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{{Short description|Palestinian day of commemoration}}
{{Short description|Palestinian commemoration of 1948 displacement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
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{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
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{{Nakba}}
{{Nakba}}


'''Nakba Day''' ({{lang-ar|ذكرى النكبة|translit=Dhikra an-Nakba|lit=Memory of the Catastrophe}}) is generally commemorated on 15 May, the [[Gregorian calendar]] date of the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israeli Declaration of Independence]]. For the Palestinians it is an annual day of commemoration of the displacement that preceded and followed the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948.<ref name=Lesch>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDYsAQAAIAAJ&q=%22nakba+day%22|page=102|title=History in Dispute: The Middle East since 1945|author1=David W. Lesch |author2=Benjamin Frankel |edition=Illustrated|publisher=St. James Press|year=2004|isbn= 9781558624726|quote=The Palestinian recalled their "Nakba Day", "catastrophe" – the displacement that accompanied the creation of the State of Israel – in 1948.}}</ref>
'''Nakba Day''' ({{langx|ar|ذكرى النكبة|translit=Dhikra an-Nakba|lit=Memory of the Catastrophe}}) is the day of commemoration for the ''[[Nakba]]'', also known as the Palestinian Catastrophe, which comprised the destruction of Palestinian society and homeland in 1948, and the permanent displacement of a majority of the Palestinian people. It is generally commemorated on 15 May, the [[Gregorian calendar]] date of the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948. For [[Palestinians]], it is an annual day of commemoration of the displacement that preceded and followed Israel's establishment.<ref name=Lesch>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDYsAQAAIAAJ&q=%22nakba+day%22|page=102|title=History in Dispute: The Middle East since 1945|author1=David W. Lesch |author2=Benjamin Frankel |edition=Illustrated|publisher=St. James Press|year=2004|isbn= 978-1-55862-472-6|quote=The Palestinian recalled their "Nakba Day", "catastrophe" – the displacement that accompanied the creation of the State of Israel – in 1948.}}</ref>


The day was officially inaugurated by [[Yasser Arafat]] in 1998, though the date had been unofficially used for protests since as early as 1949.
The day was officially inaugurated by [[Yasser Arafat]] in 1998, though the date had been unofficially used for protests since as early as 1949.
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==Timing==
==Timing==
{{main|Nakba}}
{{main|Nakba}}
[[File:Palestinian refugees.jpg|thumb|left|Palestinian refugees in 1948]]
[[File:Palestinian refugees.jpg|thumb|Palestinian refugees in 1948]]
Nakba Day is generally commemorated on 15 May, the day after the [[Gregorian calendar]] date for [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's Independence]]. In Israel, Nakba Day events have been held by some [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]] on [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]] (Israel's Independence Day), which is celebrated in Israel on the [[Hebrew calendar]] date ([[Iyar|5 Iyar]] or shortly before or after). Because of the differences between the Hebrew and the Gregorian calendars, Independence Day and the official 15 May date for Nakba Day usually only coincide every 19 years.<ref>Hertz-Larowitz, Rachel (2003). Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel: Voicing National Injustice on Campus. ''Journal of Social Issues'', 59(1), 51–66.</ref>
Nakba Day is generally commemorated on 15 May, the day after the [[Gregorian calendar]] date for [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's Independence]]. In Israel, Nakba Day events have been held by some [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]] on [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]] (Israel's Independence Day), which is celebrated in Israel on the [[Hebrew calendar]] date ([[Iyar|5 Iyar]] or shortly before or after). Because of the differences between the Hebrew and the Gregorian calendars, Independence Day and the official 15 May date for Nakba Day usually only coincide every 19 years.<ref>Hertz-Larowitz, Rachel (2003). Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel: Voicing National Injustice on Campus. ''Journal of Social Issues'', 59(1), 51–66.</ref>


