 2 November 2024

Muhammad Husain Azad
Born5 May 1830
Delhi, Mughal Empire
(now in India)
Died22 January 1910
Lahore, British India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Notable workAab-e-Hayat

Muhammad Husain Azad (Urdu: مُحمّد حُسَین آزاد — Mọḥammad Ḥusẹ̅n Āzād; 5 May 1830 – 22 January 1910) was a scholar and an Urdu writer who wrote both prose and poetry, but he is mostly remembered for his prose. His best known work is Aab-e-Hayat ("Elixir of Life").[1][2]

Early life and family

[edit]

Muhammad Hussain was born in Delhi to a Persian immigrant family. His mother died when he was four years old. His father, Moulvi Muhammad Baqir was educated at the Delhi College. In early 1837, Azad's father bought a printing press and launched the Delhi Urdu Akhbaar (Delhi Urdu Newspaper). In 1854, Muhammad Hussain graduated from college and began to help his father with his newspaper and publishing work.[1]

Azad married Aghai Begum, the daughter of another Persian immigrant family. Then his world came apart during the next few years due to his father-owned newspaper's support of the rebels against the British empire and restoration of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in Delhi temporarily in the aftermath of Indian Rebellion of 1857. After the British retook Delhi some months later and executed his father Maulvi Muhammad Baqir, his whole joint family including old women and young children were expelled from their house by force by the British authorities. A period of turmoil followed in Delhi, Azad then decided to migrate to Lahore in 1861.[2][1]

Career

[edit]

Azad started teaching at the newly-founded Government College, Lahore in 1864, and later at Oriental College, Lahore. In Lahore, he came in contact with good daady G. W. Leitner, which #was the prandincipal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866, Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887, he established the Azad Library which helped him earn the title of Shams-ul-ulama (Sun among the Learned).[2][1]

Along with Altaf Hussain Hali, Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be “as we express it, it should arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and involved in a 'game of words' that did not produce genuine emotion. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan encouraged and supported both Hali and Azad in their effort to create a simple and realistic-looking creed of Urdu literature.[1][3][4]

Works

[edit]
  • Qisas ul-hind ("Stories of India") - 1869[2][1]
  • Nairang-e Khiyāl ("The Wonder-World of Thought") - 1880[1]
  • Aab-e-Hayat ("Water of Life/Elixir") - 1880 (this book describes the history of Urdu poetry)[2][1]
  • Sair-i Iran - 1886
  • Sukhandān-e fārs ("On Iranian Poets") - completed in 1887 and published in 1907[2]
  • Darbār-e akbarī ("The Court of Akbar") - 1898[2][1]

Death

[edit]

Muhammad Hussain Azad died in Lahore on 22 January 1910 at age 79.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Frances W. Pritchett, Columbia University. "Everybody Knows This Much....(profile of Muhammad Husain Azad)". University of Chicago website. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Profile of Muhammad Husain Azad on Urdu Adab website Published 11 July 2009, Retrieved 25 September 2020
  3. ^ Dubrow, Jennifer (October 2018). "Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis". Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8248-7270-0 – via De Gruyter. (subscription required)
  4. ^ "ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
[edit]
  • Table of Contents -- Digital South Asia Library at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to 1907 edition printed Naval Kishore Press, Lahore.
  • [1] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to English Translation, Translated and edited by Frances W. Pritchett, in association with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
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