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{{Short description|Queen consort of Goguryeo}}
{{Short description|Queen consort of Goguryeo (c. 160–234)}}
{{Copy edit|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| consort = yes
| name = Queen U<br>왕후 우씨
| name = Queen U<br />왕후 우씨
| image =
| image =
| caption =
| caption =
| succession = [[Queen consort]] of [[Goguryeo]]
| succession = [[Queen consort]] of [[Goguryeo]]
| reign = 180–197<br>197/8–227
| reign = 180–197<br />197/8–227
| succession1 = [[Queen dowager]] of [[Goguryeo]]
| succession1 = [[Queen dowager]] of [[Goguryeo]]
| reign1 = 227–234
| reign1 = 227–234
Line 17: Line 16:
| burial_date =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| burial_place =
| spouse = [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo]] (m. 180; d. 197)<br/>[[Sansang of Goguryeo]] (m. 197/8; d. 227)
| spouse = [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo]] (m. 180; d. 197)<br />[[Sansang of Goguryeo]] (m. 197/8; d. 227)
| house = U clan (by birth)<br>[[Go dynasty|Go clan]] (by marriage)
| house = U clan
| father = U So
| father = U So
| mother =
| mother =
| religion =
| religion =
}}
}}
'''Queen U''' ({{Korean|hangul=왕후 우씨|hanja=王后 于氏}}; d. 234), sometimes [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Queen Woo''', was [[queen consort|queen]] of [[Goguryeo]] as the wife of [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo|King Gogukcheon]] (Go Nammu) and later of his younger brother, [[Sansang of Goguryeo|King Sansang]] (Go Yeonu).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/5545|title=King Sansang(山上王) - Folklare|last=Hyun-seol|first=Cho|website=Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref> She was famous for maintaining supreme authority, and today, she is recognized as an independent woman who successfully pursued her own desires. Her second marriage is a well-known example of the [[levirate marriage]] custom in Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pae-yong|first1=Yi|last2=Chan|first2=Ted|date=2008|title=Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들|page=122-125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3yW5MdzKnUC&dq=queen+u+goguryeo&pg=PA125|language=ko|location=[[Ewha Womans University]]|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=978-8973007721}}</ref>
'''Queen U''' ({{Korean|hangul=왕후 우씨|hanja=王后 于氏}}; d. 234), sometimes [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Queen Woo''', was the [[queen consort|queen]] of [[Goguryeo]] as the wife of both [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo|King Gogukcheon]] (Go Nammu) and later his younger brother [[Sansang of Goguryeo|King Sansang]] (Go Yeonu).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/5545|title=King Sansang(山上王) - Folklare|last=Hyun-seol|first=Cho|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref> She was famous for maintaining supreme authority. Her second marriage is a well-known example of Goguryeo's [[levirate marriage]] custom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pae-yong|first1=Yi|last2=Chan|first2=Ted|date=2008|title=Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들|pages=122–125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3yW5MdzKnUC&dq=queen+u+goguryeo&pg=PA125|language=ko|location=[[Ewha Womans University]]|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=978-8973007721}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
===During King Gogukcheon's reign===
===During King Gogukcheon's reign===
Lady U was the daughter of U So (우소, 于素). Her birthplace is unclear, but it may have been the region of Jenabu (제나부, 提那部) or Yeonnabu (연나부, 椽那部).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ki-hong|first=Kim|date=2021|title=삼국사기 바로알기 5: 차대왕, 신대왕, 고국천왕|trans-title=Get To Know About History of the Three Kingdoms 5: King Chadae, King Shindae, King Gogukcheon|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLNIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=RA3-PA2|language=ko|publisher=ePurple|isbn=9791139000740 }}</ref> She was married to [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo|Go Nammu, King Gogukcheon]] in 180 AD and became his queen consort soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=8&levelId=sg_016r_0030_0020&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=우씨를 왕후로 삼다 (180년 02월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref> However, a rebellion began in 190 when the king tried to stop Lady U's relatives (including [[Eobiryu]] and [[Jwagaryeo]]) from abusing their power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=9&levelId=sg_016r_0030_0090&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=왕후의 친척인 어비류와 좌가려가 4연나와 함께 반란을 도모하다 (190년 09월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref> King Gogukcheon died without issue in 197.
Lady U was the daughter of U So ({{Korean|hangul=우소|hanja=于素|labels=no}}). Her birthplace is unclear, but it may have been the region of Jenabu ({{Korean|hangul=제나부|hanja=提那部|labels=no}}) or Yeonnabu ({{Korean|hangul=연나부|hanja=椽那部|labels=no}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ki-hong|first=Kim|date=2021|script-title=ko:삼국사기 바로알기 5: 차대왕, 신대왕, 고국천왕|trans-title=Get To Know About History of the Three Kingdoms 5: King Chadae, King Shindae, King Gogukcheon|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLNIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=RA3-PA2|language=ko|publisher=ePurple|isbn=9791139000740 }}</ref> She was married to [[Gogukcheon of Goguryeo|King Gogukcheon]] in 180 AD and became his queen consort soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=8&levelId=sg_016r_0030_0020&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:우씨를 왕후로 삼다 (180년 02월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref> However, a rebellion began in 190 when the king tried to stop Lady U's relatives (including [[Eobiryu]] and [[Jwagaryeo]]) from abusing their power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=9&levelId=sg_016r_0030_0090&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:왕후의 친척인 어비류와 좌가려가 4연나와 함께 반란을 도모하다 (190년 09월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref> King Gogukcheon died without issue in 197.


