Zayd ibn al-Khattab: Difference between revisions
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{{short description| |
{{short description|Companion of Muhammad and Umar's Brother}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Zayd ibn al-Khattab |
| name = Zayd ibn al-Khattab <br/> زيد بن الخطاب |
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| native_name = {{lang-ar|زيد ابن الخطاب|Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}} |
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| birth_date = {{circa|584}} |
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| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia |
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| death_date = {{circa}} {{death year and age|632|584}} |
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| death_place = [[al-Yamama]], [[Arabia]] |
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| death_date = {{circa|December 632}} |
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| death_cause = Martyred in the [[Battle of Yamama]] |
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| burial_place = [[Uyayna]], [[Riyadh Province|Riyadh]] |
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| allegiance = [[Rashidun Caliphate]] |
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*ibn al-Khattab, |
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| branch = [[Rashidun army]]<br>[[Rashidun cavalry]] |
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* Abu Abdulrahman}} |
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| serviceyears = 624–634 |
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| known_for = [[Companions of the Prophet|Being a companion of Muhammad]] |
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| rank = |
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| spouse = {{plainlist| |
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*Habibah (Jamilah) bint Abi Amir |
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*[[Atiqa bint Zayd|'Atikah bint Zayd]] |
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*Field commander in the [[Al-Yamama|Yamama]] |
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*Lubaba [[Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir|bint Abu Lubaba]]}} |
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*[[Asma bint Zayd]] |
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*[[Abdulrahman ibn Zayd]]}} |
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| father = [[Khattab ibn Nufayl]] |
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| mother = Asma bint Wahb |
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| relatives = [[Umar]] (half-brother) <br />[[Fatimah bint al-Khattab|Fatimah]] (half-sister) <br /> [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah]] (nephew) |
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| family = [[Banu Adi]] from [[Quraysh]] |
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}} |
}} |
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| battles = {{tree list}} |
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*Under [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]: |
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**[[Battle of Badr]] (624) |
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**[[Battle of Uhud]] (625) |
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**[[Battle of the Trench]] (627) |
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*Under [[Abu Bakr]] |
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**[[Ridda Wars]] |
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***[[Battle of Buzakha]] (632) |
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***[[Battle of Yamama]] (633) |
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| spouse = [[Atiqa bint Zayd|Atiqa bint Zayd ibn Amr al-Adawi]]<br>Habiba bint Abi Amir al-Amri<br>Lubaba bint Abi Lubaba al-Amri |
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}} |
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'''Zayd ibn al-Khattab''' ({{Lang-ar|زيد ابن الخطاب|translit=Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}; died December 632) was an Arab Rashidun military general in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his successor and the first caliph [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}). During the latter's caliphate, Zayd played a leading role in the initial campaigns of the [[Ridda Wars]] in 632. |
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Belonging to the aristocratic [[Banu Adi]] clan of the [[Quraysh]], Zayd converted to Islam before his younger brother [[Umar]]. Both brothers were prominent companions of Muhammad and participated in the major battles under the Islamic prophet. After Muhammad's death, Zayd pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and became one of his closest advisors and leading commanders. Zayd later became one of [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]'s deputy commanders during the Ridda Wars. In the [[Battle of Yamama]], Zayd was killed while fighting [[Musaylima]]'s forces of the [[Banu Hanifa]] and subsequently buried at [['Uyayna|Uyayna]], a town which gained popularity as the place containing Zayd's mausoleum. |
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==Origins and early life== |
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Zayd was born in [[Mecca]].{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} His father [[al-Khattab ibn Nufayl]] was an arbitrator of the [[Banu Adi]] clan of the [[Quraysh]]. Zayd mother Asma bint Wahb belonged to the [[Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah|Banu Asad]] tribe.{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} Zayd's paternal younger half-brother was caliph [[Umar]] ({{reign|634|644}}) and also had a paternal half-sister named [[Fatimah bint al-Khattab|Fatima]].{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=117}}<ref name="Saad3a">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 294. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> He is described as "a very tall dark man".{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} |
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'''Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb''' ({{langx|ar|زيد بن الخطاب}}; {{c.|584}} – 632) was a [[Sahaba|companion]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muḥammad]] and a brother of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], the second Islamic [[caliph]]. |
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Zayd embraced Islam earlier than Umar, who became a Muslim in 616.{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=117}} In 622, Zayd migrated to [[Medina]] and was amongst the [[Muhajirun]] ({{Literal translation|Emigrants}}). He was made the 'brother-in-faith' of Ma'n ibn Adi, who belonged to the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] ({{Literal translation|Helpers}}).{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} |
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==Biography== |