==Commemoration==
==Commemoration==
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Nakba Day 2010 Hebron.JPG
| image1 = Nakba Day 2010 Hebron.JPG
| align =
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| direction= vertical
| caption1 = Palestinian girl in a protest on Nakba Day 2010 in [[Hebron]], [[West Bank]]. Her sign says "Surely we will return, Palestine." Most of the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank are descendants of people whose families hail from areas that were incorporated into Israel in 1948.<ref name=reuters>Figures given here for the number of Palestinian refugees includes only those registered with [[UNRWA]] as June 2010. [[Internally displaced Palestinians]] were not registered, among others. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-refugees-idUSTRE74E2BP20110515 Factbox: Palestinian refugee statistics]</ref> The key is a symbol of the houses which Palestinians left as part of the Nakba.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shuttleworth|first1=Kate|title=In pictures: Nakba Day protests|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pictures-nakba-day-protests-284884524|access-date=8 August 2014|work=Middle East Eye|date=15 May 2014}}</ref>
| caption1 = Palestinian girl in a protest on Nakba Day 2010 in [[Hebron]], [[West Bank]]. Her sign says "Surely we will return, Palestine." Most of the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank are descendants of people whose families hail from areas that were incorporated into Israel in 1948.<ref name=reuters>Figures given here for the number of Palestinian refugees includes only those registered with [[UNRWA]] as June 2010. [[Internally displaced Palestinians]] were not registered, among others. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-refugees-idUSTRE74E2BP20110515 Factbox: Palestinian refugee statistics]</ref> The key is a symbol of the houses which Palestinians left as part of the Nakba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shuttleworth |first1=Kate |title=In pictures: Nakba Day protests |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pictures-nakba-day-protests-284884524 |access-date=8 August 2014 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=15 May 2014 }}</ref>
| image2 = 42nd St Bway 7th Av td (2018-05-18) 06 - Nakba Day Protest.jpg
| image2 = 42nd St Bway 7th Av td (2018-05-18) 06 - Nakba Day Protest.jpg
| caption2 = A demonstration for Nakba Day on Broadway at 42nd Street in Times Square, Midtown Manhattan.
| caption2 = A demonstration for Nakba Day on Broadway at 42nd Street in Times Square, Midtown Manhattan.
}}
}}
As early as 1949, one year after the establishment of the State of Israel, 15 May was marked in several West Bank cities (under Jordanian rule) by demonstrations, strikes, the raising of black flags, and visits to the graves of people killed during the 1948 war. These events were organized by worker and student associations, cultural and sports clubs, scouts clubs, committees of refugees, and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. The speakers in these gatherings blamed the Arab governments and the [[Arab League]] for failing to "save Palestine", according to author Tamir Sorek. By the late 1950s, 15 May would be known in the [[Arab world]] as Palestine Day, mentioned by the media in Arab and Muslim countries as a day of international solidarity with Palestine.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Tamir| last=Sorek| title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs| publisher=Stanford University Press, p.67.| year=2015| isbn=9780804795203| location=Stanford, CA | url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23855
As early as 1949, one year after the establishment of the State of Israel, 15 May was marked in several West Bank cities (under Jordanian rule) by demonstrations, strikes, the raising of black flags, and visits to the graves of people killed during the 1948 war. These events were organized by worker and student associations, cultural and sports clubs, scouts clubs, committees of refugees, and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. The speakers in these gatherings blamed the Arab governments and the [[Arab League]] for failing to "save Palestine", according to author Tamir Sorek. By the late 1950s, 15 May would be known in the [[Arab world]] as Palestine Day, mentioned by the media in Arab and Muslim countries as a day of international solidarity with Palestine.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tamir |last=Sorek |title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=67 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8047-9520-3 |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23855
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


