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| founder = [[Abdullah Cevdet]]
| founder = [[Abdullah Cevdet]]
| founded = 1904
| founded = 1904
| firstdate = September 1904
| firstdate = 1 September 1904
| finaldate = December 1932
| finaldate = December 1932
| country = {{ubl|Switzerland|[[Khedivate of Egypt]]|[[Ottoman Empire]]}}
| country = {{ubl|Switzerland|[[Khedivate of Egypt]]|[[Ottoman Empire]]|Turkey}}
| based = {{ubl|Geneva|Cairo|Istanbul}}
| based = {{ubl|Geneva|Cairo|Istanbul}}
| language = [[Ottoman Turkish]]
| language = [[Ottoman Turkish]]
| oclc =
| oclc =
}}
}}
'''''İctihad''''' was a cultural and political magazine which was started and published by [[Abdullah Cevdet]], an Ottoman intellectual. It was established in Geneva, Switzeland, in 1904 and then appeared in Cairo. The magazine was headquartered in Istanbul between 1911 and 1932.
'''''İctihad''''' ({{langx|tr|Public opinion}}) was a cultural and political magazine which was started and published by [[Abdullah Cevdet]], an Ottoman intellectual. It was established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1904 and then appeared in Cairo. The magazine was headquartered in Istanbul between 1911 and 1932.


==History and profile==
==History and profile==
''İctihad'' was first published in Geneva in September 1904 featuring both Turkish and French articles.<ref name=atan/> Its founder and editor was Abdullah Cevdet who founded it with the financial support of Ahmed Celâleddin Pasha.<ref name=yunem/> Cevdet was expelled from Switzerland after the publication of the ''İctihad''{{'}} second issue and then, the magazine was managed by Hüseyin Tosun for a while.<ref name=ahfah>{{cite thesis|author=Ahmet Fatih Ceyhan |title=Accommodating islam and modernity: The case of Abdullah Cevdet's Ictihad (1904-1926)|location=[[Istanbul Şehir University]]|url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=8QcriondKSznOej9CRw79Q&no=OZ5UqKfradRrEBce24swQg|page=32|degree=MA
''İctihad'' was first published in Geneva on 1 September 1904 featuring both Turkish and French articles.<ref name=atan/><ref name=creel/> Its founder and editor was Abdullah Cevdet who founded it with the financial support of Ahmed Celâleddin Pasha.<ref name=yunem/> Cevdet was given permission by the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Swiss government]] to start the magazine in August 1904.<ref name=creel/> He was a member of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] and was in exile in Geneva.<ref name=ayse>{{cite journal|author=Ayşe Polat|title=A Conflict on Baha'ism and Islam in 1922: Abdullah Cevdet and State Religious Agencies| doi=10.12658/human.society.5.10.M0156|journal=The Journal of Human & Society
|volume=5|issue=10|year=2015|pages=31,33|doi-access=free}}</ref> He was expelled from Switzerland after the publication of the ''İctihad''{{'}}s second issue and then, the magazine was managed by Hüseyin Tosun for a while.<ref name=ahfah>{{cite thesis|author=Ahmet Fatih Ceyhan|year=2019
⚫
|year=2019}}</ref> The magazine moved to Cairo in 1906 where it was published until 1908.<ref name=isan/> It was restarted in Istanbul in 1911.<ref name=yunem/>
|title=Accommodating islam and modernity: The case of Abdullah Cevdet's Ictihad (1904-1926)|location=[[Istanbul Şehir University]]|pages=32,35
⚫
|degree=MA|url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=8QcriondKSznOej9CRw79Q&no=OZ5UqKfradRrEBce24swQg}}</ref> The magazine moved to Cairo in 1906 where it was published until 1908.<ref name=creel/><ref name=isan/> It was restarted in Istanbul in 1911.<ref name=yunem/>


The frequency of ''İctihad'' was monthly until 1906. It appeared on a biweekly basis in Cairo. It was redesigned as a weekly magazine from the issue 50 in Istanbul. However, it also came out biweekly from time to time.<ref name=atan/>
The frequency of ''İctihad'' was monthly until 1906. It appeared on a biweekly basis in Cairo. It was redesigned as a weekly magazine from the issue 50 in Istanbul. However, it also came out biweekly from time to time.<ref name=atan/>


''İctihad'' was temporarily banned after 1911. The longest closure of the magazine was between 13 February 1915 and 1 November 1918. The magazine was not also published from 1919 to 1921. During the national struggle period it did not support the Turkish forces led by Mustafa Kemal. However, it began to support the Turkish forces after November 1922.<ref name=atan/>
''İctihad'' was subject to temporary bans when it was headquartered in Istanbul.<ref name=ayse/> The longest closure of the magazine was between 13 February 1915 and 1 November 1918. The magazine was not also published from 1919 to 1921. The reason for its closures was its use of the derogatory language in regard to religious feelings of the people.<ref name=ahfah/> During the national struggle period it did not support the Turkish forces led by Mustafa Kemal. However, it began to support the Turkish forces after November 1922.<ref name=atan/>