===During King Sansang's reign===
===During King Sansang's reign===
After King Gogukcheon's death, Queen U met his brother, Prince Balgi, to discuss the throne's successor. Balgi believed that he would ascend to the throne, and his ill-mannered behavior and ambition disconcerted U. U later met with Balgi's older brother, Prince Yeonu, whom, unlike Balgi, she found polite and courteous. U chose to support Yeonu and plotted to accuse Balgi of treason.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Hyun-hee|date=2014|title=한국의 역사. 02 삼국의 성장과 발전|trans-title=Korean's History. 02 Growth and Development of the Three States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PjkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=PT83|language=ko|publisher=ChungAh Publishing House|isbn=9788936820299 }}</ref>
After King Gogukcheon's death, Queen U met with his brother Prince Balgi to discuss the throne's successor. Balgi believed that he would ascend to the throne, and his ill-mannered behavior and ambition disconcerted U. U later met with Balgi's younger brother Prince Yeonu, whom, unlike Balgi, she found polite and courteous. U chose to support Yeonu and plotted to accuse Balgi of treason.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Hyun-hee|date=2014|script-title=ko:한국의 역사. 02 삼국의 성장과 발전|trans-title=Korean's History. 02 Growth and Development of the Three States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PjkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=PT83|language=ko|publisher=ChungAh Publishing House|isbn=9788936820299 }}</ref>


According to the historical source ''[[Samguk Sagi]],'' during the ensuing conflict, Yeonu was injured by a knife, and U loosened her skirt scrap and used the fabric to cover the wound. The two then returned to the palace hand-in-hand. Meanwhile, Balgi fled in anger to [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]] and requested support from [[Gongsun Du]], head of the Gongsun clan. Gongsun Du loaned Balgi 30,000 troops to invade Gorguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gong Mi-ra, Choi In-soo, Go Jong-hoon|date=2017|title=생방송 한국사 02. 삼국 ․ 가야: 수능 한국사 강의 1인자 고종훈의 동영상 강의 수록|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykIoDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=PA39|language=ko|publisher=Owlbook|isbn=9788950963682 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Patricia Buckley|first1=Ebrey|last2=Anne|first2=Walthall|date=2013|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ&dq=queen+u+goguryeo&pg=PA102|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1285528670 }}</ref> Knowing this, Balgi's youngest brother, Prince Gyesu, successfully defeated Balgi's forces. Balgi then committed suicide due to his guilt for bringing a great crisis to his royal family and country.
According to the historical source ''[[Samguk sagi]],'' during the ensuing conflict, Yeonu was injured by a knife, and U loosened her skirt scrap and used the fabric to cover the wound. The two then returned to the palace hand-in-hand. Meanwhile, Balgi fled in anger to [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]] and requested support from [[Gongsun Du]], head of the Gongsun clan. Gongsun Du loaned Balgi 30,000 troops to invade Gorguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gong Mi-ra, Choi In-soo, Go Jong-hoon|date=2017|script-title=ko:생방송 한국사 02. 삼국 ․ 가야: 수능 한국사 강의 1인자 고종훈의 동영상 강의 수록|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykIoDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&pg=PA39|language=ko|publisher=Owlbook|isbn=9788950963682 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Patricia Buckley|first1=Ebrey|last2=Anne|first2=Walthall|date=2013|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ&dq=queen+u+goguryeo&pg=PA102|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1285528670 }}</ref> Knowing this, Balgi's youngest brother, Prince Gyesu, successfully defeated Balgi's forces. Balgi then committed suicide due to his guilt for bringing a great crisis to his royal family and country.


