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{{Infobox political party
'''Catholic Electoral Action''' ({{lang-pl|Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka}}), abbreviated as '''WAK''', was a [[right-wing]] electoral committee that participated in the [[Polish parliamentary election, 1991|1991 Polish parliamentary election]].The committee's members belonged to the [[Christian democratic]] and [[national conservative]] [[Christian National Union]].<ref name=Jasiewicz>{{cite journal|last=Jasiewicz|first=Krzysztof|title=From Solidarity to Fragmentation|journal=Journal of Democracy|date=1992|year=1992|month=April|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–69|doi=10.1353/jod.1992.0024|url=http://home.wlu.edu/~JasiewiczK/PDFs/JoD3.2jasiewicz.pdf|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> Led by [[Wiesław Chrzanowski]], Catholic Electoral Action won 49 seats in the [[Sejm]] and 9 seats in [[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senat]] during the 1991 poll. The committee enjoyed quasi support from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and received relatively strong support in rural areas.<ref name=Jasiewicz/> Following the election's conclusion, the Christian National Union disbanded its ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Catholic Electoral Action, sitting in parliament under the party's actual name.<ref name=Gebethner>{{cite book|last=Gebethner |first=Stanisław |editor-first=Paul G |editor-last=Lewis |title=Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Company |date=1996 |pages=120-133 |chapter=Parliamentary and Electoral Parties in Poland |isbn=1858982898}}</ref>
|name = Catholic Electoral Action
|native_name = Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka
|colorcode = {{party color|Catholic Electoral Action}}
|logo = [[File:Wyborcza_Akcja_Katolicka_logo.svg|130px]]
|leader =
|foundation = October 1990
|dissolution = November 1991
|ideology = [[National conservatism]]<ref>{{cite book |title=From Protest to Party The Transformation of Anti-Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe |first=Victor |last=Gomez |year=2014 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/68322/1/Gomez_Victor_201411_PhD_thesis.pdf |page=70 |publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref><br>[[Christian nationalism|National Catholicism]]<ref name="pluta">{{cite book |title=Legitimising Accession: Transformation Politics and Elite Consensus on EU Membership in Poland, 1989-2003 |first=Anna M. |last=Pluta |year=2010 |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2400/ |pages=78–83}}</ref><br />[[Political Catholicism]]<ref name="sozanska">{{cite book |title=Chrześcijańska demokracja w Polsce: Przyczyny słabości i szanse rozwoju |first=Dominika |last=Sozańska |publisher=Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego |location=Kraków |year=2011 |isbn=978-83-7571-125-7 |pages=115–144}}</ref><br>[[Pro-Europeanism]]<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Determinanty debaty politycznej nad kierunkami rozwoju oświaty w Polsce po 1989 roku |first=Krzysztof |last=Wojciechowski |degree=Doctor of Political Science |location=Poznań |year=2018 |url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/b57fea9b-fce7-4ea3-828f-d23c617d7d01/content |page=301 |language=pl}}</ref>
|position = [[Right-wing]]<ref name="kaminski">{{cite journal |title=Czy partie korzystają na manipulacjach systemem wyborczym? Ordynacje wyborcze i herestetyka w Polsce w latach 1989-1993 |language=pl |journal=Studia Socjologiczne |year=2002 |volume=165 |issue=2 |issn=0039-3371 |first=Marek M. |last=Kamiński |publisher=University of California |page=61}}</ref>
|youth_wing =
|affiliation1 = [[Christian National Union]]<br>Union of Catholic Laity<br>Christian Civic Movement<br>Federation of [[Kresy]] Organisations<br>Citizens' Committees
|affiliation1_title = Members
|headquarters = [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Catholic Electoral Action}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]<br>{{color box|000000|border=darkgray}} [[Black]]
|international =
|country = Poland
}}
'''Catholic Electoral Action''' ({{langx|pl|Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka}}), abbreviated as '''WAK''', was a [[right-wing]] electoral committee that participated in the [[1991 Polish parliamentary election]]. The committee was formed in October 1990 and consisted of 20 various groupings that split from [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]].<ref name="frieling"/> The committee's members belonged to the [[Christian nationalism|National-Catholic]] and [[national conservative]] [[Christian National Union]].<ref name=Jasiewicz>{{cite journal|last=Jasiewicz |first=Krzysztof |title=From Solidarity to Fragmentation |journal=Journal of Democracy |date=April 1992 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1353/jod.1992.0024 |s2cid=144365334 |url=http://home.wlu.edu/~JasiewiczK/PDFs/JoD3.2jasiewicz.pdf |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818043424/http://home.wlu.edu/~jasiewiczk/PDFs/JoD3.2jasiewicz.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref> Led by [[Wiesław Chrzanowski]], Catholic Electoral Action won 49 seats in the [[Sejm]] and 9 seats in [[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senat]] during the 1991 poll.<ref name="swider"/> The committee claimed support from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and received relatively strong support in rural areas.<ref name=Jasiewicz/> Following the election's conclusion, the Christian National Union disbanded its ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Catholic Electoral Action, sitting in parliament under the party's actual name.<ref name=Gebethner>{{cite book|last=Gebethner |first=Stanisław |editor-first=Paul G |editor-last=Lewis |title=Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Company |date=1996 |pages=120–133 |chapter=Parliamentary and Electoral Parties in Poland |isbn=1858982898}}</ref>