''İctihad'' folded in December 1932 one month after the death of Abdullah Cevdet and produced a total of 358 issues during its run.<ref name=isan>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nazım Polat|title=İctihad|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ictihad--dergi|encyclopedia=İslam Ansiklopedisi|location=Istanbul|pages=446-448|language=tr|volume=21|year=2000}}</ref><ref name=ahfah/>
''İctihad'' folded in December 1932 one month after the death of Abdullah Cevdet and produced a total of 358 issues during its run.<ref name=ahfah/><ref name=isan>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nazım Polat|title=İctihad|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ictihad--dergi|year=2000
|encyclopedia=İslam Ansiklopedisi|location=Istanbul|pages=446–448|language=tr|volume=21}}</ref>


==Ideology and content==
==Ideology and content==
The goal of ''İctihad'' was to inform people about cultural topics and to raise their awareness.<ref name=isan/> It adopted a pro-Western ideology and frequently criticized veiling and traditional upbringing of women. The magazine was one of the fierce critics of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamit between 1904 and 1908.<ref name=yunem>{{cite journal|author=Yunus Emre Tansü|title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Batıcı Düşünce Çerçevesinde Dr. Abdullah Cevdet Ve İctihad Dergisi|journal=Journal of History and Future|volume=4|issue=1|year=2018|doi=10.21551/jhf.414316
The goal of ''İctihad'' was to inform people about cultural topics and to raise their awareness.<ref name=isan/><ref name=musgun>{{cite journal| author=Mustafa Gündüz|title=Educational books published by young Turks in Egypt (1890-1908)|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences| volume=9|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.291|page=1092|doi-access=free}}</ref> It adopted a pro-Western ideology and frequently criticized veiling and traditional upbringing of women. The magazine was one of the fierce critics of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamit between 1904 and 1908.<ref name=yunem>{{cite journal|author=Yunus Emre Tansü|title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Batıcı Düşünce Çerçevesinde Dr. Abdullah Cevdet Ve İctihad Dergisi|journal=Journal of History and Future|volume=4|issue=1|year=2018|doi=10.21551/jhf.414316|pages=118,126|language=tr|doi-access=free}}</ref> It also harshly criticized [[Turkish nationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Sukru Hanioğlu|title=Garbcilar: Their Attitudes toward Religion and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic|journal=[[Studia Islamica]]|issue=86|year=1997|doi=10.2307/1595808
|page=144|jstor=1595808|author-link=M. Şükrü Hanioğlu}}</ref>
|pages=118,126|language=tr}}</ref> The magazine declared its guiding principles in the issue dated 15 April 1932 as follows: freedom, independence, peace, arts, equality, religion and conscience.<ref name=atan>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Yunus Emre Tansü|title=İctihad (İdjtihad) Dergisi|url=https://ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr/bilgi/ictihad-idjtihad-dergisi/ |encyclopedia=Atatürk Ansiklopedisi|language=tr}}</ref>

''İctihad'' frequently published articles on [[Westernization]] or [[Europeanisation]] which were mostly written by Abdullah Cevdet and [[Celal Nuri İleri|Celal Nuri]].<ref name=tufan>{{cite journal|author=Ş. Tufan Buzpinar|title=Celal Nuri's concepts of Westernization and religion
|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=43|issue=2|year=2007|page=248,251|doi=10.1080/00263200601114091
|s2cid=144461915}}</ref> However, the latter became anti-European in 1914 and left ''İctihad''.<ref name=tufan/> The magazine featured articles on [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaism]] in the late 1921 and in the early 1922 which adopted a positive stance towards it.<ref name=ayse/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Necati Alkan|title='The eternal enemy of Isla¯m': Abdullah Cevdet and the Baha'i religion|journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies]]|volume=68|issue=1|year=2005|doi=10.1017/S0041977X05000017|pages=1–20|s2cid=145760950}}</ref> ''İctihad'' declared its guiding principles in the issue dated 15 April 1932 as follows: freedom, independence, peace, arts, equality, religion and conscience.<ref name=atan>{{cite encyclopedia|title=İctihad (İdjtihad) Dergisi|url=https://ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr/bilgi/ictihad-idjtihad-dergisi/
|author=Yunus Emre Tansü|language=tr|encyclopedia=Atatürk Ansiklopedisi|date=9 March 2021}}</ref>


