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{{Short description|British philosopher and psychologist (1894–1971)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 22 July 1894
| birth_date = 22 July 1894
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| occupation = Philosopher, psychologist
| occupation = Philosopher, psychologist
}}
}}
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{{Short description|British philosopher and industrial psychologist (1894–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Cecil Alec Mace''' (22 July 1894 &ndash; 7 June 1971) usually cited as '''C.A. Mace''', was a British [[philosopher]] and industrial [[psychologist]].<ref name=obit>{{cite news
'''Cecil Alec Mace''' (22 July 1894 &ndash; 7 June 1971) usually cited as '''C.A. Mace''', was a British [[philosopher]] and industrial [[psychologist]].<ref name="obit">{{cite news
| author =<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->| title = Professor Alec Mace| newspaper = The Times| location = London, England| date = 9 June 1971| page = 16}}</ref> He is best known for his work on monetary incentives and goal setting theory.
| author =<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->| title = Professor Alec Mace| newspaper = The Times| location = London, England| date = 9 June 1971| page = 16}}</ref> He is best known for his work on monetary incentives and goal setting theory.


==Life==
==Life==
Mace was born on 22 July 1894 to Mary and Walter Mace in Norwich, England.<ref>MACE, Cecil Alec’, ''Who Was Who'', A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 ; online edn, April 2014 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U156976, accessed 23 Dec 2014]</ref> He left home at 18 for [[Cambridge University]], intending to study for holy orders. However, instead he chose to read Moral Sciences at [[Queens' College, Cambridge]]. He studied under the philosopher [[G.E. Moore]]. The British psychologist [[Charles Samuel Myers]], who started the first experimental psychology laboratory in Cambridge, was another mentor.
Mace was born on 22 July 1894 to Mary and Walter Mace in Norwich, England.<ref>MACE, Cecil Alec’, ''Who Was Who'', A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U156976, accessed 23 Dec 2014]</ref> He left home at 18 for [[Cambridge University]], intending to study for holy orders. However, instead he chose to read Moral Sciences at [[Queens' College, Cambridge]]. He studied under the philosopher [[G.E. Moore]]. The British psychologist [[Charles Samuel Myers]], who started the first experimental psychology laboratory in Cambridge, was another mentor.


At Cambridge Mace became a pacifist and as a [[conscientious objector]] during [[World War I]], spent time at [[HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs#The First World War|Wormwood Scrubs]] and [[HM Prison Dartmoor#Closure and reopening|Dartmoor]].<ref name="obit" />
⚫
At the outbreak of [[World War I]], Mace who shared Moore's pacifism, refused to fight. Instead he was sent to Dartmoor prison where he studied the psychological effects of imprisonment. Following the war, he was appointed Lecturer in Philosophy and Psychology at the [[University of Nottingham]]. He married Marjorie Lebus in 1922 and they had two sons.

⚫
Following the war, he was appointed Lecturer in Philosophy and Psychology at the [[University of Nottingham]]. He married Marjorie Lebus in 1922 and they had two sons.


In 1925, he joined [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]] to start an experimental psychology laboratory. He introduced the first courses in experimental psychology and set up a laboratory in 1927.
In 1925, he joined [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]] to start an experimental psychology laboratory. He introduced the first courses in experimental psychology and set up a laboratory in 1927.
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==Influence==
==Influence==
Mace's work on ''Incentives: Some Experimental Studies'' (1935) discredited the notion that workers are primarily incentivized by money. He also stated that people have a "will to work." In 1935, he conducted the first empirical studies of [[goal setting]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/01900699408524960|title=Cecil alec mace: The man who discovered goal-setting|year=1994|last1=Carson|first1=Paula Phillips|last2=Carson|first2=Kerry D.|last3=Heady|first3=Ronald B.|journal=International Journal of Public Administration|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1679–1708}}</ref>
Mace's work on ''Incentives: Some Experimental Studies'' (1935) discredited the notion that workers are primarily incentivized by money. He also stated that people have a "will to work." In 1935, he conducted the first empirical studies of [[goal setting]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/01900699408524960|title=Cecil alec mace: The man who discovered goal-setting|year=1994|last1=Carson|first1=Paula Phillips|last2=Carson|first2=Kerry D.|last3=Heady|first3=Ronald B.|journal=International Journal of Public Administration|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1679–1708}}</ref>
His most influential books were Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy <ref>{{cite book|last1=Mace|first1=C.A.|title=Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy|date=1927|publisher=Kegen Paul}}</ref> and The Psychology of Study.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mace|first1=C.A.|title=The Psychology of Study|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyofstud0000mace|url-access=registration|date=1969|publisher=Penguin}}</ref>
His most influential books were ''Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mace|first1=C.A.|title=Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy|date=1927|publisher=Kegen Paul}}</ref> and ''The Psychology of Study''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mace|first1=C.A.|title=The Psychology of Study|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyofstud0000mace|url-access=registration|date=1969|publisher=Penguin}}</ref>