The coalition was [[Christian nationalism|National-Catholic]] and went beyond the tenets of [[Christian democracy]]. The Catholic Electoral Action argued that state policies in Poland should be based on Catholicism, and saw the Catholic Church as a "source" of the Polish nation and identity. The coalition sought to make Poland an explicitly Catholic nation and state.<ref name="sozanska"/> It condemned "materialist" and communist influences prevalent in Poland and argued that the instability and then downfall of the communist regime in the 1980s was caused by its attempt to remove Catholicism from public life.<ref name="kujawski"/> Despite presenting itself as a confessional party based on [[political Catholicism]], the Catholic Electoral Action was strongly supportive of free-market economy and had a staunchly pro-EU and pro-USA orientation, which ran contrary to the views and statements of the Polish Catholic Church.<ref name="pluta"/><ref name="kujawski"/>

==History==
The coalition was founded from the initiative of [[Christian National Union]], a Catholic-nationalist party founded in October 1989.<ref name="swider">{{cite journal |title=Polskie ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec Ukrainy w latach 1989-1999 |first=Konrad |last=Świder |publisher=Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie |journal=Studia Politologica. Ucraino-Polonia |volume=3 |year=2013 |page=19}}</ref> The Catholic Electoral Action was a merger of almost 20 small groups from the Polish trade union [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] and other patriotic movements, and was founded in October 1990. The main purpose of the coalition was to unite Polish parties that stood for "an appropriate position for the Catholic Church in public life".<ref name="frieling">{{cite book |title=Politische Parteien Polens nach 1989 |language=de |last=Niewiadomska-Frieling |first=Anna |year=2006 |doi=10.17169/refubium-5890 |page=70}}</ref>

The Catholic Electoral Action was a coalition of five parties and political associations: [[Christian National Union]] ({{langx|pl|Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe}}), Union of Catholic Laity ({{langx|pl|Unia Laikatu Katolickiego}}), Christian Civic Movement ({{langx|pl|Chrześcijański Ruch Obywatelski}}), Federation of [[Kresy]] Organizations ({{langx|pl|Federacja Organizacji Kresowych}}) and Citizens' Committees ({{langx|pl|Komitety Obywatelskie}}), out of which only the Christian National Union continued political activities after 1991. The Christian National Union was also the dominating force in the coalition.<ref name="christdem"/>

The Electoral Catholic Action was formed by lay Catholics, but under the aegis of Father [[:pl:Bogusław Bijak|Bogusław Bijak]], parish priest of the Roman Catholic parish in [[Wilanów]] (Warsaw).. The name of the committee was a clear signal to the public of the hierarchical Church's approval of this electoral initiative, although it is not known whether it was officially approved by the Church. No organisation is allowed to use the word 'Catholic' in its name without the express approval of the ecclesiastical authority. However, the fact that the local bishop, i.e. Primate Cardinal [[Józef Glemp]], had given such approval was never publicly confirmed or denied.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kościół katolicki wobec wyborów parlamentarnych w Polsce w 1991 roku |language=pl |first=Beata |last=Górowska |journal=Studia Politologiczne |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=203}}</ref>

