Nicholas II Kőszegi: Difference between revisions
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'''Nicholas (II) Kőszegi''', also known as '''Nicholas the Rooster''' ({{ |
'''Nicholas (II) Kőszegi''', also known as '''Nicholas the Rooster''' ({{langx|hu|Kőszegi "Kakas" Miklós}}; died 1332 or 1333), was a Hungarian lord in the early 14th century, who served as [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|Master of the horse]] from 1318 until 1321. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Nicholas was first mentioned by contemporary records in March 1314, when he and Ivan's grandson [[Andrew Kőszegi|Andrew]] returned the previously seized [[Sobor, Hungary|Sobor]] to their ''[[familiaris|familiares]]'', the members of the [[Osl|''gens'' (clan) Osl]], including [[Lawrence Kanizsai|Lawrence]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=661}} In the autumn of 1315, [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]] launched his first large-scale campaign against Nicholas' cousins, [[John Kőszegi|John]] and [[Peter Herceg|Peter]] (Henry II's sons) and their territory. Charles personally led his troops into [[Tolna County (former)|Tolna County]]. However John sought assistance from his relatives, Andrew, who administered Western Transdanubia and Nicholas II; they represented the other two branches of the Kőszegi family.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=660}} The united Kőszegi troops managed to expel the royal army from the region.{{sfn|Engel|1988|pp=112–113}} In February 1316, Nicholas issued a letter of donation to his ''familiaris'', Stephen Vönöcki for his loyalty and role in the victorious campaign against the royal troops.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=660}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=325}} |
Nicholas was first mentioned by contemporary records in March 1314, when he and Ivan's grandson [[Andrew Kőszegi|Andrew]] returned the previously seized [[Sobor, Hungary|Sobor]] to their ''[[familiaris|familiares]]'', the members of the [[Osl|''gens'' (clan) Osl]], including [[Lawrence Kanizsai|Lawrence]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=661}} In the autumn of 1315, [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]] launched his first large-scale campaign against Nicholas' cousins, [[John Kőszegi|John]] and [[Peter Herceg|Peter]] (Henry II's sons) and their territory. Charles personally led his troops into [[Tolna County (former)|Tolna County]]. However John sought assistance from his relatives, Andrew, who administered Western Transdanubia and Nicholas II; they represented the other two branches of the Kőszegi family.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=660}} The united Kőszegi troops managed to expel the royal army from the region.{{sfn|Engel|1988|pp=112–113}} In February 1316, Nicholas issued a letter of donation to his ''familiaris'', Stephen Vönöcki for his loyalty and role in the victorious campaign against the royal troops.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=660}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=325}} |
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There was a political turnaround in Nicholas' career in the upcoming months. When [[Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia|Stefan Uroš II Milutin]] invaded the [[Szerémség|Syrmia]], Charles I launched a counter-campaign across the river [[Száva]] and seized the fortress of [[Macsó]] (present-day Mačva, Serbia) in the winter of 1317. Nicholas pledged allegiance to the king and also participated in the campaign, according to Pál Engel. Taking advantage of the king's absent, Andrew Kőszegi attacked the royalist towns of [[Sopron]] and [[Győr]] and, simultaneously, he unsuccessfully besieged Léka and Rohonc too, the castles of Nicholas II.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=121}} During the attack, Andrew's troops killed Nicholas' several servants and pillaged their lands.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=334}} In retaliation, Charles launched a punitive expedition against Andrew's territory in the summer of 1317, while Austrian duke [[Frederick the Fair]] also attacked from the borderlands. Andrew's dominion collapsed within months. Charles' cease-fire conditions resulted the dissolution of the extended Kőszegi province in Western Transdanubia.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=121}} Charles I supported Nicholas, implementing the strategy of "[[divide and rule]]" in order to eliminate the Kőszegis' united actions; the king appointed him as ''[[ispán]]'' of Vas and Zala counties, succeeding Andrew. Beside that Nicholas was also made [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|Master of the horse]] in late 1317 or early 1318.{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=40, 225, 234}} |