===March of Return===
⚫
Commemoration of the Nakba by Arab citizens of Israel who are [[internally displaced persons]] as a result of the 1948 war has been practiced for decades, but until the early 1990s was relatively weak. Initially, the memory of the catastrophe of 1948 was personal and communal in character and families or members of a given village would use the day to gather at the site of their former villages.<ref name=Masalha/> Small scale commemorations of the tenth anniversary in the form of silent vigils were held by Arab students at a few schools in Israel in 1958, despite attempts by the Israeli authorities to thwart them.<ref name=Cohen>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520257672|url-access=registration|quote=nakba commemorations decades.|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520257672/page/142 142]|title=Good Arabs: the Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967|publisher=University of California Press|author=Hillel Cohen|edition=Illustrated|year=2010|isbn=9780520257672}}</ref> Visits to the sites of former villages became increasingly visible after the events of [[Land Day]] in 1976.<ref name=Masalha/> In the wake up of the failure of the [[Madrid Conference of 1991|1991 Madrid Conference]] to broach the subject of refugees, the Association for the Defense of the Rights of the Internally Displaced in Israel was founded to organize a March of Return to the site of a different village every year on 15 May so as to place the issue on the Israeli public agenda.<ref name=Masalhap216>Masalha, 2005, p. 216.</ref>
{{main|March of Return (Israel)}}
⚫
Commemoration of the Nakba by Arab citizens of Israel who are [[internally displaced persons]] as a result of the 1948 war has been practiced for decades, but until the early 1990s was relatively weak. Initially, the memory of the catastrophe of 1948 was personal and communal in character and families or members of a given village would use the day to gather at the site of their former villages.<ref name=Masalha/> Small scale commemorations of the tenth anniversary in the form of silent vigils were held by Arab students at a few schools in Israel in 1958, despite attempts by the Israeli authorities to thwart them.<ref name=Cohen>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520257672|url-access=registration|quote=nakba commemorations decades.|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520257672/page/142 142]|title=Good Arabs: the Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967|publisher=University of California Press|author=Hillel Cohen|edition=Illustrated|year=2010|isbn=978-0-520-25767-2}}</ref> Visits to the sites of former villages became increasingly visible after the events of [[Land Day]] in 1976.<ref name=Masalha/> In the wake of the failure of the [[Madrid Conference of 1991|1991 Madrid Conference]] to broach the subject of refugees, the [[Association for the Defense of the Rights of the Internally Displaced]] in Israel was founded to organize a March of Return to the site of a different village every year on 15 May so as to place the issue on the Israeli public agenda.<ref name=Masalhap216>Masalha, 2005, p. 216.</ref>


By the early 1990s, annual commemorations of the day by Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel held a prominent place in the community's public discourse.<ref name = Masalha>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYWNCX-eYRcC&q=%22nakba+day%22&pg=PA221|page=221|title=Catastrophe remembered: Palestine, Israel and the internal refugees: essays in memory of Edward W. Said (1935–2003)|author=Nur Masalha|author-link=Nur Masalha|publisher=Zed Books|year=2005|isbn=9781842776230}}</ref><ref name=footnote1>In 2006, for example, [[Azmi Bishara]], an Arab member of the [[Knesset]] told the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv]]'': "Independence Day is your holiday, not ours. We mark this as the day of our Nakba, the tragedy that befell the Palestinian nation in 1948." ([http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/079/396.html ''Maariv'' article (in Hebrew)])</ref>
By the early 1990s, annual commemorations of the day by Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel held a prominent place in the community's public discourse.<ref name = Masalha>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYWNCX-eYRcC&q=%22nakba+day%22&pg=PA221|page=221|title=Catastrophe remembered: Palestine, Israel and the internal refugees: essays in memory of Edward W. Said (1935–2003)|author=Nur Masalha|author-link=Nur Masalha|publisher=Zed Books|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84277-623-0}}</ref><ref name=footnote1>In 2006, for example, [[Azmi Bishara]], an Arab member of the [[Knesset]] told the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv]]'': "Independence Day is your holiday, not ours. We mark this as the day of our Nakba, the tragedy that befell the Palestinian nation in 1948." ([http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/079/396.html ''Maariv'' article (in Hebrew)])</ref>