The coalition made use of church infrastructure during the campaign, and stylized itself as a confessional party claiming the official support of the Catholic Church.<ref name="fras">{{cite book |title=The Catholic Church, Religion and Politics in Postcommunist Poland: Secularisation and Republicisation 1989-2007 |first=Maksymilian |last=Fras |year=2012 |publisher=ProQuest LLC |page=181}}</ref> While there was never an official endorsement of the Catholic Electoral Action by the Church, WAK nevertheless successfully made it seem like it was given official backing by the clergy. Particularly important was a statement made by a Polish bishop [[Józef Michalik]] that the coalition extensively cited in their campaign; Michalik recommended that "a Catholic has a duty to vote for a Catholic, a Christian for a Christian, a Muslim for a Muslim, a Jew for a Jew, a Freemason for a Freemason, a Communist for a Communist."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Spory światopoglądowe okresu transformacji |language=pl |first=Danuta |last=Waniek |journal=Studia Politologiczne |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=227}}</ref>

In the 1991 election, the coalition emerged as the third largest parliamentary grouping securing 8.79% of the vote and 49 deputies in the Sejm. In the Senate, the coalition won 9 seats, which meant 58 mandates in total.<ref name="swider"/> This was considered a disappointing result by the backers of the coalition, and was also alarming to the Catholic Church given how the Catholic Electoral Action openly sought its endorsement and utilised Church infrastructure during campaigning. From then on, the Catholic Church in Poland was more cautious in regards to its political statements.<ref name="christdem"/>

The coalition was spectacularly successful in [[Podlasie]] and [[Kurpie]] - in the [[Łomża Voivodeship]] it received 34.8% of the popular vote. Here, too, in the municipality of Brok, the coalition received as much as 56.6% of the vote. WAK also won the elections in the provinces of [[Ostrołęka]] (22.4%), [[Radom]] (17.2%) and [[Bielsko-Biała]] (14%). It received several percent of the vote each in the other provinces of north-eastern Poland, parts of Galicia and the provinces of [[Gorzów Voivodeship]], [[Zielona Góra]] and [[Leszno]], and to a lesser extent [[Jelenia Góra]] and [[Wałbrzych]].<ref name="zarycki"/>

Some WAK influence was also apparent in the Kashubian region. In the [[Białystok]] region, the list's area of popularity was quite clearly bounded on the eastern side by the already mentioned border line between Catholic and Orthodox areas. To the north, the WAK support was bordered extremely clearly by the former border of East Prussia. In the south, the area of WAK support stopped at the [[Bug (river)|Bug River]] line, while in the west it did not essentially reach the borders of [[Ciechanów]] province. The fewest votes for the WAK were cast in (culturally separate from Poland) [[Upper Silesia]] and parts of the [[Congress Kingdom]] ([[Płock]], [[Kielce]]) and in central Pomerania ([[Koszalin]]).<ref name="zarycki">{{cite journal |first=Tomasz |last=Zarycki |title=Nowa przestrzeń społeczno-polityczna Polski |language=pl |year=1997 |location=Warsaw |journal=Studia Regionalne i Lokalne |volume=23 |issue=56 |publisher=Europejski Instytut Rozwoju Regionalnego i Lokalnego |isbn=83-905393-8-1 |pages=87–88}}</ref>

Running from the Catholic Electoral Action list, ZChN chairman [[Wiesław Chrzanowski]] served as Speaker of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland during the first term of office. At that time, WAK deputies were part of government coalitions, co-founding the cabinets of [[Jan Olszewski]] (1991–1992) and [[Hanna Suchocka]] (1992–1993). During their time in the office, the deputies of the Catholic Electoral Action became particularly known for their efforts to push for a total ban on abortion.<ref name="fras"/>

In the [[1993 Polish parliamentary election]], the Christian National Union formed a similar coalition known as the [[Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"]]. This time, the Catholic Church emphasized that it does not endorse any party and asked Polish Catholics to vote with its conscience. The Catholic Electoral Committee nevertheless tried to work through Catholic organisation, and sough grassroots support in parishes and lay Catholic organisations. It won 6.37% of the popular vote, but won no seats, as after the 1991 election Sejm implemented an [[electoral threshold]] - 5% for political parties and 8% for electoral coalitions. The Catholic Electoral Committee counted as the latter.<ref name="stodolny">{{cite book |title=Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP |language=pl |last=Stodolny |first=Marek |date=24 June 2015 |publisher=Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu |location=Poznań |url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/items/64df5d7b-5655-40c1-8862-0591bd2bb021 |pages=161–164}}</ref>

==Electoral results==
===Sejm===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Election year
! # of<br />votes
! % of<br />vote
! # of<br />overall seats won
!Government
|-
! [[1991 Polish parliamentary election|1991]]
| 980,304
| 8.74 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|49|460|hex=#295989}}
|{{yes2|[[Cabinet of Jan Olszewski|Olszewski cabinet]]}}
|}