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== Military career == |
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He was the son of [[Khattab ibn Nufayl|al-Khattab ibn Nufayl]], a member of the [[Banu Adi|Adi]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe in [[Mecca]], and of Asma bint Wahb of the [[Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah|Asad]] tribe.<ref name="Saad3a">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 294. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> He was older than his brother [[Umar]].<ref name="Saad3a"/><ref name="Tabari39">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors'', p. 117.</ref> He is described as "a very tall dark man".<ref name="Saad3a"/> |
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Zayd was amongst the nearly eighty Muhajirun who participated in the [[Battle of Badr]] in March 624.{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} In the [[Battle of Uhud]] in March 625, Zayd gave his armor to Umar and both brothers fought.{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=296}} Zayd is also reported to have participated in the [[Battle of the Trench]] and all battles with Muhammad.{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} |
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He gave his brother [[Umar]] a chance to go with Quraysh's trade caravan and trade with Syria's traders and always showed kindness and love to him.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
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After Muhammad's death in June 632, Zayd pledged allegiance to [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}) as [[Caliphate|caliph]]. After the Rashidun forces quashed the threat to Medina at the [[Battle of Zhu Qissa|Battle of Dhu al-Qissa]], Abu Bakr assigned Zayd to lead the campaign to [[Najd]].{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} However, Zayd refused and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] was chosen instead by the caliph.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} |
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He became a [[Muslim]] sometime before August 616.<ref name="Saad3a"/><ref name="Tabari39"/> He joined the general [[Hegira|emigration]] to [[Medina]] in 622 and was made the brother in Islam of Ma'n ibn Adi.<ref name="Saad3a"/> |
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In December 632, Zayd carried the standard ({{Transliteration|ar|alam}}) of the Rashidun forces against [[Musaylima]]'s army in the [[Battle of Yamama]].{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=117}} The overall commander [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] assigned Zayd to lead the command of the wings and delegated command of the vanguard to [[Shurahbil ibn Hasana]].{{Sfn|Jandora|1990|p=46}} After the [[Banu Hanifa]]'s forces attacked in its vicinity, the Rashidun forces retreated to their camp. Khalid and Zayd urged each other and the Muslims backed both commanders.{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=120}} Zayd reportedly said that "By God, I shall not speak until I am victorious or until I am killed" and continued to fight.{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=121}} Musaylima's leading commander al-Rajjal ibn Unfuwa was killed by Zayd in a single combat duel.{{Sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|p=123}} Afterward, Zayd was killed and later buried in [['Uyayna|Uyayna]]. According to the prominent historian [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbi]] ({{Circa|737–819}}), Labid ibn Burguth was the slayer of Zayd whereas other accounts cite Abu Maryam al-Hanafi as the killer.{{Sfn|Hitti|2011|p=138}} |
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His wife Habibah (Jamilah) bint Abi 'Amir was from the 'Amr clan of the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] tribe in Medina; they had a daughter, Asma, but the marriage probably ended in divorce.<ref name="Saad3a"/><ref name="Saad8">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>{{rp|235}} Habibah's niece [[Jamila bint Thabit|Jamila]] was briefly married to Zayd's brother Umar.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|236}} Zayd's marriage to his cousin, [[Atiqa bint Zayd|'Atikah bint Zayd]], was childless and also ended in divorce.<ref name="Hajar">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. ''Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba'' vol. 8 #11448.</ref> In Medina he married Lubabah, the daughter of [[Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir]], also from the 'Amr clan of Aws, who was the mother of his son 'Abdulrahman.<ref name="Saad3a"/><ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|236}} |
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| ⚫ | Then he shouted, "O [[God in Islam|Allah]], I apologise for the flight of my companions! I am not guilty before Thee of what [[Musaylimah]] and Muhakkam have done!" |
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He fought at the [[Battle of Badr]], the [[Battle of Uhud]], the [[Battle of the Ditch]] and "all the battles with Allah's Messenger".<ref name="Saad3a"/> At Uhud Umar urged Zayd to borrow his armour. Zayd put it on but then he took it off again, saying, "I want what you want for yourself."<ref name="Saad3c">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 296. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> |
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== Assessment, legacy and family == |
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Since the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] period, Uyayna obtained fame as home of the tomb and mosque of Zayd. A monument was built over Zayd's grave, which later became a popular site of veneration in the city. In the 18th-century, the monument was destroyed on the orders of the controversial scholar [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] ({{Circa|1703–1792}}), who considered veneration of human beings as illicit.{{Sfn|Formichi|2020|p=92}} |
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| ⚫ | At the [[Battle of Yamama]] on December 632, Zayd carried the Muslims' standard.<ref name="Saad3a"/><ref name="Tabari39"/> When Muslim baggage was exposed to plunder by the enemy, Zayd said, "As for the baggage, there is no baggage! As for the men, there are no men!" Then he shouted, "O [[God in Islam|Allah]], I apologise for the flight of my companions! I am not guilty before Thee of what [[Musaylimah]] and Muhakkam have done!"<ref name="Saad3b"/> Zayd continued to hold the standard while fighting with his sword and he did not drop it until he was killed.<ref name="Saad3b">Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 295. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref><ref name="Tabari39"/> His killer was Abu Maryam al-Hanafi, who claimed: "Allah honoured him at my hand and did not weaken me at his hand."<ref name="Saad3b"/> He was martyred seconds after his second cousins, [[Abdullah ibn Suhail]] and [[Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba]], and adopted distant relative (possibly nephew), [[Salim Mawla Abu Hudhayfa]].{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