===Other commemorations===
[[Meron Benvenisti]] writes that it was "…Israeli Arabs who taught the residents of the territories to commemorate Nakba Day."<ref name=Benvenisti>{{cite book|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygfujnZiLrwC&q=%22nakba+day%22&pg=PA164|title=Son of the cypresses: memories, reflections, and regrets from a political life|author=Mêrôn Benveniśtî|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=9780520238251}}</ref> Palestinians in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]] were called upon to commemorate 15 May as a day of national mourning by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]'s United National Command of the Uprising during the [[First Intifada]] in 1988.<ref name=Mishal>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj6vGgSKbgC&q=nakba+may+15&pg=PA96|page=96|title=Speaking stones: communiqués from the Intifada underground|authors=Shaul Mishal, Reʼuven Aharoni|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1994|isbn= 9780815626077|quote=May 15, which denotes the ''nakba'', will be a day of national mourning and a general strike; public and private transportation will cease, and all will remain in their houses.}}</ref> The day was inaugurated by [[Yasser Arafat]] in 1998.<ref>Rubin, Barry and Rubin, Judith Colp (2003). ''Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516689-2}}, p. 187.</ref>
[[Meron Benvenisti]] writes that it was "…Israeli Arabs who taught the residents of the territories to commemorate Nakba Day."<ref name=Benvenisti>{{cite book|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygfujnZiLrwC&q=%22nakba+day%22&pg=PA164|title=Son of the cypresses: memories, reflections, and regrets from a political life|author=Mêrôn Benveniśtî|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-23825-1}}</ref> Palestinians in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]] were called upon to commemorate 15 May as a day of national mourning by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]'s United National Command of the Uprising during the [[First Intifada]] in 1988.<ref name=Mishal>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj6vGgSKbgC&q=nakba+may+15&pg=PA96|page=96|title=Speaking stones: communiqués from the Intifada underground|author=Shaul Mishal |author2=Reʼuven Aharoni |publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1994|isbn= 978-0-8156-2607-7|quote=May 15, which denotes the ''nakba'', will be a day of national mourning and a general strike; public and private transportation will cease, and all will remain in their houses.}}</ref> The day was inaugurated by [[Yasser Arafat]] in 1998.<ref>Rubin, Barry and Rubin, Judith Colp (2003). ''Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516689-2}}, p. 187.</ref>


The event is often marked by speeches and rallies by Palestinians in Israel, the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], in [[Palestinian refugee camps]] in [[Arab League|Arab states]], and in other places around the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8066892.stm|work=BBC News|title=Anger over Palestinian Nakba ban proposal|date=25 May 2009|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>Bowker, Robert (2003). ''Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. {{ISBN|1-58826-202-2}}, p. 96.</ref> Protests at times develop into clashes between Palestinians and the [[Israel Defense Forces]] in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/749690.stm Analysis: Why Palestinians are angry], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2000.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/748844.stm Violence erupts in West Bank], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2000.</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1074174 Israel – Palestinian Violence], [[National Public Radio]], 15 May 2000.</ref> In 2003 and 2004, there were demonstrations in [[London]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3037117.stm Pro-Palestine rally in London], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2003.</ref> and [[New York City]].<ref>[http://www.nkusa.org/activities/demonstrations/Al-Nakba04.cfm Al-Nakba Day Rally in Times Square], 2004.</ref> In 2002, [[Zochrot]] was established to organize events raising the awareness of the Nakba in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] so as to bring Palestinians and Israelis closer to a true reconciliation. The name is the Hebrew feminine plural form of "remember".<ref name=Masalha/>
The event is often marked by speeches and rallies by Palestinians in Israel, the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], in [[Palestinian refugee camps]] in [[Arab League|Arab states]], and in other places around the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8066892.stm|work=BBC News|title=Anger over Palestinian Nakba ban proposal|date=25 May 2009|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>Bowker, Robert (2003). ''Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. {{ISBN|1-58826-202-2}}, p. 96.</ref> Protests at times develop into clashes between Palestinians and the [[Israel Defense Forces]] in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/749690.stm Analysis: Why Palestinians are angry], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2000.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/748844.stm Violence erupts in West Bank], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2000.</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1074174 Israel – Palestinian Violence], [[National Public Radio]], 15 May 2000.</ref> In 2003 and 2004, there were demonstrations in [[London]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3037117.stm Pro-Palestine rally in London], [[BBC News Online]], 15 May 2003.</ref> and [[New York City]].<ref>[http://www.nkusa.org/activities/demonstrations/Al-Nakba04.cfm Al-Nakba Day Rally in Times Square], 2004.</ref> In 2002, [[Zochrot]] was established to organize events raising the awareness of the Nakba in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] so as to bring Palestinians and Israelis closer to a true reconciliation. The name is the Hebrew feminine plural form of "remember".<ref name=Masalha/>
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[[Shlomo Avineri]] has criticised observance of Nakba Day on the grounds that a more important issue is the failure to solidify a stronger national movement for Palestinian citizens as a foundation for nation-building.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511200200/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981931.html ''The real Nakba''] by [[Shlomo Avineri]], 5 September 2008</ref><ref>cf. {{cite web|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/reclaiming-a-historical-truth-1.366893|title=Reclaiming a historical truth|publisher=Haaretz|date=10 June 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> Arab citizens of Israel have also been admonished for observing Nakba Day in light of their higher standard of living when compared to that of Palestinians who reside outside of Israel.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/937182.html "Time to stop mourning"] by [[Meron Benvenisti]]</ref>
[[Shlomo Avineri]] has criticised observance of Nakba Day on the grounds that a more important issue is the failure to solidify a stronger national movement for Palestinian citizens as a foundation for nation-building.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511200200/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981931.html ''The real Nakba''] by [[Shlomo Avineri]], 5 September 2008</ref><ref>cf. {{cite web|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/reclaiming-a-historical-truth-1.366893|title=Reclaiming a historical truth|publisher=Haaretz|date=10 June 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> Arab citizens of Israel have also been admonished for observing Nakba Day in light of their higher standard of living when compared to that of Palestinians who reside outside of Israel.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/937182.html "Time to stop mourning"] by [[Meron Benvenisti]]</ref>