===Senate===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Election year
! # of<br />votes
! % of<br />vote
! # of<br />overall seats won
!Government
|-
! [[1991 Polish parliamentary election|1991]]
| 980,304
| 8.74 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|9|100|hex=#295989}}
|{{yes2|[[Cabinet of Jan Olszewski|Olszewski cabinet]]}}
|}

==Ideology==
The Catholic Electoral Action was described as a staunchly right-wing coalition,<ref name="kaminski"/> and was described as Catholic-nationalist.<ref name="pluta"/> It attempted to tie itself to the Catholic Church and its teaching as much as possible, and argued that public policy must be rooted in Catholicism and notions of "social solidarity".<ref name="christdem">{{cite journal |title=Why is there no christian democracy in Poland - And why should we care? |first1=Tim |last1=Bale |first2=Aleks |last2=Szczerbiak |year=2008 |journal=Party Politics |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=479–500 |doi=10.1177/1354068808090256}}</ref> The coalition was not considered an example of [[Christian democracy]], with Polish political scientist Dominika Sozańska noting that the Catholic Electoral Action was not only strongly ethno-nationalist, but also insisted on a "purely" Catholic national order instead of a synthesis of Christian and democratic values. In its program, WAK argued that Catholicism is the essence and overarching feature of Polish nation and culture, promoting the cultural concept of "Pole = Catholic". The coalition argue that the [[Catholic social teaching]] is the basis of maintaining social strength and identity, and called Catholic faith and the Catholic Church "the source of the Polish nation and state".<ref name="sozanska"/>

The Catholic Electoral Action postulated a "Catholic social order" in Poland. Elaborating on this concept, the coalition wrote:
{{Blockquote|text=The social order understood in a Catholic way is the order of love. Everyone is a neighbour, but we have special duties towards our own family, then towards the nation as a family of families, then towards humanity. The Christian state should ensure freedom for man, for families the conditions of development and the right to bring up children in accordance with the professed values, for the nation - security. A Catholic Poland should be a state of justice and solidarity transcending group interests.<ref name="sozanska"/>}}

In its program declaration, the Catholic Electoral Action emphasised the role and importance of rebuilding national culture and public morality, proposing the restoration of "principles of social discipline, honesty, individual and group solidity". It stated that "this was how the generation of independent Poland, the generation of the [[Warsaw Uprising]], which had survived communism and passed on Christian and national values to us, had been brought up". In the coalition's view, it was necessary to foster social initiatives supporting the development of national culture through the law on foundations and tax policy, and in turn to oppose the spread of evil and violence in the social media. It demanded a return in school curricula and mass media to the values that had shaped the civic sense of Poles, a change in school textbooks and a reorientation of teachers.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Polityka kulturalna w polskiej myśli politycznej po 1989 roku na przykładzie programów partii i ugrupowań politycznych w wyborach parlamentarnych 1991 roku |language=pl |first=Krzysztof |last=Prętki |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2020 |pages=217–234 |issn=2657-7704 |doi=10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(12) |journal=Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego}}</ref>

The Catholic Electoral Action emphasised that Catholic and national principles must constitute the foundation of an independent Polish state, the reconstruction of which after the period of the [[People's Republic of Poland]] was considered the main challenge for Polish society, according to the coalition. The coalition defined the Polish nation as "a family of families" and stated that it should be protected from 'materialist' and communist influences. The coalition also sought a change in school textbooks and a reorientation of teachers, especially in the context of teaching Polish language, history or social sciences. It was also stated with concern that in Poland at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s attempts were being made to eliminate the church and religion from public life. The coalition also argued that Poland must be a unitary state and opposed all provisions and legal provisions that could "enable separatism".<ref name="kujawski"/>

WAK also formulated the demand to recover national assets that had been illegally appropriated by both political and economic structures originating from the former communist rule. In addition, there was an emphasis on bringing consequences to those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The need for necessary personnel and structural changes in institutions such as the police and special services was also pointed out. It was stressed, however, that the above-mentioned demands were not dictated by a desire for retaliation, but by the need to restore an individual, social and national sense of security in a state in which citizens should feel themselves to be the hosts. The coalition also wrote about the need to decommunify structures of importance to the state, as well as to try those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The functionaries of the former secret services were to be deprived of pension and disability benefits.<ref name="kujawski"/>