After Balgi's death, Yeonu ascended the throne as King Sansang with Queen U's support, and eventually made her his primary spouse, or the queen consort, later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=11&levelId=sg_016r_0040_0020&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=우씨를 왕후로 삼다. (197년 09월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref> However, Sansang and U could not have children. After praying in a mountain at night, Sansang received a prophecy that he could have a son with another woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=10&levelId=sg_016r_0040_0010&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=산상왕이 왕위에 오르다 (197년 05월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref>
After Balgi's death, Yeonu ascended the throne as King Sansang with Queen U's support and eventually made her his primary spouse, or the queen consort, later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=11&levelId=sg_016r_0040_0020&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:우씨를 왕후로 삼다. (197년 09월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref> However, Sansang and U were not able not have children. After praying in a mountain at night, Sansang received a prophecy that he would have a son with another woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=10&levelId=sg_016r_0040_0010&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:산상왕이 왕위에 오르다 (197년 05월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>


Upon knowing that her husband had a relationship with another woman, U became very angry and sent many soldiers to kill this woman. However, the woman was pregnant with Sansang's son, and the soldiers refused to kill her for the sake of the unborn child. Sansang later formally made this woman a concubine with the title "Little Queen" (소후, 小后). Not long after this, the Little Queen gave birth to a boy, Uwigeo, in 209, and she and Uwigeo continued to face pressure and threats from U. Four years later, Uwigeo was named the crown prince.
Upon knowing that her husband had a relationship with another woman, U became very angry and sent many soldiers to kill this woman. However, the woman was pregnant with Sansang's son, and the soldiers refused to kill her for the sake of the unborn child. Sansang later formally made this woman a concubine with the title "Little Queen" ({{Korean|hangul=소후|hanja=小后|labels=no}}). Not long after this, the Little Queen gave birth to a boy, Uwigeo, in 209, and she and Uwigeo continued to face pressure and threats from U. Four years later, Uwigeo was named the crown prince.


===During King Dongcheon's reign===
===During King Dongcheon's reign===
After King Sansang died in 227, Prince Uwigeo, ascended the throne as [[Dongcheon of Goguryeo|King Dongcheon]], although U had been plotting against him since he was young. As a test of his generosity and patience, she once had him cut the mane of his horse, and on another occasion, ordered a servant to spill soup on his clothes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=12&levelId=sg_017r_0020_0010&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=동천왕이 왕위에 오르다 (227년 05월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref> Despite this, Dongcheon was never angry. Rather than retaliate against U, he granted her clan political influence by appointing them to the highest position of state minister and continued to honour her as the queen dowager (왕태후, 王太后).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=13&levelId=sg_017r_0020_0030&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|title=우씨를 왕태후로 삼다 (228년 03월(음))|website=[[Samguk Sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref>
After King Sansang died in 227, Prince Uwigeo ascended the throne as [[Dongcheon of Goguryeo|King Dongcheon]], despite U's plotting against him since he was young. As a test of his generosity and patience, she once had him cut the mane of his horse, and on another occasion she ordered a servant to spill soup on his clothes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=12&levelId=sg_017r_0020_0010&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:동천왕이 왕위에 오르다 (227년 05월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref> Despite this, Dongcheon was never angry. Rather than retaliate against U, he granted her clan political influence by appointing them to the highest position of state minister, and he continued to honour her as the queen dowager ({{Korean|hangul=왕태후|hanja=王太后|labels=no}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=26&totalCount=26&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=13&levelId=sg_017r_0020_0030&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EC%99%95%ED%9B%84+%EC%9A%B0%EC%94%A8&searchKeywordConjunction=AND|script-title=ko:우씨를 왕태후로 삼다 (228년 03월(음))|website=[[Samguk sagi]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>