On 23 March 2011, the [[Knesset]] approved, by a vote of 37 to 25,<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143069 ''Knesset Approves Nakba Law''], by Elad Benari, 23 March 2011</ref> a change to the [[Government budget|budget]], giving the [[Ministry of Finance (Israel)|Israeli finance minister]] the discretion to reduce government funding to any [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) that commemorates the Palestinian Nakba instead of the Israeli Day of Independence.<ref name=Zureik>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBIKE-BOYC4C&q=nakba+definition&pg=PA17|page=17|title=Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power|author=Elia Zureik|editor1=Elia Zureik |editor2=David Lyon |editor3=Yasmeen Abu-Laban |edition=Illustrated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|isbn=9780415588614}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4046297,00.html "MK Zahalka: Racist laws target Arab sector"] by Roni Sofer, 22 March 2011</ref> A previous form of the bill, which first came under consideration by the Knesset in July 2001 and again in 2006, established the commemoration of the Nakba Day as a criminal offense, subject to 1-year imprisonment and/or a fine of NIS10,000 (∼$2,500). Palestinians argue that the bill imposes restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, curtails equality, and applies conditions that suppress the national consciousness and historical narrative of the Palestinian people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olesker|first1=Ronnie|title=Law-making and the Securitization of the Jewish Identity in Israel|journal=Ethnopolitics|date=15 March 2013|volume=13|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1080/17449057.2013.773156|s2cid=145339153}}</ref>
On 23 March 2011, the [[Knesset]] approved, by a vote of 37 to 25,<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143069 ''Knesset Approves Nakba Law''], by Elad Benari, 23 March 2011</ref> a change to the [[Government budget|budget]], giving the [[Ministry of Finance (Israel)|Israeli finance minister]] the discretion to reduce government funding to any [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) that commemorates the Palestinian Nakba instead of the Israeli Day of Independence.<ref name=Zureik>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBIKE-BOYC4C&q=nakba+definition&pg=PA17|page=17|title=Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power|author=Elia Zureik|editor1=Elia Zureik |editor2=David Lyon |editor3=Yasmeen Abu-Laban |edition=Illustrated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|isbn=978-0-415-58861-4}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4046297,00.html "MK Zahalka: Racist laws target Arab sector"] by Roni Sofer, 22 March 2011</ref> A previous form of the bill, which first came under consideration by the Knesset in July 2001 and again in 2006, established the commemoration of the Nakba Day as a criminal offense, subject to 1-year imprisonment and/or a fine of NIS10,000 (~$2,500). Palestinians argue that the bill imposes restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, curtails equality, and applies conditions that suppress the national consciousness and historical narrative of the Palestinian people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olesker|first1=Ronnie|title=Law-making and the Securitization of the Jewish Identity in Israel|journal=Ethnopolitics|date=15 March 2013|volume=13|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1080/17449057.2013.773156|s2cid=145339153}}</ref>