==Contributors==
==Contributors==
Various writers contributed to ''İctihad'' who did share the same ideology. [[Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı|Rıza Tevfik]] was a traditionalist, but [[Jean-Marie Guyau]] and [[Gustave Le Bon]] were positivists.<ref name=atan/> Later the following notable figures contributed to the magazine: [[Süleyman Nazif]], [[Tevfik Fikret]], [[Faik Ali Ozansoy]], [[Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan]], [[Ali Canip Yöntem]], [[Ahmet Haşim]], [[Cenâb Şehâbeddîn]], [[Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel]], [[Enis Behiç Koryürek]], [[Halide Edib Adıvar]], [[Ismail Gasprinsky|Gaspıralı İsmâil]], [[Halide Nusret Zorlutuna]], [[Mehmet Fuat Köprülü]], [[Ömer Seyfettin]], [[Peyami Safa]], [[Suut Kemal Yetkin]], [[Reşat Nuri Güntekin]], [[Selim Sırrı Tarcan]], [[Celal Nuri İleri]] and [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]].<ref name=isan/>
Various writers contributed to ''İctihad'' who did not share the same ideology. For instance, [[Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı|Rıza Tevfik]] was a traditionalist, but [[Jean-Marie Guyau]] and [[Gustave Le Bon]] were positivists.<ref name=atan/> The philosophical approaches supported by the magazine contributors were [[Darwinism]], [[Freud's psychoanalytic theories|Freudianism]], and [[materialism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yeliz Okay|title=A Leading Figure in Lord Byron's Recognition in Turkey: Dr. Abdullah Cevdet and his Translation of The Prisoner of Chillon (Şilyon Mahbusu)|journal=Keats-Shelley Journal|volume=71|issue=1|year=2022|page=26|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/249/article/912038}}</ref>

Later the following notable figures contributed to the magazine: [[Süleyman Nazif]], [[Tevfik Fikret]], [[Faik Ali Ozansoy]], [[Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan]], [[Ali Canip Yöntem]], [[Ahmet Haşim]], [[Cenâb Şehâbeddîn]], [[Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel]], [[Enis Behiç Koryürek]], [[Halide Edib Adıvar]], [[Ismail Gasprinsky|Gaspıralı İsmâil]], [[Halide Nusret Zorlutuna]], [[Mehmet Fuat Köprülü]], [[Ömer Seyfettin]], [[Peyami Safa]], [[Suut Kemal Yetkin]], [[Reşat Nuri Güntekin]], [[Selim Sırrı Tarcan]], and [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]].<ref name=isan/> Peyami Safa started his journalistic career in the magazine at age fourteen in 1913.<ref name=creel>{{cite thesis|author=Frank Warner Creel|title=The program and ideology of Dr. Abdullah Cevdet: a study of the origins of Kemalism in Turkey|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302922396|location=[[University of Chicago]]|pages=14,17,21|id={{ProQuest|302922396}}|degree=PhD|year=1978}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:1932 disestablishments in Turkey]]
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[[Category:Bilingual magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in Turkey]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in Turkey]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in Egypt]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in Egypt]]
[[Category:Committee of Union and Progress]]
[[Category:Committee of Union and Progress]]
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[[Category:Defunct political magazines published in Turkey]]
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[[Category:Defunct magazines published in Cairo]]
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[[Category:Magazines established in 1904]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1904]]
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[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1932]]
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[[Category:Magazines published in Cairo]]
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[[Category:Magazines published in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in Switzerland]]
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[[Category:Magazines published in Geneva]]
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[[Category:Turkish-language magazines]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in Turkey]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in Turkey]]

Latest revision as of 10:48, 4 November 2024

İctihad
Categories
  • Cultural magazine
  • Political magazine
Frequency
  • Monthly
  • Biweekly
  • Weekly
FounderAbdullah Cevdet
Founded1904
First issue1 September 1904
Final issueDecember 1932
Country
Based in
  • Geneva
  • Cairo
  • Istanbul
LanguageOttoman Turkish

İctihad (Turkish: Public opinion) was a cultural and political magazine which was started and published by Abdullah Cevdet, an Ottoman intellectual. It was established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1904 and then appeared in Cairo. The magazine was headquartered in Istanbul between 1911 and 1932.

