856 Damghan earthquake: Difference between revisions
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{{Earthquake |
{{Short description|Earthquake in Iran}} |
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{{Infobox earthquake |
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| title = Damghan earthquake |
| title = Damghan earthquake |
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| pre-1900= yes |
| pre-1900 = yes |
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| local-date = {{Start date|856|12|22|df=yes}} |
| local-date = {{Start date|856|12|22|df=yes}} |
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| local-time = At night |
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| map2 = {{Location map | Iran |
| map2 = {{Location map | Iran |
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| label= |
| label= |
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| Line 17: | Line 19: | ||
| image name = |
| image name = |
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| magnitude = 7.9 [[Surface wave magnitude|M<sub>s</sub>]] |
| magnitude = 7.9 [[Surface wave magnitude|M<sub>s</sub>]] |
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| location = {{coord|36.2|54.3|display=inline,title}}<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web|url= |
| location = {{coord|36.2|54.3|display=inline,title}}<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/232|title=Comments for the Significant Earthquake|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> |
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| countries affected = [[Iran]] |
| countries affected = [[Iran]] |
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| intensity = |
| intensity = {{MMI|X}} |
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| fault = Astaneh Fault System |
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| ⚫ | |||
| type = [[Strike-slip]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
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[[File:856 Damghan setting.png|thumb|Map of [[meizoseismal area]] for the 856 earthquake and main fault structures|300px]] |
[[File:856 Damghan setting.png|thumb|Map of [[meizoseismal area]] for the 856 earthquake and main fault structures|300px]] |
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The '''856 Damghan earthquake''' or the '''856 Qumis earthquake''' occurred on 22 December 856 (242 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]). The [[earthquake]] had an estimated [[Surface |
The '''856 Damghan earthquake''' or the '''856 Qumis earthquake''' occurred on 22 December 856 (242 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]). The [[earthquake]] had an estimated [[Surface-wave magnitude|magnitude]] of 7.9, and a maximum intensity of X (''Extreme'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]. The [[meizoseismal area]] (area of maximum damage) extended for about {{convert|350|km|mi}} along the southern edge of the eastern [[Alborz]] mountains of present-day [[Iran]] including parts of [[Tabaristan]] and [[Gorgan]]. The earthquake's [[epicenter]] is estimated to be close to the city of [[Damghan]], which was then the capital of the Persian province of [[Qumis (region)|Qumis]]. It caused approximately 200,000 deaths and is listed by the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] as the sixth deadliest earthquake in [[recorded history]].<ref name="USGS_list">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |title=Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122458/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> This death toll has been debated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sorkhabi |first1=Rasoul |title=Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions |date=21 December 2017 |publisher=Geological Society of America |isbn=978-0-8137-2525-3 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146}}</ref> |
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==Tectonic setting== |
==Tectonic setting== |
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Iran lies within the complex zone of [[continental collision]] between the [[Arabian |
Iran lies within the complex zone of [[continental collision]] between the [[Arabian plate]] and the [[Eurasian plate]], which extends from the Bitlis-[[Zagros fold and thrust belt|Zagros belt]] in the south to the [[Caucasus Mountains|Greater Caucasus Mountains]], the [[Apsheron Sill|Apsheron-Balkan Sill]] and the [[Kopet Dag]] mountains in the north.<ref name="Talebian">{{cite journal|last=Talebian|first=M.|author2=Jackson J.|year=2004|title=A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran|journal=Geophysical Journal International|publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=156|issue=3|pages=506–526|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x|bibcode = 2004GeoJI.156..506T |doi-access=free}}</ref> The epicentral area is located in the [[Alborz]] mountain range, in which oblique north–south shortening is accommodated by a combination of [[thrust fault|thrusting]] and sinistral (left-lateral) [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip faulting]].<ref name="Hollingsworth">{{cite journal|last=Hollingsworth|first=J.|author2=Nazari H. |author3=Ritz J.-F. |author4=Salamati R. |author5=Talebian M |author6=Bahroudi A. |author7=Walker R.T. |author8=Rizza M. |author9=Jackson J.|year=2010|title=Active tectonics of the east Alborz mountains, NE Iran: Rupture of the left-lateral Astaneh fault system during the great 856 A.D. Qumis earthquake|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|volume=115|issue=B12313|pages=B12313|doi=10.1029/2009JB007185|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/21778/1/Hollingsworth2010p12354J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf|access-date=15 October 2011|bibcode=2010JGRB..11512313H|s2cid=30506709 }}</ref> |
