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Alamut (Persian: الموت) or Rudbar (Persian: رودبار) is a region in Iran including western and eastern parts on the western edge of the Alborz (Elburz) range, between the dry and barren plain of Qazvin in the south and the densely forested slopes of the Mazandaran province in the north. Starting from Qazvin toward Alamut, passing through the first range of hills, curvatures, forms, are significant themes in nature's composition of this area. The famous Ismaili castle of Alamut and numerous others are in this area, which served as the heartland of the state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah.^[1]

According to some sources, the majority of people in northern Qazvin (Alamut) are Tats who speak a dialect of the Tati language.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] However, other sources claim that the majority of people in Alamut are Mazanderani^[8]^[9] or Gilaks who speak a dialect of the Mazanderani language or Gilaki language.^[10]^[11] According to some linguists, the term ‘Tati’ was used by Turkic speakers to refer to non-turkic speakers.^[12]^[13]^[14] This could explain why some sources claim the people of Alamut are Tats, while others claim they are Mazanderanies or Gilaks. Likely, the ‘Tats’ of Alamut are Mazanderani^[15] or Gilak speakers who have been labeled as Tats as historically they were considered Mazanderani or Gilaks.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Name

Alamut (Persian: الموت),^[19] historically known as Rudbar (رودبار) or Rudbar of Alamut (رودبار الموت Rūdbār-i Alamūt), named after the Shahrud river.

More precisely, Alamut is a small region in the historical Rudbar in which the namesake castle is located.^[20]

History

In 1090 CE, Hassan-i Sabbah, the Arab founder and leader of the Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis in Iran, chose the Alamut region as his headquarters to campaign, preach and convert new followers. This proved to be a turning point for the destiny of Alamut Valley. The result of over two centuries of Ismailite stronghold, the region witnessed numerous castles throughout, of which at least 20 "castles" dating back to this era have been identified. The most magnificent castle in the Alamut Valley is the Alamut Castle, which is built on top of a high rock reaching 2163 m above sea level near the Gazor Khan Village. The rock is 200 m high and covers an area of 20 hectares (49 acres); with its steep slope and deep and dangerous ravine, the rock is practically inaccessible and forms a part of the fort’s structure. Currently, only ruins of the fort and some towers are apparent, and it is only through archaeological excavation that the main portions can be discovered.^[21]

Lords of Alamut Castle who ruled the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state from Alamūt

The President of Nizārī Ismā'īlī state	Period	Master of Alamūt
The First Da'i Hasan bin Sabbah	1090-1124	1. Effendi/Lord
The Second Da'i Kiya Buzurg-Ummid	1124-1138	2. Effendi/Lord
The Third Da'i Muḥammad ibn Kiyā Buzurg-Ummīd	1138-1162	3. Effendi/Lord
23rd Imām Hasan ‘Alā Dhīkr‘īhī’s-Salām	1162-1166	4. Effendi/Lord
24th Imām Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad	1166-1210	5. Effendi/Lord
25th Imām Jalāl al-Dīn Hasan	1210-1221	6. Effendi/Lord
26th Imām ‘Alā’a-d-Dīn Muḥammad III	1221-1255	7. Effendi/Lord
27th Imām Rukn al-Din Khurshah	1255-1256	The state ended

Today, the leader of the contemporary Ismaili community is the Aga Khan.

Hir, West Alamut
Ovan Lake, East Alamut
Alamut fortification in Iran and Ismailites Assassins stronghold