History and profile

[edit]

İctihad was first published in Geneva on 1 September 1904 featuring both Turkish and French articles.[1][2] Its founder and editor was Abdullah Cevdet who founded it with the financial support of Ahmed Celâleddin Pasha.[3] Cevdet was given permission by the Swiss government to start the magazine in August 1904.[2] He was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress and was in exile in Geneva.[4] He was expelled from Switzerland after the publication of the İctihad's second issue and then, the magazine was managed by Hüseyin Tosun for a while.[5] The magazine moved to Cairo in 1906 where it was published until 1908.[2][6] It was restarted in Istanbul in 1911.[3]

The frequency of İctihad was monthly until 1906. It appeared on a biweekly basis in Cairo. It was redesigned as a weekly magazine from the issue 50 in Istanbul. However, it also came out biweekly from time to time.[1]

İctihad was subject to temporary bans when it was headquartered in Istanbul.[4] The longest closure of the magazine was between 13 February 1915 and 1 November 1918. The magazine was not also published from 1919 to 1921. The reason for its closures was its use of the derogatory language in regard to religious feelings of the people.[5] During the national struggle period it did not support the Turkish forces led by Mustafa Kemal. However, it began to support the Turkish forces after November 1922.[1]

İctihad folded in December 1932 one month after the death of Abdullah Cevdet and produced a total of 358 issues during its run.[5][6]

Ideology and content

[edit]

The goal of İctihad was to inform people about cultural topics and to raise their awareness.[6][7] It adopted a pro-Western ideology and frequently criticized veiling and traditional upbringing of women. The magazine was one of the fierce critics of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamit between 1904 and 1908.[3] It also harshly criticized Turkish nationalism.[8]

İctihad frequently published articles on Westernization or Europeanisation which were mostly written by Abdullah Cevdet and Celal Nuri.[9] However, the latter became anti-European in 1914 and left İctihad.[9] The magazine featured articles on Bahaism in the late 1921 and in the early 1922 which adopted a positive stance towards it.[4][10] İctihad declared its guiding principles in the issue dated 15 April 1932 as follows: freedom, independence, peace, arts, equality, religion and conscience.[1]

Contributors

[edit]

Various writers contributed to İctihad who did not share the same ideology. For instance, Rıza Tevfik was a traditionalist, but Jean-Marie Guyau and Gustave Le Bon were positivists.[1] The philosophical approaches supported by the magazine contributors were Darwinism, Freudianism, and materialism.[11]

Later the following notable figures contributed to the magazine: Süleyman Nazif, Tevfik Fikret, Faik Ali Ozansoy, Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan, Ali Canip Yöntem, Ahmet Haşim, Cenâb Şehâbeddîn, Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, Enis Behiç Koryürek, Halide Edib Adıvar, Gaspıralı İsmâil, Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Ömer Seyfettin, Peyami Safa, Suut Kemal Yetkin, Reşat Nuri Güntekin, Selim Sırrı Tarcan, and Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu.[6] Peyami Safa started his journalistic career in the magazine at age fourteen in 1913.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Yunus Emre Tansü (9 March 2021). "İctihad (İdjtihad) Dergisi". Atatürk Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
  2. ^ a b c d Frank Warner Creel (1978). The program and ideology of Dr. Abdullah Cevdet: a study of the origins of Kemalism in Turkey (PhD thesis). University of Chicago. pp. 14, 17, 21. ProQuest 302922396.
  3. ^ a b c Yunus Emre Tansü (2018). "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Batıcı Düşünce Çerçevesinde Dr. Abdullah Cevdet Ve İctihad Dergisi". Journal of History and Future (in Turkish). 4 (1): 118, 126. doi:10.21551/jhf.414316.
  4. ^ a b c Ayşe Polat (2015). "A Conflict on Baha'ism and Islam in 1922: Abdullah Cevdet and State Religious Agencies". The Journal of Human & Society. 5 (10): 31, 33. doi:10.12658/human.society.5.10.M0156.
  5. ^ a b c Ahmet Fatih Ceyhan (2019). Accommodating islam and modernity: The case of Abdullah Cevdet's Ictihad (1904-1926) (MA thesis). Istanbul Şehir University. pp. 32, 35.
  6. ^ a b c d Nazım Polat (2000). "İctihad". İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 21. Istanbul. pp. 446–448.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Mustafa Gündüz (2010). "Educational books published by young Turks in Egypt (1890-1908)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 9: 1092. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.291.
  8. ^ M. Sukru Hanioğlu (1997). "Garbcilar: Their Attitudes toward Religion and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic". Studia Islamica (86): 144. doi:10.2307/1595808. JSTOR 1595808.
  9. ^ a b Ş. Tufan Buzpinar (2007). "Celal Nuri's concepts of Westernization and religion". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (2): 248,251. doi:10.1080/00263200601114091. S2CID 144461915.
  10. ^ Necati Alkan (2005). "'The eternal enemy of Isla¯m': Abdullah Cevdet and the Baha'i religion". Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies. 68 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0041977X05000017. S2CID 145760950.
  11. ^ Yeliz Okay (2022). "A Leading Figure in Lord Byron's Recognition in Turkey: Dr. Abdullah Cevdet and his Translation of The Prisoner of Chillon (Şilyon Mahbusu)". Keats-Shelley Journal. 71 (1): 26.
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