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{{short description|Sand}}
'''Chol''' ({{lang-he|ח֗וֹל}}), in most passages of the Hebrew Bible, is a word for sand.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. &#91;Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger&#93;.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=58|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref>
'''Chol''' ({{langx|he|חוֹל}} ''ḥōl''), in most passages of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is a word for sand.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. &#91;Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger&#93;.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=58|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref>


The [[leningrad Codex|Westminster Leningrad Codex]] reads:{{Quote |text={{script|Hebr|אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝כַח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים׃}} |source={{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WLC|Job 29:18 (WLC)}}}}
The [[Leningrad Codex]] reads:{{Quote |text={{script|Hebr|אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝כַח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים׃}}<br>''’omar ‘im-qinni ’egva‘; vekha'''chol''', ’arbeh yamim.''|source={{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WLC|Job 29:18 (WLC)}}}}


⚫
In the Greek [[Septuagint]] (circa 200 BCE), the translators used the [[Ancient Greek]] expression στέλεχος φοίνικος (stélechos phoínikos, "stem/trunk of a palm tree") when they reached the Hebrew ''chol'' in Job 29.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/septuagint-lxx/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/?tx_buhbibelmodul_bibletext%5Bscripture%5D=Job+29%3A18|title=Job 29:18|date=8 March 2017|website=Academic Bible|publisher=German Bible Society}} (see also the dictionary definition of [[:wiktionary:στέλεχος|στέλεχος]], [[:wiktionary:φοῖνιξ|φοῖνιξ]] and [[:wiktionary:Φοῖνιξ|Φοῖνιξ]] at Wiktionary)</ref> Similarly, the Latin [[Vulgate]] (circa 400 CE), uses ''palma'' (Latin for "palm tree").<ref>See the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=VULGATE Vulgate], and its translation into English in the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=DRA Douai-Rheims Bible].</ref>
⚫
In one English translation, this reads:{{Quote |text=Then I thought, ‘I shall die in my nest,
⚫
and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix;
⚫
-- ''New Revised Standard Version}}


⚫
A number of English translations use the term "[[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]"<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|CJB|CJB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LEB|LEB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NABRE|NABRE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSV|NRSV}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVA|NRSVA}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVACE|NRSVACE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVCE|NRSVCE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WYC|WYC}}.</ref> in this verse, while the [[King James Version]] and the German language [[Luther Bible]] use "Sand".<ref>{{br-separated entries |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LUTH1545|LUTH1545}}: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“ |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|KJV|KJV}}: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.}}</ref>
⚫
In the Greek [[Septuagint]] (circa 200 BCE), the translators used the [[Ancient Greek]] expression στέλεχος φοίνικος (stélechos phoínikos, "stem/trunk of a palm tree") when they reached the Hebrew ''chol'' in Job 29.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/septuagint-lxx/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/?tx_buhbibelmodul_bibletext%5Bscripture%5D=Job+29%3A18|title=Job 29:18|last=|first=|date=8 March 2017|website=Academic Bible|publisher=German Bible Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} (see also the dictionary definition of [[:wiktionary:στέλεχος|στέλεχος]], [[:wiktionary:φοῖνιξ|φοῖνιξ]] and [[:wiktionary:Φοῖνιξ|Φοῖνιξ]] at Wiktionary)</ref> Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (circa 400 CE), uses ''palma'' (Latin for "palm tree").<ref>See the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=VULGATE Vulgate], and its translation into English in the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=DRA Douai-Rheims Bible].</ref>


⚫
In the [[New Revised Standard Version]] this reads:
⚫
A number of English translations use the term "phoenix"<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|CJB|CJB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LEB|LEB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NABRE|NABRE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSV|NRSV}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVA|NRSVA}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVACE|NRSVACE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVCE|NRSVCE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WYC|WYC}}.</ref> in this verse, while the [[King James Version]] and the [[Luther Bible]] use "sand" (German "Sand").<ref>{{br-separated entries |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LUTH1545|LUTH1545}}: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“ |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|KJV|KJV}}: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.}}</ref>
⚫
{{Quote |text=Then I thought, ‘I shall die in my nest,
⚫
and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix;}}


Modern scholars have differed in their understanding of Job 29:18. Roelof Van den Broek (1971) believed that "sand" was the most appropriate interpretation in this verse, following the usage in other verses. On his interpretation, "multiply my days like the sand" would be a metaphor for a long life.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. &#91;Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger&#93;.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=58-60|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref> On the other hand, Mitchell Dahood (1974) argued in favor of the interpretation "phoenix" on the basis of parallels between Job and Ugaritic texts.<ref>Dahood, Mitchell. “ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88., www.jstor.org/stable/43713645.</ref>
Modern scholars have differed in their understanding of Job 29:18. [[Roel van den Broek|Roelof Van den Broek]] (1971) believed that "sand" was the most appropriate interpretation in this verse, following the usage in other verses. On his interpretation, "multiply my days like the sand" would be a metaphor for a long life.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. &#91;Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger&#93;.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=58–60|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Mitchell Dahood]] (1974) argued in favor of the interpretation "phoenix" on the basis of parallels between Job and [[Ugaritic texts]].<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 43713645|title = Ḥôl "phoenix" in Job 29:18 and in Ugaritic|last1 = Dahood|first1 = Mitchell|journal = The Catholic Biblical Quarterly|year = 1974|volume = 36|issue = 1|pages = 85–88}}</ref>