Alamut rulers

References

^ Alamut
^ Maciuszak, Kinga (2012). "Some Remarks on the Northern Iranian Dialect of the Alamūt Region". Iran. 33: 111–114. doi:10.2307/4299928. JSTOR 4299928.
^ مقدمه کتاب «دستور زبان گویش‌های تاتی جنوبی»، پروفسور احسان یارشاطر، لاهه - پاریس ١٩٦٩
^ گونه‌های زبانی تاتی، دونالد استیلو، ۱۹۸۱
^ مقاله «بررسی گویش تاتی الموت»، پرویز البرزی ورکی، ۱۳۷۰، دانشگاه تهران
^ "الموت". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "الموت من". alamouteman.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
^ Jaafari Dehaghi, Mahmoud; Khalilipour, Nazanin; Jaafari Dehaghi, Shima. Iranian Languages and Dialects Past and Present. Tehran. p. 261.
^ Berjian, Habib. "Decreasing attention to the Mazandarian language in the 20th century". IRNA. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
^ "روزنامه ولایت قزوین - استان قزوین؛ گنجینه زبان‌های ایرانی".
^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
^ واژۀ تات را مردم ترک زبان به همسایگان غیرترک خود اطلاق می کردند. برخی تات را مترادف تازیک و تاجیک (یعنی فارسی زبان) دانسته ان دانشنامه اسلامید.
^ نامی که ترک ها به ایرانیان و کسانی که در سرزمین ترکان و یا سرزمین های تحت استیلای ترکان به سر می بردند... اند، فرهنگ عمید
^ به گروههای مختلف از اقوام غیرترک اطلاق شده:۱ - طبق قول مندرج دردیوان لغات الترک (۲۲۴) این نام نزد همه ترکان در مورد ایرانیان بکار میرفته جلال الدین مولوی هم دراشعار ترکی خود این نام را به ایرانیان اطلاق کرده.
^ "Considerations about the dialect of Alamut district from the northern dialects of Iran". پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
^ "گیلکی زوان ٚ آمۊجش".
^ ألکامل، ابن اثیر
^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
^ Also transliterated as Alamūt, Alemūt, Alamoot, Alemoot
^ B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).
^ Alamut Castle (Eagle’s Nest): Hassan Sabbah Stronghold