There was a political turnaround in Nicholas' career in the upcoming months. When [[Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia|Stefan Uroš II Milutin]] invaded the [[Szerémség|Syrmia]], Charles I launched a counter-campaign across the river [[Száva]] and seized the fortress of [[Macsó]] (present-day Mačva, Serbia) in the winter of 1317. Nicholas pledged allegiance to the king and also participated in the campaign, according to Pál Engel. Taking advantage of the king's absent, Andrew Kőszegi attacked the royalist towns of [[Sopron]] and [[Győr]] and, simultaneously, he unsuccessfully besieged Léka and Rohonc too, the castles of Nicholas II.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=121}} During the attack, Andrew's troops killed Nicholas' several servants and pillaged their lands, but Nicholas' ''familiares'', Gregory and Duruslaus Rumi managed to repel the invasion itself.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=334}} In retaliation, Charles launched a punitive expedition against Andrew's territory in the summer of 1317, while Austrian duke [[Frederick the Fair]] also attacked from the borderlands. Andrew's dominion collapsed within months. Charles' cease-fire conditions resulted the dissolution of the extended Kőszegi province in Western Transdanubia.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=121}} Charles I supported Nicholas, implementing the strategy of "[[divide and rule]]" in order to eliminate the Kőszegis' united actions; the king appointed him as ''[[ispán]]'' of Vas and Zala counties, succeeding Andrew. Beside that Nicholas was also made [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|Master of the horse]] in late 1317 or early 1318.{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=40, 225, 234}} |
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After his ultimate victory over most of the oligarchs, including the Kőszegi kinship, Charles I turned against Nicholas and declared him as treacherous. In early 1321, Charles' generals, [[Alexander Köcski]] and Lawrence Csornai (Nicholas' former ''familiaris'') again led a royal campaign in Transdanubia. At first, they captured Pölöske, then seized Kanizsa and Rohonc, along with several villages. Nicholas Kőszegi could retain only Léka,{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=130}} while the ispánate of Vas County went to his former rebellious relative, Andrew Kőszegi.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=126}} |
After his ultimate victory over most of the oligarchs, including the Kőszegi kinship, Charles I turned against Nicholas and declared him as treacherous. In early 1321, Charles' generals, [[Alexander Köcski]] and Lawrence Csornai (Nicholas' former ''familiaris'') again led a royal campaign in Transdanubia. At first, they captured Pölöske, then seized Kanizsa and Rohonc, along with several villages. Nicholas Kőszegi could retain only Léka,{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=130}} while the ispánate of Vas County went to his former rebellious relative, Andrew Kőszegi.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=126}} |
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== Sources == |
== Sources == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Engel |first=Pál | |
* {{cite journal |last=Engel |first=Pál |author-link=Pál Engel |year=1988 |title=Az ország újraegyesítése. I. Károly küzdelmei az oligarchák ellen (1310–1323) [''Reunification of the Realm. The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)''] |journal=Századok |publisher=Magyar Történelmi Társulat |volume=122 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–146 |issn=0039-8098 |language=hu }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |
* {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0|language=hu}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=I. Károly király harcai a tartományurak ellen (1310–1323) [''The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)''] |
* {{cite journal |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=I. Károly király harcai a tartományurak ellen (1310–1323) [''The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)''] |journal=Századok |publisher=Magyar Történelmi Társulat |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=297–347 |issn=0039-8098 |language=hu }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2010 |title=A Henrik-fiak: A Héder nembéli Kőszegiek "családi története" [''The Henry Sons: The "Family History" of the Kőszegis from the Kindred Héder''] |
* {{cite journal |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2010 |title=A Henrik-fiak: A Héder nembéli Kőszegiek "családi története" [''The Henry Sons: The "Family History" of the Kőszegis from the Kindred Héder''] |journal=Vasi Szemle |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=651–661 |issn=0505-0332 |language=hu }} |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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[[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]] |
[[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]] |
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[[Category:14th-century Hungarian people]] |
[[Category:14th-century Hungarian people]] |
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[[Category:Masters of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:23, 4 November 2024
Nicholas (II) Kőszegi | |
|---|---|
 Seal of Nicholas II Kőszegi, 1323 | |
| Master of the horse | |
| Reign | 1318–1321 |
| Predecessor | Peter Csák |
| Successor | Blaise Fonyi |
| Born | before 1299 |
| Died | 1332 or 1333 |
| Noble family | House of Kőszegi |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth von Pottendorf |
| Issue | John I Rohonci Ladislaus I Rohonci Henry Rohonci Catherine Rohonci |
| Father | Nicholas I |
Nicholas (II) Kőszegi, also known as Nicholas the Rooster (Hungarian: Kőszegi "Kakas" Miklós; died 1332 or 1333), was a Hungarian lord in the early 14th century, who served as Master of the horse from 1318 until 1321.