In regards to foreign policy, WAK strongly emphasised the need for Poland's integration into Western structures. It called for the fastest possible incorporation of the Republic of Poland into the pan-European security system, while emphasising the need to remove stationed Soviet troops from the country's territory. Poland's main foreign partners in the region were considered to be Hungary and Czechoslovakia, with whom it was declared that economic, military and political cooperation would be strengthened. The declaration also included acceptance of the national (or independence) aspirations of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. However, the obligation to protect and support the Polish population living in the mentioned territories was highlighted.<ref name="kujawski"/>

The coalition also emphasized the need to develop and maintain good and very close relations with the United States, with the coalition regarding the US as a vanguard of "stability and security on the European continent". This strongly pro-American and pro-European stance ran contrary to other Catholic groupings and the remarks of Polish Catholic clergy itself, which argued for an independent foreign policy, warning that Poland should avoid alienating Russia and beware of Western domination of Polish markets.<ref name="kujawski">{{cite book |title=Poza głównym nurtem. Próby odtworzenia idei narodowej w Polsce po 1989 r. |language=pl |first=Jan Michał |last=Kujawski |location=Warsaw |year=2022 |url=https://depotuw.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/item/4402/0000-DR-14863-praca.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Uniwersytet Warszawski |pages=55–79}}</ref>

On economical matters, the Catholic Electoral Action put forward a postulate based on free market economy and strongly supported private ownership, although it proposed regulations such as protection for domestic industries and agriculture, and welfare measures which would allow women to not participate in labor force and be given a state pension as homemakers, if they wished so.<ref name="pluta"/> The free-market approach of the coalition contradicted its Catholic-nationalist reputation, especially in the wake of statements made by [[Pope John Paul II]], who stated that the entire Catholic tradition is "in clear opposition to capitalism as a socioeconomic system as well as a general system of values", condemning it as a system that "enables the powerful to exploit the weak, hiding their often brutal egoism behind so-called iron laws of economics" and asserting that it is the "living opposite of the Gospel" and an "unethical form of exploitation of the natural law of ownership".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Karol Wojtyła's Katolicka Etyka Społeczna as Precursor and Hermeneutic Key to Pope John Paul II's Economic Teaching |author=Gerald J. Beyer |doi=10.1111/ajes.12358 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=1111–1145 |year=2020|s2cid=225220363 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Polish political parties}}


[[Category:Political parties in Poland]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in Poland]]

[[Category:Catholic political parties]]
{{poland-party-stub}}
[[Category:Conservative parties in Poland]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Poland]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]
[[Category:Catholic nationalism]]
[[Category:National Democracy]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 4 November 2024

Catholic Electoral Action
Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka
FoundedOctober 1990
DissolvedNovember 1991
HeadquartersWarsaw, Poland
IdeologyNational conservatism[1]
National Catholicism[2]
Political Catholicism[3]
Pro-Europeanism[4]
Political positionRight-wing[5]
MembersChristian National Union
Union of Catholic Laity
Christian Civic Movement
Federation of Kresy Organisations
Citizens' Committees
Colours  Blue
  Black

Catholic Electoral Action (Polish: Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka), abbreviated as WAK, was a right-wing electoral committee that participated in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election. The committee was formed in October 1990 and consisted of 20 various groupings that split from Solidarity.[6] The committee's members belonged to the National-Catholic and national conservative Christian National Union.[7] Led by Wiesław Chrzanowski, Catholic Electoral Action won 49 seats in the Sejm and 9 seats in Senat during the 1991 poll.[8] The committee claimed support from the Roman Catholic Church and received relatively strong support in rural areas.[7] Following the election's conclusion, the Christian National Union disbanded its nom de guerre Catholic Electoral Action, sitting in parliament under the party's actual name.[9]

The coalition was National-Catholic and went beyond the tenets of Christian democracy. The Catholic Electoral Action argued that state policies in Poland should be based on Catholicism, and saw the Catholic Church as a "source" of the Polish nation and identity. The coalition sought to make Poland an explicitly Catholic nation and state.[3] It condemned "materialist" and communist influences prevalent in Poland and argued that the instability and then downfall of the communist regime in the 1980s was caused by its attempt to remove Catholicism from public life.[10] Despite presenting itself as a confessional party based on political Catholicism, the Catholic Electoral Action was strongly supportive of free-market economy and had a staunchly pro-EU and pro-USA orientation, which ran contrary to the views and statements of the Polish Catholic Church.[2][10]

History

[edit]