After months of legislative limbo due to numerous appeals filed by organizations such as [[Adalah]] and the [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], as well as several Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel, the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] rejected the appeals, and upheld the Nakba Law, on 5 January 2012. Chief Justice [[Dorit Beinisch]] and Justices [[Eliezer Rivlin]] and Miriam Naor concluded: "The declarative level of the law does indeed raise difficult and complex questions. However, from the outset, the constitutionality of the law depends largely upon the interpretation given to the law's directives." Deductions could equal up to three times the event's sponsorship cost; repeat violations would double the amount of the fine.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/01/05/3091036/israels-supreme-court-rejects-nakba-law-suit "Israel’s Supreme Court rejects Nakba Law suit "] by The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], 5 January 2012</ref>
After months of legislative limbo due to numerous appeals filed by organizations such as [[Adalah (legal center)|Adalah]] and the [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], as well as several Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel, the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] rejected the appeals, and upheld the Nakba Law, on 5 January 2012. Chief Justice [[Dorit Beinisch]] and Justices [[Eliezer Rivlin]] and Miriam Naor concluded: "The declarative level of the law does indeed raise difficult and complex questions. However, from the outset, the constitutionality of the law depends largely upon the interpretation given to the law's directives." Deductions could equal up to three times the event's sponsorship cost; repeat violations would double the amount of the fine.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/01/05/3091036/israels-supreme-court-rejects-nakba-law-suit "Israel's Supreme Court rejects Nakba Law suit "] by The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], 5 January 2012</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Naksa Day]]
* [[Al-Quds Day]]
* [[Al-Quds Day]]
* [[Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran]]
* [[Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran]]
* [[Farha (film)|''Farha'' (film)]]
⚫
* [[Naksa Day]]
* [[Ongoing Nakba]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/videos/2023/5/15/23723947/palestine-nakba-may-15-protests-israel What Palestinians protest every May 15: The Palestinian Catastrophe, explained.] [[Vox (website)|Vox]].
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1332157.stm In pictures: 'Catastrophe Day' protests], BBC News
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1332157.stm In pictures: 'Catastrophe Day' protests], BBC News
* [http://nakba.co.uk nakba – Daily news and struggles from the Palestinian territory], Nakba news
* [http://nakba.co.uk nakba – Daily news and struggles from the Palestinian territory], Nakba news
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[[Category:Remembrance days]]
[[Category:Remembrance days]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:History of the Palestinian refugees]]
[[Category:Nakba]]

Latest revision as of 17:00, 4 November 2024

Nakba Day
SignificanceNakba
Date15 May
Next time15 May 2025 (2025-05-15)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toYom Ha'atzmaut
Part of a series on the
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Nakba Day (Arabic: ذكرى النكبة, romanized: Dhikra an-Nakba, lit. 'Memory of the Catastrophe') is the day of commemoration for the Nakba, also known as the Palestinian Catastrophe, which comprised the destruction of Palestinian society and homeland in 1948, and the permanent displacement of a majority of the Palestinian people. It is generally commemorated on 15 May, the Gregorian calendar date of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. For Palestinians, it is an annual day of commemoration of the displacement that preceded and followed Israel's establishment.[1]

The day was officially inaugurated by Yasser Arafat in 1998, though the date had been unofficially used for protests since as early as 1949.

Timing

Main article: Nakba
Palestinian refugees in 1948

Nakba Day is generally commemorated on 15 May, the day after the Gregorian calendar date for Israel's Independence. In Israel, Nakba Day events have been held by some Arab citizens on Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israel's Independence Day), which is celebrated in Israel on the Hebrew calendar date (5 Iyar or shortly before or after). Because of the differences between the Hebrew and the Gregorian calendars, Independence Day and the official 15 May date for Nakba Day usually only coincide every 19 years.[2]

Commemoration

Palestinian girl in a protest on Nakba Day 2010 in Hebron, West Bank. Her sign says "Surely we will return, Palestine." Most of the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank are descendants of people whose families hail from areas that were incorporated into Israel in 1948.[3] The key is a symbol of the houses which Palestinians left as part of the Nakba.[4]
A demonstration for Nakba Day on Broadway at 42nd Street in Times Square, Midtown Manhattan.

As early as 1949, one year after the establishment of the State of Israel, 15 May was marked in several West Bank cities (under Jordanian rule) by demonstrations, strikes, the raising of black flags, and visits to the graves of people killed during the 1948 war. These events were organized by worker and student associations, cultural and sports clubs, scouts clubs, committees of refugees, and the Muslim Brotherhood. The speakers in these gatherings blamed the Arab governments and the Arab League for failing to "save Palestine", according to author Tamir Sorek. By the late 1950s, 15 May would be known in the Arab world as Palestine Day, mentioned by the media in Arab and Muslim countries as a day of international solidarity with Palestine.[5]

March of Return

Main article: March of Return (Israel)