U remained the queen dowager until her own death in 234, the eighth year of the reign of King Dongcheon. Just before her death, she wrote a letter requesting that she be buried next to Sansang's tomb instead of Gogukcheon's tomb. When King Dongcheon read this, he planted seven layers of pine trees around Gogukcheon's tomb to hide and cover it.
U remained the queen dowager until her own death in 234, the eighth year King Dongcheon's reign. Just before her death, she wrote a letter requesting that she be buried next to Sansang's tomb instead of Gogukcheon's tomb. When King Dongcheon read this, he planted seven layers of pine trees around Gogukcheon's tomb to hide and cover it.


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==

Queen U appears as '''Woo Seo-ran''' (우서란) in the 2020 [[manhwa]] "''The Queen's Empire''" (왕후의 제국) by Hyuneung (현응).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bufftoon.plaync.com/series/1003907|title=왕후의 제국 - 만화|website=bufftoon|access-date=June 13, 2022|lang=ko}}</ref>
* Portrayed in the 2020 [[manhwa]] ''The Queen's Empire''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bufftoon.plaync.com/series/1003907|script-title=ko:왕후의 제국 - 만화|website=bufftoon|access-date=June 13, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
* Portrayed by [[Jeon Jong-seo]] in the 2024 [[TVING]] series ''[[The Queen 'Woo']]''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=https://m.mk.co.kr/news/culture/view/2016/12/851418/|title=3대에 걸쳐 왕후와 태후 고구려의 여걸 우씨 왕후|last=Ki-hwan|first=Im|date=8 December 2016|website=[[Maeil Kyungje]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}
*{{cite web|url=https://m.mk.co.kr/news/culture/view/2016/12/851418/|script-title=ko:3대에 걸쳐 왕후와 태후 고구려의 여걸 우씨 왕후|last=Ki-hwan|first=Im|date=8 December 2016|website=[[Maeil Kyungje]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001496105|title=시동생과 결혼한 우씨왕후, 미실에 뒤지지 않네|last=Jong-sung|first=Kim|date=21 December 2010|website=OhmyNews|access-date=June 15, 2022|lang=ko}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001496105|script-title=ko:시동생과 결혼한 우씨왕후, 미실에 뒤지지 않네|last=Jong-sung|first=Kim|date=21 December 2010|website=[[OhmyNews]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|language=ko}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:U, Queen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:U, Queen}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:234 deaths]]
[[Category:234 deaths]]
[[Category:Goguryeo people]]
[[Category:2nd-century Korean people]]
[[Category:2nd-century Korean people]]
[[Category:3rd-century Korean people]]
[[Category:3rd-century Korean people]]
[[Category:Korean royal consorts]]
[[Category:Royal consorts of Korea]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 3 November 2024

Queen U
왕후 우씨
Queen consort of Goguryeo
Tenure180–197
197/8–227
Queen dowager of Goguryeo
Tenure227–234
Bornc. 160–5
Jenabu or Yeonnabu, Goguryeo
Died234
Goguryeo
SpouseGogukcheon of Goguryeo (m. 180; d. 197)
Sansang of Goguryeo (m. 197/8; d. 227)
HouseU clan
FatherU So

Queen U (Korean: 왕후 우씨; Hanja: 王后 于氏; d. 234), sometimes romanized as Queen Woo, was the queen of Goguryeo as the wife of both King Gogukcheon (Go Nammu) and later his younger brother King Sansang (Go Yeonu).[1] She was famous for maintaining supreme authority. Her second marriage is a well-known example of Goguryeo's levirate marriage custom.[2]

Life

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During King Gogukcheon's reign

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Lady U was the daughter of U So (우소; 于素). Her birthplace is unclear, but it may have been the region of Jenabu (제나부; 提那部) or Yeonnabu (연나부; 椽那部).[3] She was married to King Gogukcheon in 180 AD and became his queen consort soon afterwards.[4] However, a rebellion began in 190 when the king tried to stop Lady U's relatives (including Eobiryu and Jwagaryeo) from abusing their power.[5] King Gogukcheon died without issue in 197.