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Region in Iran}}
 {{about|the region}}
 [[File:Alamut region in Iran.png|thumb|245px|Alamut [[geographic]] [[region]] in [[Iran]]]]
 {{Ismailism}}
-'''Alamut''' ({{lang-fa|الموت}}),<ref>Also transliterated as Alamūt, Alemūt, Alamoot, Alemoot</ref> historically known as '''Rudbar''' ({{lang|fa|رودبار}}) or '''Rudbar of Alamut''' ({{lang|fa|رودبار الموت}} ''Rūdbār-i Alamūt''), is a region in [[Iran]] including [[West Alamut District|western]] and [[East Alamut District|eastern]] parts in the western edge of the [[Alborz]] (Elburz) range, between the dry and barren plain of [[Qazvin]] in the south and the densely forested slopes of the [[Mazandaran province]] in the north. Starting from [[Qazvin]] toward Alamut, passing through the first range of hills, curvatures, forms,  are significant themes in nature's composition of this area. The famous [[Nizari Ismaili state|Ismaili]] castle of [[Alamut Castle|Alamut]] and [[List of Ismaili castles|numerous others]] are in this area, which served the heartland of the state founded by [[Hassan-i Sabbah]].<ref>[http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/_indexNotes.html Alamut]</ref>
+'''Alamut''' ({{langx|fa|الموت}}) or '''Rudbar''' ({{langx|fa|رودبار}}) is a region in [[Iran]] including [[West Alamut District|western]] and [[East Alamut District|eastern]] parts on the western edge of the [[Alborz]] (Elburz) range, between the dry and barren plain of [[Qazvin]] in the south and the densely forested slopes of the [[Mazandaran province]] in the north. Starting from [[Qazvin]] toward Alamut, passing through the first range of hills, curvatures, forms, are significant themes in nature's composition of this area. The famous [[Nizari Ismaili state|Ismaili]] castle of [[Alamut Castle|Alamut]] and [[List of Ismaili castles|numerous others]] are in this area, which served as the heartland of the state founded by [[Hassan-i Sabbah]].<ref>[http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/_indexNotes.html Alamut]</ref>
+According to some sources, the majority of people in northern Qazvin (Alamut) are [[Tat people (Iran)|Tats]] who speak a dialect of the [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati language]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maciuszak |first1=Kinga |date=2012 |title=Some Remarks on the Northern Iranian Dialect of the Alamūt Region |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299928 |journal= Iran|volume=33 |number= |pages=111–114 |doi= 10.2307/4299928|jstor=4299928 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dropbox.com/s/s8fjgyyc3i7h1d7/Dr.Yarshater-Southern%20Tati.pdf?dl=0 مقدمه کتاب «دستور زبان گویش‌های تاتی جنوبی»، پروفسور احسان یارشاطر، لاهه - پاریس ١٩٦٩]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">گونه‌های زبانی تاتی، دونالد استیلو، ۱۹۸۱</ref><ref>مقاله «بررسی گویش تاتی الموت»، پرویز البرزی ورکی، ۱۳۷۰، دانشگاه تهران</ref><ref name="الموت">{{cite web|access-date=16 January 2016|archive-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127034428/http://brtt.ir/post/111|url-status=dead|title=الموت|url=http://www.brtt.ir/post/111/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717124900/http://alamouteman.com/detail.aspx?content=viewcat&catid=224|url-status=dead|title=الموت من|url=http://alamouteman.com/detail.aspx?content=viewcat&catid=224|website=alamouteman.com}}</ref> However, other sources claim that the majority of people in Alamut are [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderani]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaafari Dehaghi|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Khalilipour|first2=Nazanin|last3=Jaafari Dehaghi|first3=Shima|title=Iranian Languages and Dialects Past and Present|location=Tehran|page=261}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[IRNA]]|title=Decreasing attention to the Mazandarian language in the 20th century|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/83385759/کاهش-توجه-به-زبان-مازندرانی-در-قرن-بیستم |access-date=19 December 2020|last1=Berjian|first1=Habib}}</ref> or [[Gilaki people|Gilaks]] who speak a dialect of the [[Mazanderani language]] or [[Gilaki language]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://velaiatnews.com/?type=dynamic&lang=1&id=40835 | title=روزنامه ولایت قزوین - استان قزوین؛ گنجینه زبان‌های ایرانی }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref> According to some linguists, the term ‘Tati’ was used by Turkic speakers to refer to non-turkic speakers.<ref>واژۀ تات را مردم ترک زبان به همسایگان غیرترک خود اطلاق می کردند. برخی تات را مترادف تازیک و تاجیک (یعنی فارسی زبان) دانسته ان دانشنامه اسلامید.</ref><ref>نامی که ترک ها به ایرانیان و کسانی که در سرزمین ترکان و یا سرزمین های تحت استیلای ترکان به سر می بردند... اند، فرهنگ عمید</ref><ref>به گروههای مختلف از اقوام غیرترک اطلاق شده:۱ - طبق قول مندرج دردیوان لغات الترک (۲۲۴) این نام نزد همه ترکان در مورد ایرانیان بکار میرفته جلال الدین مولوی هم دراشعار ترکی خود این نام را به ایرانیان اطلاق کرده.