==Awards and honours==
==Awards and honours==
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== Literary works ==
== Literary works ==
* Sibylla; or, the Revival of Prophecy. 1926
* (1926) ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.170780|Sibylla; or, the Revival of Prophecy.]]''
* A Manual of Psychology 1929
* (1929) ''A Manual of Psychology.''
* (1932) {{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyofstud0000mace |title=The psychology of study |year= |publisher=Methuen & Co. Ltd. |location=London |no-pp=true |page=viii, 96 |lccn=33024188 |oclc=6654937 |url-access=registration}}
* The psychology of study, etc. 1932.
* The Principles of Logic. An introductory survey. 1933
* (1933) ''[[iarchive:principlesoflogi0000cama|The Principles of Logic. An introductory survey]]''.
* Supernormal Faculty and the Structure of the Mind. 1937
* (1937) ''Supernormal Faculty and the Structure of the Mind.''
* Current Trends in British Psychology. Edited by C. A. Mace and P. E. Vernon. 1953
* (1953) ''Current Trends in British Psychology''. Edited by C. A. Mace and P. E. Vernon.
* The Psychological Approach to Scientific Management - can this be applied in the home? 1954
* (1954) ''The Psychological Approach to Scientific Management - can this be applied in the home?''
* British Philosophy in the Mid-Century. A Cambridge symposium. Edited by C. A. Mace. 1957
* (1957) ''[[iarchive:britishphilosoph0000cama|British Philosophy in the Mid-Century. A Cambridge symposium]].'' Edited by C. A. Mace.
* Selected papers. 1973.
* (1973) ''Selected papers.''
*{{cite book
|last= Mace
|first= Cecil Alec
|title= The psychology of study
|year= 1932
|publisher= Methuen & Co. Ltd.
|location= London
|no-pp= true
|page= viii, 96
|lccn= 33024188
|oclc= 6654937 }}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of Bedford College, London]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:People educated at the City of Norwich School]]
[[Category:People educated at the City of Norwich School]]
[[Category:People from Norwich]]
[[Category:Presidents of the British Psychological Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the British Psychological Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society]]

Latest revision as of 18:00, 3 November 2024

Cecil Alec Mace
Born22 July 1894
Died7 June 1971
NationalityUnited Kingdom
Occupation(s)Philosopher, psychologist

Cecil Alec Mace (22 July 1894 – 7 June 1971) usually cited as C.A. Mace, was a British philosopher and industrial psychologist.[1] He is best known for his work on monetary incentives and goal setting theory.

Life

[edit]

Mace was born on 22 July 1894 to Mary and Walter Mace in Norwich, England.[2] He left home at 18 for Cambridge University, intending to study for holy orders. However, instead he chose to read Moral Sciences at Queens' College, Cambridge. He studied under the philosopher G.E. Moore. The British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers, who started the first experimental psychology laboratory in Cambridge, was another mentor.

At Cambridge Mace became a pacifist and as a conscientious objector during World War I, spent time at Wormwood Scrubs and Dartmoor.[1]

Following the war, he was appointed Lecturer in Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Nottingham. He married Marjorie Lebus in 1922 and they had two sons.

In 1925, he joined St Andrews University to start an experimental psychology laboratory. He introduced the first courses in experimental psychology and set up a laboratory in 1927.

In 1932, he became a Reader a Bedford College, London. He worked under the direction of Professor Beatrice Edgell, the first woman President of the British Psychological Society.

During World War II, Mace was appointed a Head of Psychology at King's College, London. The department was transferred to Birkbeck in 1944 and Mace became the first Birkbeck Chair of Psychology, a position he retired from in 1961. Mace died on 9 June 1971.[3]

Influence

[edit]

Mace's work on Incentives: Some Experimental Studies (1935) discredited the notion that workers are primarily incentivized by money. He also stated that people have a "will to work." In 1935, he conducted the first empirical studies of goal setting.[4] His most influential books were Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy[5] and The Psychology of Study.[6]

Awards and honours

[edit]
  • President of the Aristotelian Society, 1948-9
  • President of the Psychological Section, British Association, 1951
  • President of the British Psychological Society, 1952–53

Literary works

[edit]
  • (1926) Sibylla; or, the Revival of Prophecy.
  • (1929) A Manual of Psychology.
  • (1932) The psychology of study. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. viii, 96. LCCN 33024188. OCLC 6654937.
  • (1933) The Principles of Logic. An introductory survey.
  • (1937) Supernormal Faculty and the Structure of the Mind.
  • (1953) Current Trends in British Psychology. Edited by C. A. Mace and P. E. Vernon.
  • (1954) The Psychological Approach to Scientific Management - can this be applied in the home?
  • (1957) British Philosophy in the Mid-Century. A Cambridge symposium. Edited by C. A. Mace.
  • (1973) Selected papers.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Professor Alec Mace". The Times. London, England. 9 June 1971. p. 16.
  2. ^ MACE, Cecil Alec’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 23 Dec 2014
  3. ^ Shimemin, Sylvia (1971). "C.A. Mace 1894-1971". Occupational Psychology. 45 (3/4): 281–282.
  4. ^ Carson, Paula Phillips; Carson, Kerry D.; Heady, Ronald B. (1994). "Cecil alec mace: The man who discovered goal-setting". International Journal of Public Administration. 17 (9): 1679–1708. doi:10.1080/01900699408524960.
  5. ^ Mace, C.A. (1927). Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy. Kegen Paul.
  6. ^ Mace, C.A. (1969). The Psychology of Study. Penguin.
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