The coalition was founded from the initiative of Christian National Union, a Catholic-nationalist party founded in October 1989.[8] The Catholic Electoral Action was a merger of almost 20 small groups from the Polish trade union Solidarity and other patriotic movements, and was founded in October 1990. The main purpose of the coalition was to unite Polish parties that stood for "an appropriate position for the Catholic Church in public life".[6]

The Catholic Electoral Action was a coalition of five parties and political associations: Christian National Union (Polish: Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe), Union of Catholic Laity (Polish: Unia Laikatu Katolickiego), Christian Civic Movement (Polish: Chrześcijański Ruch Obywatelski), Federation of Kresy Organizations (Polish: Federacja Organizacji Kresowych) and Citizens' Committees (Polish: Komitety Obywatelskie), out of which only the Christian National Union continued political activities after 1991. The Christian National Union was also the dominating force in the coalition.[11]

The Electoral Catholic Action was formed by lay Catholics, but under the aegis of Father Bogusław Bijak, parish priest of the Roman Catholic parish in Wilanów (Warsaw).. The name of the committee was a clear signal to the public of the hierarchical Church's approval of this electoral initiative, although it is not known whether it was officially approved by the Church. No organisation is allowed to use the word 'Catholic' in its name without the express approval of the ecclesiastical authority. However, the fact that the local bishop, i.e. Primate Cardinal Józef Glemp, had given such approval was never publicly confirmed or denied.[12]

The coalition made use of church infrastructure during the campaign, and stylized itself as a confessional party claiming the official support of the Catholic Church.[13] While there was never an official endorsement of the Catholic Electoral Action by the Church, WAK nevertheless successfully made it seem like it was given official backing by the clergy. Particularly important was a statement made by a Polish bishop Józef Michalik that the coalition extensively cited in their campaign; Michalik recommended that "a Catholic has a duty to vote for a Catholic, a Christian for a Christian, a Muslim for a Muslim, a Jew for a Jew, a Freemason for a Freemason, a Communist for a Communist."[14]

In the 1991 election, the coalition emerged as the third largest parliamentary grouping securing 8.79% of the vote and 49 deputies in the Sejm. In the Senate, the coalition won 9 seats, which meant 58 mandates in total.[8] This was considered a disappointing result by the backers of the coalition, and was also alarming to the Catholic Church given how the Catholic Electoral Action openly sought its endorsement and utilised Church infrastructure during campaigning. From then on, the Catholic Church in Poland was more cautious in regards to its political statements.[11]

The coalition was spectacularly successful in Podlasie and Kurpie - in the Łomża Voivodeship it received 34.8% of the popular vote. Here, too, in the municipality of Brok, the coalition received as much as 56.6% of the vote. WAK also won the elections in the provinces of Ostrołęka (22.4%), Radom (17.2%) and Bielsko-Biała (14%). It received several percent of the vote each in the other provinces of north-eastern Poland, parts of Galicia and the provinces of Gorzów Voivodeship, Zielona Góra and Leszno, and to a lesser extent Jelenia Góra and Wałbrzych.[15]

Some WAK influence was also apparent in the Kashubian region. In the Białystok region, the list's area of popularity was quite clearly bounded on the eastern side by the already mentioned border line between Catholic and Orthodox areas. To the north, the WAK support was bordered extremely clearly by the former border of East Prussia. In the south, the area of WAK support stopped at the Bug River line, while in the west it did not essentially reach the borders of Ciechanów province. The fewest votes for the WAK were cast in (culturally separate from Poland) Upper Silesia and parts of the Congress Kingdom (Płock, Kielce) and in central Pomerania (Koszalin).[15]

Running from the Catholic Electoral Action list, ZChN chairman Wiesław Chrzanowski served as Speaker of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland during the first term of office. At that time, WAK deputies were part of government coalitions, co-founding the cabinets of Jan Olszewski (1991–1992) and Hanna Suchocka (1992–1993). During their time in the office, the deputies of the Catholic Electoral Action became particularly known for their efforts to push for a total ban on abortion.[13]

In the 1993 Polish parliamentary election, the Christian National Union formed a similar coalition known as the Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland". This time, the Catholic Church emphasized that it does not endorse any party and asked Polish Catholics to vote with its conscience. The Catholic Electoral Committee nevertheless tried to work through Catholic organisation, and sough grassroots support in parishes and lay Catholic organisations. It won 6.37% of the popular vote, but won no seats, as after the 1991 election Sejm implemented an electoral threshold - 5% for political parties and 8% for electoral coalitions. The Catholic Electoral Committee counted as the latter.[16]