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The main active structure in the Qumis region is the Shahrud fault system, which extends for several hundred km. This zone of overall sinistral strike-slip consists of several fault strands, including the Damghan Fault, Northern Damghan Fault and the Astaneh Fault System, all of which lie within the epicentral area and show evidence of displacement during the [[Quaternary]] |
The main active structure in the Qumis region is the Shahrud fault system, which extends for several hundred km. This zone of overall sinistral strike-slip consists of several fault strands, including the Damghan Fault, Northern Damghan Fault, and the Astaneh Fault System, all of which lie within the epicentral area and show evidence of displacement during the [[Quaternary]].<ref name="Hollingsworth"/> |
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==Earthquake characteristics== |
==Earthquake characteristics== |
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The earthquake occurred at night. |
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The longest of the possible candidates for the source of the 856 earthquake is the 150 km long Astaneh Fault System. Trenching along one of the segments of the Astaneh Fault System has provided evidence of a significant earthquake along the fault that occurred well after 600 BC and before 1300 AD, consistent with the 856 event.<ref name="Hollingsworth"/> |
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Aftershocks affected the area for several years, probably including a damaging earthquake in western [[Khorasan Province|Khurasan]].<ref name="Nick"/> |
Aftershocks affected the area for several years, probably including a damaging earthquake in western [[Khorasan Province|Khurasan]].<ref name="Nick"/> |
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==Damage== |
==Damage== |
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The area of significant damage extended along the Alborz for about {{convert|350|km}}, including the towns of [[Ahevanu]], [[Astan]], [[Tash, Iran|Tash]], [[Bastam]] and [[Shahrud]], with almost all the villages in the area severely damaged. [[Hecatompylos]], now called Šahr-e Qumis, the former capital of [[Parthian Empire]], was destroyed. Half of Damghan and a third of the town of [[Bustam]] were also destroyed. The earthquake badly affected water supplies in the Qumis area, partly due to springs and [[qanat]]s drying up, but also because of landslides damming streams. The total death toll for the earthquake is reported as 200,000, with 45,096 casualties in Damghan alone.<ref name="Nick"/> |
The area of significant damage extended along the Alborz for about {{convert|350|km}}, including the towns of [[Ahevanu]], [[Astan]], [[Tash, Iran|Tash]], [[Bastam]] and [[Shahrud]], with almost all the villages in the area severely damaged. [[Hecatompylos]], now called Šahr-e Qumis, the former capital of the [[Parthian Empire]], was destroyed. Half of Damghan and a third of the town of [[Bustam]] were also destroyed. The earthquake badly affected water supplies in the Qumis area, partly due to springs and [[qanat]]s drying up, but also because of landslides damming streams. The total death toll for the earthquake is reported as 200,000, with 45,096 casualties in the district of Damghan alone.<ref name="Nick"/> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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Šahr-e Qumis was so badly damaged that it appears to have been abandoned following the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake were still visible in the area between Bastam and Damghan |
Šahr-e Qumis was so badly damaged that it appears to have been abandoned following the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake were still visible in the area between Bastam and Damghan two generations later .<ref name="Nick">{{cite book|last1=Ambraseys|first1=N.N.|author-link=Nicholas Ambraseys|last2=Melville|first2=C.P.|title=A History of Persian Earthquakes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JkfKub5vakC&pg=PA37|series=Cambridge Earth Science Series|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02187-6|page=37|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> |
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==Future seismic hazard== |
==Future seismic hazard== |
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From the results of trenching at a single site along the Astaneh Fault a repeat period of about 3,700 years has been estimated and no large earthquakes have been recorded in the Damghan area since 856. However, further trenching studies are needed to establish whether the entire length of the fault is typically involved in a rupture event, or whether shorter segments may be responsible for smaller (although damaging) earthquakes with a shorter recurrence period.<ref name="Hollingsworth"/> |
From the results of trenching at a single site along the Astaneh Fault, a repeat period of about 3,700 years has been estimated and no large earthquakes have been recorded in the Damghan area since 856. However, further trenching studies are needed to establish whether the entire length of the fault is typically involved in a rupture event, or whether shorter segments may be responsible for smaller (although damaging) earthquakes with a shorter recurrence period.<ref name="Hollingsworth"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{1st-millennium earthquakes}} |
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{{Earthquakes in Iran}} |
{{Earthquakes in Iran}} |