</ref> This could explain why some sources claim the people of Alamut are Tats, while others claim they are Mazanderanies or Gilaks. Likely, the ‘Tats’ of Alamut are [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی|title=Considerations about the dialect of Alamut district from the northern dialects of Iran|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/209141/ملاحظاتی-درباره-ی-گویش-ناحیه-ی-الموت-از-گویش-های-شمالی-ایران}}</ref> or [[Gilaki language|Gilak speakers]] who have been labeled as Tats as historically they were considered Mazanderani or Gilaks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://t.me/gilaki_learning/3259 | title=گیلکی زوان ٚ آمۊجش }}</ref><ref>ألکامل، ابن اثیر</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref>
+==Name==
+'''Alamut''' ({{langx|fa|الموت}}),<ref>Also transliterated as Alamūt, Alemūt, Alamoot, Alemoot</ref> historically known as '''Rudbar''' ({{lang|fa|رودبار}}) or '''Rudbar of Alamut''' ({{lang|fa|رودبار الموت}} ''Rūdbār-i Alamūt''), named after the [[Shahrood (river)|Shahrud]] river.
+More precisely, Alamut is a small region in the historical Rudbar in which the namesake castle is located.<ref>B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).</ref>
 ==History==
 {{see also|Alamut Castle|Lambsar Castle|Maymun-Diz}}
+[[File:Alavids-map.png|thumb|Alamut in the time of Alavis]]
-In 1090 CE, [[Hassan-i Sabbah]], the leader of the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]], a sect of [[Nizari Ismailis]] in Iran, chose the Alamut region as his headquarters to campaign, preach and convert new followers. This proved to be a turning point for the destiny of Alamut Valley. The result of over two centuries of Ismailite stronghold, the region witnessed numerous castles throughout, of which at least 20 "castles" dating back to this era have been identified. The most magnificent castle in the Alamut Valley is the [[Alamut Castle]], which is built on top of a high rock reaching 2163 m above sea level near the [[Gazor Khan Village]]. The rock is 200 m high and covers an area of {{convert|20|ha|acre}}; with its steep slope and deep and dangerous ravine, the rock is practically inaccessible and forms a part of the fort’s structure. Currently, only ruins of the fort and some towers are apparent, and it is only through archaeological excavation that the main portions can be discovered.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130413000447/http://humanities.journals.modares.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=24 Alamut Castle (Eagle’s Nest): Hassan Sabbah Stronghold]</ref>
+In 1090 CE, [[Hassan-i Sabbah]], the Arab founder and leader of the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]], a sect of [[Nizari Ismailis]] in Iran, chose the Alamut region as his headquarters to campaign, preach and convert new followers. This proved to be a turning point for the destiny of Alamut Valley. The result of over two centuries of Ismailite stronghold, the region witnessed numerous castles throughout, of which at least 20 "castles" dating back to this era have been identified. The most magnificent castle in the Alamut Valley is the [[Alamut Castle]], which is built on top of a high rock reaching 2163 m above sea level near the [[Gazor Khan Village]]. The rock is 200 m high and covers an area of {{convert|20|ha|acre}}; with its steep slope and deep and dangerous ravine, the rock is practically inaccessible and forms a part of the fort’s structure. Currently, only ruins of the fort and some towers are apparent, and it is only through archaeological excavation that the main portions can be discovered.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130413000447/http://humanities.journals.modares.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=24 Alamut Castle (Eagle’s Nest): Hassan Sabbah Stronghold]</ref>
 === Lords of Alamut Castle who ruled the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state from Alamūt ===
@@ Line 45: / Line 55: @@
 * [[Kia Bozorg Omid]]
 * [[Muhammad Buzurg Ummid|Muḥammad ibn Kiyā Buzurg-Ummīd]]
+* [[Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar]]
-* {{in lang|tr}} [[:tr:El-Hâdî bin el-Nizâr|El-Hâdî bin el-Nizâr]]
+* [[Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)]]
-* {{in lang|tr}} [[:tr:El-Môhtadî bin el-Hâdî|El-Môhtadî bin el-Hâdî ''(Muḥammad I)'']]
+* [[:de:al-Qahir (Imam)|Al-Qahir (Imam)]]
-* {{in lang|tr}} [[:tr:El-Kahir bin el-Môhtadî bi-Kuvvet’ûl-Lâh / bi-Ahkâmî’l-Lâh|El-Kahir bin el-Môhtadî bi-Kuvvet’ûl-Lâh / bi-Ahkâmî’l-Lâh ''(Hassan I)'']]
 * [[Hassan II (imam)|Hasan Alâ Zikrihi’s Selâm]]
 * [[Nur al-Din Muhammad II|Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad II]]
@@ Line 63: / Line 73: @@
 * {{in lang|tr}} [[:tr:Kıyâmet-i Kûbrâ|Kıyâmet-i Kûbrâ]]
 * ''[[Alamut (Bartol novel)|Alamut]]'', novel written by Vladimir Bartol in 1938
+* [[Alam-Kuh]]
 ==References==
 {{commons category|Alamut}}
 {{Reflist}}
 ==Further reading==