Commemoration of the Nakba by Arab citizens of Israel who are internally displaced persons as a result of the 1948 war has been practiced for decades, but until the early 1990s was relatively weak. Initially, the memory of the catastrophe of 1948 was personal and communal in character and families or members of a given village would use the day to gather at the site of their former villages.[6] Small scale commemorations of the tenth anniversary in the form of silent vigils were held by Arab students at a few schools in Israel in 1958, despite attempts by the Israeli authorities to thwart them.[7] Visits to the sites of former villages became increasingly visible after the events of Land Day in 1976.[6] In the wake of the failure of the 1991 Madrid Conference to broach the subject of refugees, the Association for the Defense of the Rights of the Internally Displaced in Israel was founded to organize a March of Return to the site of a different village every year on 15 May so as to place the issue on the Israeli public agenda.[8]

By the early 1990s, annual commemorations of the day by Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel held a prominent place in the community's public discourse.[6][9]

Other commemorations

Meron Benvenisti writes that it was "…Israeli Arabs who taught the residents of the territories to commemorate Nakba Day."[10] Palestinians in the occupied territories were called upon to commemorate 15 May as a day of national mourning by the Palestine Liberation Organization's United National Command of the Uprising during the First Intifada in 1988.[11] The day was inaugurated by Yasser Arafat in 1998.[12]

The event is often marked by speeches and rallies by Palestinians in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, in Palestinian refugee camps in Arab states, and in other places around the world.[13][14] Protests at times develop into clashes between Palestinians and the Israel Defense Forces in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[15][16][17] In 2003 and 2004, there were demonstrations in London[18] and New York City.[19] In 2002, Zochrot was established to organize events raising the awareness of the Nakba in Hebrew so as to bring Palestinians and Israelis closer to a true reconciliation. The name is the Hebrew feminine plural form of "remember".[6]

On Nakba Day 2011, Palestinians and other Arabs from the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Lebanon and Syria marched towards their respective borders, or ceasefire lines and checkpoints in Israeli-occupied territories, to mark the event.[20] At least twelve Palestinians and supporters were killed and hundreds wounded as a result of shootings by the Israeli Army.[21] The Israeli army opened fire after thousands of Syrian protesters tried to forcibly enter the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights resulting in what AFP described as one of the worst incidents of violence there since the 1974 truce accord.[21] The IDF said troops "fired selectively" towards "hundreds of Syrian rioters" injuring an unspecified number in response to them crossing onto the Israeli side.[21] According to the BBC, the 2011 Nakba Day demonstrations were given impetus by the Arab Spring.[22] During the 2012 commemoration, thousands of Palestinian demonstrators protested in cities and towns across the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Protesters threw stones at Israeli soldiers guarding checkpoints in East Jerusalem who then fired rubber bullets and tear gas in response.[23] In 2021, Nakba Day occurred during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis and at least 29 Palestinians were injured by Israeli security forces in the West Bank according to Al Jazeera English.[24][25]

Objections to commemoration

Nakba Day 2011 in Arroub camp in Hebron, Palestine.

Shlomo Avineri has criticised observance of Nakba Day on the grounds that a more important issue is the failure to solidify a stronger national movement for Palestinian citizens as a foundation for nation-building.[26][27] Arab citizens of Israel have also been admonished for observing Nakba Day in light of their higher standard of living when compared to that of Palestinians who reside outside of Israel.[28]

On 23 March 2011, the Knesset approved, by a vote of 37 to 25,[29] a change to the budget, giving the Israeli finance minister the discretion to reduce government funding to any non-governmental organization (NGO) that commemorates the Palestinian Nakba instead of the Israeli Day of Independence.[30][31] A previous form of the bill, which first came under consideration by the Knesset in July 2001 and again in 2006, established the commemoration of the Nakba Day as a criminal offense, subject to 1-year imprisonment and/or a fine of NIS10,000 (~$2,500). Palestinians argue that the bill imposes restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, curtails equality, and applies conditions that suppress the national consciousness and historical narrative of the Palestinian people.[32]