Background
[edit]Nicholas II was born into the senior branch of the powerful and influential Kőszegi family, as the son of Nicholas I. According to genealogist Pál Engel, he had a younger brother John. The exact date of Nicholas' birth is unknown. He was born definitely before 1299, as his father died in that year. Nicholas II frequently appeared in contemporary documents with the nickname "the Rooster".[1]
After the death of his father, Nicholas inherited several domains and villages in Western Transdaubia, especially in Vas and Zala counties. After 1299, he owned the castles of Kanizsa, Szentvid, Léka (present-day Lockenhaus, Austria), Rohonc (present-day Rechnitz in Austria) and Pölöske. The latter fort functioned as his permanent residence.[2] Albeit, he was considered a prominent lord in the region, his wealth and influence were far behind his uncles, Ivan and Henry II, who had established oligarchic provinces independently of the monarch at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, which significantly restricted Nicholas' expansion potential. This probably created serious contrasts between the branches of the Kőszegis. In 1309 and 1312, when there was cooperation between the family members during a political resolution, Nicholas, who had reached adulthood by then, was omitted from the documents.[3]
Career
[edit]
Nicholas was first mentioned by contemporary records in March 1314, when he and Ivan's grandson Andrew returned the previously seized Sobor to their familiares, the members of the gens (clan) Osl, including Lawrence.[3] In the autumn of 1315, Charles I launched his first large-scale campaign against Nicholas' cousins, John and Peter (Henry II's sons) and their territory. Charles personally led his troops into Tolna County. However John sought assistance from his relatives, Andrew, who administered Western Transdanubia and Nicholas II; they represented the other two branches of the Kőszegi family.[4] The united Kőszegi troops managed to expel the royal army from the region.[5] In February 1316, Nicholas issued a letter of donation to his familiaris, Stephen Vönöcki for his loyalty and role in the victorious campaign against the royal troops.[4][6]
There was a political turnaround in Nicholas' career in the upcoming months. When Stefan Uroš II Milutin invaded the Syrmia, Charles I launched a counter-campaign across the river Száva and seized the fortress of Macsó (present-day Mačva, Serbia) in the winter of 1317. Nicholas pledged allegiance to the king and also participated in the campaign, according to Pál Engel. Taking advantage of the king's absent, Andrew Kőszegi attacked the royalist towns of Sopron and Győr and, simultaneously, he unsuccessfully besieged Léka and Rohonc too, the castles of Nicholas II.[7] During the attack, Andrew's troops killed Nicholas' several servants and pillaged their lands, but Nicholas' familiares, Gregory and Duruslaus Rumi managed to repel the invasion itself.[8] In retaliation, Charles launched a punitive expedition against Andrew's territory in the summer of 1317, while Austrian duke Frederick the Fair also attacked from the borderlands. Andrew's dominion collapsed within months. Charles' cease-fire conditions resulted the dissolution of the extended Kőszegi province in Western Transdanubia.[7] Charles I supported Nicholas, implementing the strategy of "divide and rule" in order to eliminate the Kőszegis' united actions; the king appointed him as ispán of Vas and Zala counties, succeeding Andrew. Beside that Nicholas was also made Master of the horse in late 1317 or early 1318.[9]
After his ultimate victory over most of the oligarchs, including the Kőszegi kinship, Charles I turned against Nicholas and declared him as treacherous. In early 1321, Charles' generals, Alexander Köcski and Lawrence Csornai (Nicholas' former familiaris) again led a royal campaign in Transdanubia. At first, they captured Pölöske, then seized Kanizsa and Rohonc, along with several villages. Nicholas Kőszegi could retain only Léka,[10] while the ispánate of Vas County went to his former rebellious relative, Andrew Kőszegi.[11]
Later life
[edit]Nicholas survived his political downfall. He successfully recovered the castle of Rohonc from the original owners, the Ják kindred during an act of land exchange in 1329.[12] Nicholas married Elizabeth, a daughter of an Austrian noble, Konrad von Pottendorf. The marriage produced three sons, John, Ladislaus and Henry who took the Rohonci surname in the upcoming decades after their father' new permanent seat. He also had a daughter, Catherine. Nicholas made his last will in October 1332. He donated the land of Kedhely (present-day Rábakethely, a borough of Szentgotthárd) to the monastery in Borsmonostor (Klostermarienberg, today part of Mannersdorf an der Rabnitz, Austria). He died sometime before August 1333.[1] His sons were forced to exchange the fort of Léka to Kemend in 1340.[13] The Rohonci family flourished until 1403, when they lost much of their fortune, including Rohonc and Kemend, during the national uprising against King Sigismund.[14] The kinship continued to exist until the middle of the 15th century.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Engel: Genealógia (Genus Héder 4. Kőszegi [and Rohonci] branch)
- ^ Engel 1996, pp. 335, 357, 396, 401.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2010, p. 661.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2010, p. 660.
- ^ Engel 1988, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 325.
- ^ a b Engel 1988, p. 121.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 334.
- ^ Engel 1996, pp. 40, 225, 234.
- ^ Engel 1988, p. 130.
- ^ Engel 1988, p. 126.
- ^ Zsoldos 2010, p. 657.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 339.
- ^ Engel 1996, pp. 339, 401.
Sources
[edit]- Engel, Pál (1988). "Az ország újraegyesítése. I. Károly küzdelmei az oligarchák ellen (1310–1323) [Reunification of the Realm. The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)]". Századok (in Hungarian). 122 (1–2). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 89–146. ISSN 0039-8098.
- Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
- Kristó, Gyula (2003). "I. Károly király harcai a tartományurak ellen (1310–1323) [The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)]". Századok (in Hungarian). 137 (2). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 297–347. ISSN 0039-8098.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2010). "A Henrik-fiak: A Héder nembéli Kőszegiek "családi története" [The Henry Sons: The "Family History" of the Kőszegis from the Kindred Héder]". Vasi Szemle (in Hungarian). 64 (6): 651–661. ISSN 0505-0332.