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=== Family and descendants === |
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Zayd's eldest son was named Abd al-Rahman, hence his ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' ('[[paedonymic]]') ''Abu Abd al-Rahman'' ('father of Abd al-Rahman'). The latter was born to Lubaba, a daughter of the [[Banu Aws|Awsite]] chieftain [[Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir|Bashir ibn Abd al-Mundhir]].{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} Zayd's marriage to his cousin [[Atiqa bint Zayd]] was childless and ended in divorce.<ref name="Hajar">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. ''Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba'' vol. 8 #11448.</ref> Another of Zayd's wives was Habiba bint Abi Amir, who bore a daughter named Asma.{{Sfn|Bewly|2013|p=294}} |
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His tomb in [[Uyaynah]] was a site of veneration until around 1740 when [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] campaigned to have it leveled.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} |
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The prominent 10th-century theologian [[Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi]] ({{Circa|931–998}}) is said to have been descended from Zayd, but these genealogical claims are disputed.{{Sfn|Ed|2012}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bewly |first=Aisha |title=Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, the Companions of Badr |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=2013}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=al-K̲h̲aṭṭābī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=E. J. Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-khattabi-SIM_4240 |last=Ed |isbn=9789004161214}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Formichi |first=Chiara |title=Islam and Asia: A History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781107106123|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ&dq}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |title=The Origins of the Islamic State: A Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh al-Buldan |publisher=Cosimo |year=2011 |isbn=9781616405342}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Jandora |first=John Walter |title=The March from Medina: A Revisionist Study of the Arab Conquests |publisher=Kingston Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780940670334}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kister |first1=M. J. |author-link=Meir Jacob Kister |date=2002 |title=The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama |url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/content/struggle-against-musaylima-and-conquest-yam%C4%81ma |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=27 |pages=1–56}} |
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* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=39|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ztahJV58oLcC&dq}} |
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Latest revision as of 09:56, 3 November 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2018) |
Zayd ibn al-Khattab زيد بن الخطاب | |
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| Born | c. 584 |
| Died | c. 632 (aged 47–48) |
| Cause of death | Martyred in the Battle of Yamama |
| Burial place | Uyayna, Riyadh |
| Other names |
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| Known for | Being a companion of Muhammad |
| Spouses |
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| Children | |
| Parents |
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| Relatives | Umar (half-brother) Fatimah (half-sister) Abdullah (nephew) |
| Family | Banu Adi from Quraysh |
Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (Arabic: زيد بن الخطاب; c. 584 – 632) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad and a brother of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Islamic caliph.
Biography
[edit]He was the son of al-Khattab ibn Nufayl, a member of the Adi clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, and of Asma bint Wahb of the Asad tribe.[1] He was older than his brother Umar.[1][2] He is described as "a very tall dark man".[1]
He gave his brother Umar a chance to go with Quraysh's trade caravan and trade with Syria's traders and always showed kindness and love to him.[citation needed]
He became a Muslim sometime before August 616.[1][2] He joined the general emigration to Medina in 622 and was made the brother in Islam of Ma'n ibn Adi.[1]
His wife Habibah (Jamilah) bint Abi 'Amir was from the 'Amr clan of the Aws tribe in Medina; they had a daughter, Asma, but the marriage probably ended in divorce.[1][3]: 235 Habibah's niece Jamila was briefly married to Zayd's brother Umar.[3]: 236 Zayd's marriage to his cousin, 'Atikah bint Zayd, was childless and also ended in divorce.[4] In Medina he married Lubabah, the daughter of Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir, also from the 'Amr clan of Aws, who was the mother of his son 'Abdulrahman.[1][3]: 236
He fought at the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Uhud, the Battle of the Ditch and "all the battles with Allah's Messenger".[1] At Uhud Umar urged Zayd to borrow his armour. Zayd put it on but then he took it off again, saying, "I want what you want for yourself."[5]
At the Battle of Yamama on December 632, Zayd carried the Muslims' standard.[1][2] When Muslim baggage was exposed to plunder by the enemy, Zayd said, "As for the baggage, there is no baggage! As for the men, there are no men!" Then he shouted, "O Allah, I apologise for the flight of my companions! I am not guilty before Thee of what Musaylimah and Muhakkam have done!"[6] Zayd continued to hold the standard while fighting with his sword and he did not drop it until he was killed.[6][2] His killer was Abu Maryam al-Hanafi, who claimed: "Allah honoured him at my hand and did not weaken me at his hand."[6] He was martyred seconds after his second cousins, Abdullah ibn Suhail and Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba, and adopted distant relative (possibly nephew), Salim Mawla Abu Hudhayfa.[citation needed]
His tomb in Uyaynah was a site of veneration until around 1740 when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab campaigned to have it leveled.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr, p. 294. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
- ^ a b c d Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
- ^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba vol. 8 #11448.
- ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr, p. 296. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
- ^ a b c Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr, p. 295. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