After months of legislative limbo due to numerous appeals filed by organizations such as Adalah and the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, as well as several Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected the appeals, and upheld the Nakba Law, on 5 January 2012. Chief Justice Dorit Beinisch and Justices Eliezer Rivlin and Miriam Naor concluded: "The declarative level of the law does indeed raise difficult and complex questions. However, from the outset, the constitutionality of the law depends largely upon the interpretation given to the law's directives." Deductions could equal up to three times the event's sponsorship cost; repeat violations would double the amount of the fine.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ David W. Lesch; Benjamin Frankel (2004). History in Dispute: The Middle East since 1945 (Illustrated ed.). St. James Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-55862-472-6. The Palestinian recalled their "Nakba Day", "catastrophe" – the displacement that accompanied the creation of the State of Israel – in 1948.
  2. ^ Hertz-Larowitz, Rachel (2003). Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel: Voicing National Injustice on Campus. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 51–66.
  3. ^ Figures given here for the number of Palestinian refugees includes only those registered with UNRWA as June 2010. Internally displaced Palestinians were not registered, among others. Factbox: Palestinian refugee statistics
  4. ^ Shuttleworth, Kate (15 May 2014). "In pictures: Nakba Day protests". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  5. ^ Sorek, Tamir (2015). Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs. Stanford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8047-9520-3.
  6. ^ a b c d Nur Masalha (2005). Catastrophe remembered: Palestine, Israel and the internal refugees: essays in memory of Edward W. Said (1935–2003). Zed Books. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-84277-623-0.
  7. ^ Hillel Cohen (2010). Good Arabs: the Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967 (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-520-25767-2. nakba commemorations decades.
  8. ^ Masalha, 2005, p. 216.
  9. ^ In 2006, for example, Azmi Bishara, an Arab member of the Knesset told the Israeli newspaper Maariv: "Independence Day is your holiday, not ours. We mark this as the day of our Nakba, the tragedy that befell the Palestinian nation in 1948." (Maariv article (in Hebrew))
  10. ^ Mêrôn Benveniśtî (2007). Son of the cypresses: memories, reflections, and regrets from a political life. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-520-23825-1.
  11. ^ Shaul Mishal; Reʼuven Aharoni (1994). Speaking stones: communiqués from the Intifada underground. Syracuse University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8156-2607-7. May 15, which denotes the nakba, will be a day of national mourning and a general strike; public and private transportation will cease, and all will remain in their houses.
  12. ^ Rubin, Barry and Rubin, Judith Colp (2003). Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516689-2, p. 187.
  13. ^ "Anger over Palestinian Nakba ban proposal". BBC News. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  14. ^ Bowker, Robert (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2, p. 96.
  15. ^ Analysis: Why Palestinians are angry, BBC News Online, 15 May 2000.
  16. ^ Violence erupts in West Bank, BBC News Online, 15 May 2000.
  17. ^ Israel – Palestinian Violence, National Public Radio, 15 May 2000.
  18. ^ Pro-Palestine rally in London, BBC News Online, 15 May 2003.
  19. ^ Al-Nakba Day Rally in Times Square, 2004.
  20. ^ Gideon Biger (18 May 2011). "Israel was infiltrated, but no real borders were crossed". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  21. ^ a b c Bloodshed along Israel borders kills 12 on Nakba Day AFP. 15 May 2011.
  22. ^ Israeli forces open fire at Palestinian protesters. BBC News. 15 May 2011.
  23. ^ Thousands of Palestinians mark 'Nakba Day'. BBC News. 15 May 2012.
  24. ^ Frykberg, Mel (15 May 2021). "Israeli forces wound dozens of Palestinians at Nakba Day marches". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  25. ^ Gladstone, Rick (15 May 2021). "An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval". New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  26. ^ The real Nakba by Shlomo Avineri, 5 September 2008
  27. ^ cf. Karsh, Efraim (10 June 2011). "Reclaiming a historical truth". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  28. ^ "Time to stop mourning" by Meron Benvenisti
  29. ^ Knesset Approves Nakba Law, by Elad Benari, 23 March 2011
  30. ^ Elia Zureik (2011). Elia Zureik; David Lyon; Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.). Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-58861-4.
  31. ^ "MK Zahalka: Racist laws target Arab sector" by Roni Sofer, 22 March 2011
  32. ^ Olesker, Ronnie (15 March 2013). "Law-making and the Securitization of the Jewish Identity in Israel". Ethnopolitics. 13 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1080/17449057.2013.773156. S2CID 145339153.
  33. ^ "Israel's Supreme Court rejects Nakba Law suit " by The Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 5 January 2012
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