The understanding of ''chol'' as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.<ref>Slifkin (2007:235-238).</ref>
The understanding of ''chol'' as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.<ref>Slifkin (2007:235–238).</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*Dahood, Mitchell. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/43713645 ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC].” ''The Catholic Biblical Quarterly'', vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88.
* {{cite journal |jstor = 43713645|title = Ḥôl "phoenix" in Job 29:18 and in Ugaritic|last1 = Dahood|first1 = Mitchell|journal = The Catholic Biblical Quarterly|year = 1974|volume = 36|issue = 1|pages = 85–88}}
⚫
* Slifkin, Natan (2007). ''Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash''. [[Zoo Torah]]. {{ISBN|978-1933143187}}
⚫
*Lecocq, Françoise (2014). Y a-t-il un phénix dans la Bible ? À propos de Job 29:18, de Tertullien, ''De resurrectione carnis'' 13, et d’Ambroise, ''De excessu fratris'' 2, 59, ''Kentron'' 30, 2014, pp. 55–81 (https://journals.openedition.org/kentron/463).
⚫
*Van den Broek, Roelof (1971). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58 The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions … Door Roelof Van Den Broek. Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger]'' Brill Archive. pp. 58–60.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{refbegin}}
{{Book of Job}}
⚫
* Slifkin, Natan (2007). ''Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash''. [[Zoo Torah]]. {{ISBN|9781933143187}}
{{refend}}
{{refbegin}}
⚫
*Lecocq, Françoise (2014). « Y a-t-il un phénix dans la Bible ? À propos de Job 29:18, de Tertullien, ''De resurrectione carnis'' 13, et d’Ambroise, ''De excessu fratris'' 2, 59 », ''Kentron'' 30, 2014, p. 55-81.
{{refend}}
{{refbegin}}
⚫
*Van den Broak, R (1971). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58 The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions . . . Door Roelof Van Den Broeak. Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger]'' Brill Archive. p. 58-60.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Animals in the Bible]]
[[Category:Animals in the Bible]]
[[Category:Biblical figures in rabbinic literature]]
[[Category:Book of Job]]
[[Category:Book of Job]]
[[Category:Christian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Christian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Immortality]]
[[Category:Jewish folklore]]
[[Category:Jewish folklore]]
[[Category:Jewish legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Jewish legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Jewish mysticism]]
[[Category:Phoenix birds]]
[[Category:Jewish mythology]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Legendary birds]]

Latest revision as of 10:31, 4 November 2024

Chol (Hebrew: חוֹל ḥōl), in most passages of the Hebrew Bible, is a word for sand.[1]

The Leningrad Codex reads:

אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝כַח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים׃‎
’omar ‘im-qinni ’egva‘; vekhachol, ’arbeh yamim.

— Job 29:18 (WLC)

In the Greek Septuagint (circa 200 BCE), the translators used the Ancient Greek expression στέλεχος φοίνικος (stélechos phoínikos, "stem/trunk of a palm tree") when they reached the Hebrew chol in Job 29.[2] Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (circa 400 CE), uses palma (Latin for "palm tree").[3]

A number of English translations use the term "phoenix"[4] in this verse, while the King James Version and the German language Luther Bible use "Sand".[5]

In the New Revised Standard Version this reads:

Then I thought, ‘I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix;

Modern scholars have differed in their understanding of Job 29:18. Roelof Van den Broek (1971) believed that "sand" was the most appropriate interpretation in this verse, following the usage in other verses. On his interpretation, "multiply my days like the sand" would be a metaphor for a long life.[6] On the other hand, Mitchell Dahood (1974) argued in favor of the interpretation "phoenix" on the basis of parallels between Job and Ugaritic texts.[7]

The understanding of chol as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.[8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ R. Van den Broek (1971). The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger]. Brill Archive. p. 58. GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q.
  2. ^ "Job 29:18". Academic Bible. German Bible Society. 8 March 2017. (see also the dictionary definition of στέλεχος, φοῖνιξ and Φοῖνιξ at Wiktionary)
  3. ^ See the Vulgate, and its translation into English in the Douai-Rheims Bible.
  4. ^ CJB, LEB, NABRE, NRSV, NRSVA, NRSVACE, NRSVCE, WYC.
  5. ^ LUTH1545: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“
    KJV: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.
  6. ^ R. Van den Broek (1971). The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutch by I. Seeger]. Brill Archive. pp. 58–60. GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q.
  7. ^ Dahood, Mitchell (1974). "Ḥôl "phoenix" in Job 29:18 and in Ugaritic". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 36 (1): 85–88. JSTOR 43713645.
  8. ^ Slifkin (2007:235–238).

References

[edit]
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