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[[Category:9th-century earthquakes]] |
[[Category:9th-century earthquakes]] |
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[[Category:856]] |
[[Category:856]] |
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[[Category:History of Semnan |
[[Category:History of Semnan province]] |
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[[Category:Earthquakes in Iran|0856 Damghan]] |
[[Category:Earthquakes in Iran|0856 Damghan]] |
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[[Category:9th century in Iran]] |
[[Category:9th century in Iran]] |
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[[Category:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:57, 3 November 2024
  | |
| Local date | 22 December 856 |
|---|---|
| Local time | At night |
| Magnitude | 7.9 Ms |
| Epicenter | 36°12′N 54°18′E / 36.2°N 54.3°E[1] |
| Fault | Astaneh Fault System |
| Type | Strike-slip |
| Areas affected | Iran |
| Max. intensity | MMI X (Extreme) |
| Casualties | 200,000 dead |
The 856 Damghan earthquake or the 856 Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH). The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9, and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The meizoseismal area (area of maximum damage) extended for about 350 kilometres (220 mi) along the southern edge of the eastern Alborz mountains of present-day Iran including parts of Tabaristan and Gorgan. The earthquake's epicenter is estimated to be close to the city of Damghan, which was then the capital of the Persian province of Qumis. It caused approximately 200,000 deaths and is listed by the USGS as the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history.[2] This death toll has been debated.[3]
Tectonic setting
[edit]Iran lies within the complex zone of continental collision between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate, which extends from the Bitlis-Zagros belt in the south to the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Apsheron-Balkan Sill and the Kopet Dag mountains in the north.[4] The epicentral area is located in the Alborz mountain range, in which oblique north–south shortening is accommodated by a combination of thrusting and sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip faulting.[5]
The main active structure in the Qumis region is the Shahrud fault system, which extends for several hundred km. This zone of overall sinistral strike-slip consists of several fault strands, including the Damghan Fault, Northern Damghan Fault, and the Astaneh Fault System, all of which lie within the epicentral area and show evidence of displacement during the Quaternary.[5]
Earthquake characteristics
[edit]The earthquake occurred at night.
The longest of the possible candidates for the source of the 856 earthquake is the 150 km long Astaneh Fault System. Trenching along one of the segments of the Astaneh Fault System has provided evidence of a significant earthquake along the fault that occurred well after 600 BC and before 1300 AD, consistent with the 856 event.[5]
Aftershocks affected the area for several years, probably including a damaging earthquake in western Khurasan.[6]
Damage
[edit]The area of significant damage extended along the Alborz for about 350 kilometres (220 mi), including the towns of Ahevanu, Astan, Tash, Bastam and Shahrud, with almost all the villages in the area severely damaged. Hecatompylos, now called Šahr-e Qumis, the former capital of the Parthian Empire, was destroyed. Half of Damghan and a third of the town of Bustam were also destroyed. The earthquake badly affected water supplies in the Qumis area, partly due to springs and qanats drying up, but also because of landslides damming streams. The total death toll for the earthquake is reported as 200,000, with 45,096 casualties in the district of Damghan alone.[6]
Aftermath
[edit]Šahr-e Qumis was so badly damaged that it appears to have been abandoned following the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake were still visible in the area between Bastam and Damghan two generations later .[6]
Future seismic hazard
[edit]From the results of trenching at a single site along the Astaneh Fault, a repeat period of about 3,700 years has been estimated and no large earthquakes have been recorded in the Damghan area since 856. However, further trenching studies are needed to establish whether the entire length of the fault is typically involved in a rupture event, or whether shorter segments may be responsible for smaller (although damaging) earthquakes with a shorter recurrence period.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". United States Geological Survey. 14 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Sorkhabi, Rasoul (21 December 2017). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Geological Society of America. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8137-2525-3.
- ^ Talebian, M.; Jackson J. (2004). "A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran". Geophysical Journal International. 156 (3). Royal Astronomical Society: 506–526. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.156..506T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x.
- ^ a b c d Hollingsworth, J.; Nazari H.; Ritz J.-F.; Salamati R.; Talebian M; Bahroudi A.; Walker R.T.; Rizza M.; Jackson J. (2010). "Active tectonics of the east Alborz mountains, NE Iran: Rupture of the left-lateral Astaneh fault system during the great 856 A.D. Qumis earthquake" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (B12313). American Geophysical Union: B12313. Bibcode:2010JGRB..11512313H. doi:10.1029/2009JB007185. S2CID 30506709. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ a b c Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.