During King Sansang's reign

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After King Gogukcheon's death, Queen U met with his brother Prince Balgi to discuss the throne's successor. Balgi believed that he would ascend to the throne, and his ill-mannered behavior and ambition disconcerted U. U later met with Balgi's younger brother Prince Yeonu, whom, unlike Balgi, she found polite and courteous. U chose to support Yeonu and plotted to accuse Balgi of treason.[6]

According to the historical source Samguk sagi, during the ensuing conflict, Yeonu was injured by a knife, and U loosened her skirt scrap and used the fabric to cover the wound. The two then returned to the palace hand-in-hand. Meanwhile, Balgi fled in anger to Liaodong and requested support from Gongsun Du, head of the Gongsun clan. Gongsun Du loaned Balgi 30,000 troops to invade Gorguryeo.[7][8] Knowing this, Balgi's youngest brother, Prince Gyesu, successfully defeated Balgi's forces. Balgi then committed suicide due to his guilt for bringing a great crisis to his royal family and country.

After Balgi's death, Yeonu ascended the throne as King Sansang with Queen U's support and eventually made her his primary spouse, or the queen consort, later that year.[9] However, Sansang and U were not able not have children. After praying in a mountain at night, Sansang received a prophecy that he would have a son with another woman.[10]

Upon knowing that her husband had a relationship with another woman, U became very angry and sent many soldiers to kill this woman. However, the woman was pregnant with Sansang's son, and the soldiers refused to kill her for the sake of the unborn child. Sansang later formally made this woman a concubine with the title "Little Queen" (소후; 小后). Not long after this, the Little Queen gave birth to a boy, Uwigeo, in 209, and she and Uwigeo continued to face pressure and threats from U. Four years later, Uwigeo was named the crown prince.

During King Dongcheon's reign

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After King Sansang died in 227, Prince Uwigeo ascended the throne as King Dongcheon, despite U's plotting against him since he was young. As a test of his generosity and patience, she once had him cut the mane of his horse, and on another occasion she ordered a servant to spill soup on his clothes.[11] Despite this, Dongcheon was never angry. Rather than retaliate against U, he granted her clan political influence by appointing them to the highest position of state minister, and he continued to honour her as the queen dowager (왕태후; 王太后).[12]

U remained the queen dowager until her own death in 234, the eighth year King Dongcheon's reign. Just before her death, she wrote a letter requesting that she be buried next to Sansang's tomb instead of Gogukcheon's tomb. When King Dongcheon read this, he planted seven layers of pine trees around Gogukcheon's tomb to hide and cover it.

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References

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  1. ^ Hyun-seol, Cho. "King Sansang(山上王) - Folklare". Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  2. ^ Pae-yong, Yi; Chan, Ted (2008). Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들 (in Korean). Ewha Womans University: Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 122–125. ISBN 978-8973007721.
  3. ^ Ki-hong, Kim (2021). 삼국사기 바로알기 5: 차대왕, 신대왕, 고국천왕 [Get To Know About History of the Three Kingdoms 5: King Chadae, King Shindae, King Gogukcheon] (in Korean). ePurple. p. 2. ISBN 9791139000740.
  4. ^ 우씨를 왕후로 삼다 (180년 02월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  5. ^ 왕후의 친척인 어비류와 좌가려가 4연나와 함께 반란을 도모하다 (190년 09월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  6. ^ Lee, Hyun-hee (2014). 한국의 역사. 02 삼국의 성장과 발전 [Korean's History. 02 Growth and Development of the Three States] (in Korean). ChungAh Publishing House. ISBN 9788936820299.
  7. ^ Gong Mi-ra, Choi In-soo, Go Jong-hoon (2017). 생방송 한국사 02. 삼국 ․ 가야: 수능 한국사 강의 1인자 고종훈의 동영상 강의 수록 (in Korean). Owlbook. ISBN 9788950963682.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Patricia Buckley, Ebrey; Anne, Walthall (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Cengage Learning. p. 102. ISBN 978-1285528670.
  9. ^ 우씨를 왕후로 삼다. (197년 09월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  10. ^ 산상왕이 왕위에 오르다 (197년 05월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  11. ^ 동천왕이 왕위에 오르다 (227년 05월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  12. ^ 우씨를 왕태후로 삼다 (228년 03월(음)). Samguk sagi (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  13. ^ 왕후의 제국 - 만화. bufftoon (in Korean). Retrieved June 13, 2022.
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