Electoral results

[edit]

Sejm

[edit]
Election year # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		Government
1991 980,304 8.74 (#3)
49 / 460
 Olszewski cabinet

Senate

[edit]
Election year # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		Government
1991 980,304 8.74 (#5)
9 / 100
 Olszewski cabinet

Ideology

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The Catholic Electoral Action was described as a staunchly right-wing coalition,[5] and was described as Catholic-nationalist.[2] It attempted to tie itself to the Catholic Church and its teaching as much as possible, and argued that public policy must be rooted in Catholicism and notions of "social solidarity".[11] The coalition was not considered an example of Christian democracy, with Polish political scientist Dominika Sozańska noting that the Catholic Electoral Action was not only strongly ethno-nationalist, but also insisted on a "purely" Catholic national order instead of a synthesis of Christian and democratic values. In its program, WAK argued that Catholicism is the essence and overarching feature of Polish nation and culture, promoting the cultural concept of "Pole = Catholic". The coalition argue that the Catholic social teaching is the basis of maintaining social strength and identity, and called Catholic faith and the Catholic Church "the source of the Polish nation and state".[3]

The Catholic Electoral Action postulated a "Catholic social order" in Poland. Elaborating on this concept, the coalition wrote:

The social order understood in a Catholic way is the order of love. Everyone is a neighbour, but we have special duties towards our own family, then towards the nation as a family of families, then towards humanity. The Christian state should ensure freedom for man, for families the conditions of development and the right to bring up children in accordance with the professed values, for the nation - security. A Catholic Poland should be a state of justice and solidarity transcending group interests.[3]

In its program declaration, the Catholic Electoral Action emphasised the role and importance of rebuilding national culture and public morality, proposing the restoration of "principles of social discipline, honesty, individual and group solidity". It stated that "this was how the generation of independent Poland, the generation of the Warsaw Uprising, which had survived communism and passed on Christian and national values to us, had been brought up". In the coalition's view, it was necessary to foster social initiatives supporting the development of national culture through the law on foundations and tax policy, and in turn to oppose the spread of evil and violence in the social media. It demanded a return in school curricula and mass media to the values that had shaped the civic sense of Poles, a change in school textbooks and a reorientation of teachers.[17]

The Catholic Electoral Action emphasised that Catholic and national principles must constitute the foundation of an independent Polish state, the reconstruction of which after the period of the People's Republic of Poland was considered the main challenge for Polish society, according to the coalition. The coalition defined the Polish nation as "a family of families" and stated that it should be protected from 'materialist' and communist influences. The coalition also sought a change in school textbooks and a reorientation of teachers, especially in the context of teaching Polish language, history or social sciences. It was also stated with concern that in Poland at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s attempts were being made to eliminate the church and religion from public life. The coalition also argued that Poland must be a unitary state and opposed all provisions and legal provisions that could "enable separatism".[10]

WAK also formulated the demand to recover national assets that had been illegally appropriated by both political and economic structures originating from the former communist rule. In addition, there was an emphasis on bringing consequences to those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The need for necessary personnel and structural changes in institutions such as the police and special services was also pointed out. It was stressed, however, that the above-mentioned demands were not dictated by a desire for retaliation, but by the need to restore an individual, social and national sense of security in a state in which citizens should feel themselves to be the hosts. The coalition also wrote about the need to decommunify structures of importance to the state, as well as to try those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The functionaries of the former secret services were to be deprived of pension and disability benefits.[10]

In regards to foreign policy, WAK strongly emphasised the need for Poland's integration into Western structures. It called for the fastest possible incorporation of the Republic of Poland into the pan-European security system, while emphasising the need to remove stationed Soviet troops from the country's territory. Poland's main foreign partners in the region were considered to be Hungary and Czechoslovakia, with whom it was declared that economic, military and political cooperation would be strengthened. The declaration also included acceptance of the national (or independence) aspirations of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. However, the obligation to protect and support the Polish population living in the mentioned territories was highlighted.[10]

The coalition also emphasized the need to develop and maintain good and very close relations with the United States, with the coalition regarding the US as a vanguard of "stability and security on the European continent". This strongly pro-American and pro-European stance ran contrary to other Catholic groupings and the remarks of Polish Catholic clergy itself, which argued for an independent foreign policy, warning that Poland should avoid alienating Russia and beware of Western domination of Polish markets.[10]

On economical matters, the Catholic Electoral Action put forward a postulate based on free market economy and strongly supported private ownership, although it proposed regulations such as protection for domestic industries and agriculture, and welfare measures which would allow women to not participate in labor force and be given a state pension as homemakers, if they wished so.[2] The free-market approach of the coalition contradicted its Catholic-nationalist reputation, especially in the wake of statements made by Pope John Paul II, who stated that the entire Catholic tradition is "in clear opposition to capitalism as a socioeconomic system as well as a general system of values", condemning it as a system that "enables the powerful to exploit the weak, hiding their often brutal egoism behind so-called iron laws of economics" and asserting that it is the "living opposite of the Gospel" and an "unethical form of exploitation of the natural law of ownership".[18]

References

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  1. ^ Gomez, Victor (2014). From Protest to Party The Transformation of Anti-Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 70.
  2. ^ a b c d Pluta, Anna M. (2010). Legitimising Accession: Transformation Politics and Elite Consensus on EU Membership in Poland, 1989-2003. ProQuest LLC. pp. 78–83.
  3. ^ a b c d Sozańska, Dominika (2011). Chrześcijańska demokracja w Polsce: Przyczyny słabości i szanse rozwoju. Kraków: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego. pp. 115–144. ISBN 978-83-7571-125-7.
  4. ^ Wojciechowski, Krzysztof (2018). Determinanty debaty politycznej nad kierunkami rozwoju oświaty w Polsce po 1989 roku (Doctor of Political Science thesis) (in Polish). Poznań. p. 301.
  5. ^ a b Kamiński, Marek M. (2002). "Czy partie korzystają na manipulacjach systemem wyborczym? Ordynacje wyborcze i herestetyka w Polsce w latach 1989-1993". Studia Socjologiczne (in Polish). 165 (2). University of California: 61. ISSN 0039-3371.
  6. ^ a b Niewiadomska-Frieling, Anna (2006). Politische Parteien Polens nach 1989 (in German). p. 70. doi:10.17169/refubium-5890.
  7. ^ a b Jasiewicz, Krzysztof (April 1992). "From Solidarity to Fragmentation" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 3 (2): 55–69. doi:10.1353/jod.1992.0024. S2CID 144365334. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  8. ^ a b c Świder, Konrad (2013). "Polskie ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec Ukrainy w latach 1989-1999". Studia Politologica. Ucraino-Polonia. 3. Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie: 19.
  9. ^ Gebethner, Stanisław (1996). "Parliamentary and Electoral Parties in Poland". In Lewis, Paul G (ed.). Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Company. pp. 120–133. ISBN 1858982898.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Kujawski, Jan Michał (2022). Poza głównym nurtem. Próby odtworzenia idei narodowej w Polsce po 1989 r. (PDF) (in Polish). Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski. pp. 55–79.
  11. ^ a b c Bale, Tim; Szczerbiak, Aleks (2008). "Why is there no christian democracy in Poland - And why should we care?". Party Politics. 14 (4): 479–500. doi:10.1177/1354068808090256.
  12. ^ Górowska, Beata. "Kościół katolicki wobec wyborów parlamentarnych w Polsce w 1991 roku". Studia Politologiczne (in Polish). 22 (1): 203.
  13. ^ a b Fras, Maksymilian (2012). The Catholic Church, Religion and Politics in Postcommunist Poland: Secularisation and Republicisation 1989-2007. ProQuest LLC. p. 181.
  14. ^ Waniek, Danuta. "Spory światopoglądowe okresu transformacji". Studia Politologiczne (in Polish). 23 (1): 227.
  15. ^ a b Zarycki, Tomasz (1997). "Nowa przestrzeń społeczno-polityczna Polski". Studia Regionalne i Lokalne (in Polish). 23 (56). Warsaw: Europejski Instytut Rozwoju Regionalnego i Lokalnego: 87–88. ISBN 83-905393-8-1.
  16. ^ Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015). Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP (in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. pp. 161–164.
  17. ^ Prętki, Krzysztof (2020). "Polityka kulturalna w polskiej myśli politycznej po 1989 roku na przykładzie programów partii i ugrupowań politycznych w wyborach parlamentarnych 1991 roku". Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego (in Polish). 12 (1): 217–234. doi:10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(12). ISSN 2657-7704.
  18. ^ Gerald J. Beyer (2020). "Karol Wojtyła's Katolicka Etyka Społeczna as Precursor and Hermeneutic Key to Pope John Paul II's Economic Teaching". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 79 (4): 1111–1145. doi:10.1111/ajes.12358. S2CID 225220363.
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