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{{Short description|Archeological site in Jordan}}
'''Tell Abu al-Kharaz''' is a Bronze and Iron Age archaeological site in [[Gilead]] in the eastern Jordan Valley. This ancient settlement was identified with the biblical [[Jabesh Gilead]] (Judges 21:8-10, Samuel 2:4; Chronicles 10, 11; Kings, 12:10, 13). It was also identified with the burial site of [[King Saul]].
{{Coord|32|23|56.34|N|35|35|42.38|E|display=title}}{{Infobox ancient site|name=Tell Abu Al-Kharaz|location=[[Irbid Governorate]], [[Jordan]]|alternate_name=|image=|alt=|caption=|map_type=Jordan|map_alt=|area=|native_name=تل أبو الخرز|region=|coordinates={{coord|32.3993|35.5948|display=inline}}|type=[[Human settlement|Settlement]]|part_of=|length=|width=|map_size=250|height=|event=|excavations=1989-2001|built=|abandoned=|epochs=[[Early Bronze Age]] to [[Iron Age]]|cultures=|dependency_of=|occupants=[[Canaan]]ites, [[Israelites]]|builder=|material=|archaeologists=Swedish Jordan Expedition|condition=In ruins|ownership=|management=|public_access=Yes|website=|notes=}}'''Tell Abu al-Kharaz''' ({{Langx|ar|تل أبو الخرز|lit=Mound of the Father of Beads}}) is an [[Tell (archaeology)|archeological tell]] in the Irbid Governorate of modern-day [[Jordan]]. Tell Abu al-Kharaz was the site of a fortified town during the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s; it is located in the [[Jordan Valley]], 4 kilometers east of the [[Jordan River]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Peter M.|date=2008|title=Tell Abu al-Kharaz: A Bead in the Jordan Valley|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20697190|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology|volume=71|issue=4|pages=196–213|doi=10.1086/NEA20697190 |jstor=20697190 |s2cid=167145910 |issn=1094-2076}}</ref>


==Location==
==Location==
The site is located 35 km from the [[Sea of Galilee]], and 80 km from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]; and is 4 km east of the [[Jordan River]], and 5 km north of [[Pella]]. It was found at a crossroads of ancient trade routes that linked [[Megiddo]] and [[Beit Shean]] to the Mediterranean.
Tell Abu al-Kharaz is situated on a strategic point, approximately one kilometer north to where the [[perennial stream]] of Wadi al-Yabis enters the Jordan Valley. It lies in a region known in [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|biblical times]] as [[Gilead]].<ref name=":0" />


The site is located 35&nbsp;km from the [[Sea of Galilee]], and 80&nbsp;km from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]; it is 4&nbsp;km east of the Jordan River, and 6&nbsp;km south-southwest of [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]]. It was at the crossroads of ancient trade routes that linked [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]] and [[Beit Shean]] to the Mediterranean.
⚫
The Tell is about 60 meters high (-200 m above sea level) and covers an area of 300x400 m. It was excavated between 1989 and 2001 by the Swedish Jordan Expedition under the direction of Peter M. Fischer.

⚫
The tell is about 60 meters high (116 meters below sea level) and covers an area of 300 x 400 meters. It was excavated between 1989 and 2001 by the Swedish Jordan Expedition under the direction of [[Peter M. Fischer]].


==Chronology==
==Chronology==
The settlement mound was inhabited from the [[Chalcolithic]] until the Islamic period. It is believed to have been abandoned – for over a thousand years – between the Early Bronze Age (EBA II) and the late Middle Bronze Age.
The settlement mound was inhabited from the [[Chalcolithic]] until the [[Bilad al-Sham|Islamic period]].<ref name=":1" /> A number of fortified towns from the Early Bronze Age (EBA I, II), the end of the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age (I, II), and Iron Age (I, II) were excavated at the site.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell Abu al-Kharaz {{!}} Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus, Peter Fischer|url=http://www.fischerarchaeology.se/?page_id=11|access-date=2022-02-24|language=en-US}}</ref> The site is believed to have been abandoned for over a thousand years – between the Early Bronze Age (EBA II) and the late Middle Bronze Age (from approximately 2900 to 1650 BCE).<ref name=":1" />

Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the oldest town from the Early Bronze Age around 3000 BCE was the largest.<ref name=":1">[http://www.fischerarchaeology.se/?page_id=29 The Economy of the Ancient Societies of Tell Abu al-Kharaz.] Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus. Peter Fischer</ref>


==Finds==
==Finds==
⚫
Since the Middle Bronze Age (MB IIC, ca 1600 BC), [[Jordan valley]] and Cypriot pottery was predominant in Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Egyptian imports were almost completely missing. Cypriot imports were also found in the area (White dip I ware, [[chocolate-on-white ware]]).


==Imports==
=== Bronze Age ===
The earliest imports (phase 1, Early Bronze Age) have been identified as cylindrical jars, and mace heads coming from Egypt (Naqada IIIB). Up to now, these finds represent the furthest northern spread of such Egyptian imports of this early period.
Imported pottery was found at the Phase 1 of the mound, which is dated to the Early Bronze Age. These items have been identified as cylindrical jars, and mace heads coming from [[Prehistoric Egypt|Predynastic Egypt]] ([[Naqada III|Naqada IIIB]]). Up to now, these finds represent the furthest northern spread of such Egyptian imports of this early period.

⚫
Since the Middle Bronze Age (MB IIC, c. 1600 BCE), local Jordan valley type pottery, and [[Pottery of ancient Cyprus|Cypriot-type pottery]] were predominant in Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Egyptian imports were almost completely missing. Cypriot imports were also found at the site ([[Pottery of ancient Cyprus#Bronze Age|''White Slip I'' and ''White Slip II'' wares]]).

[[File:Chocolate on white ware 1 (2).JPG|thumb|This type of [[Chocolate-on-white ware]] is commonly found at the site]]

A large amount of [[Chocolate-on-white ware]] was found at Tell Abu al-Kharaz. This type of pottery was most likely produced locally on-site, but it is also present at several other sites in the Jordan Valley and nearby areas.
There is no confirmed find of such pottery on Cyprus or in the Aegean.<ref>[http://www.oeaw.ac.at/sciem2000/Pr11Jor.html The investigation of Chocolate-on-White Ware.] ''Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften'' site. P.M. Fischer</ref>

=== Iron Age ===
A large agricultural compound dating from Iron Age I was unearthed in Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Botanical remains discovered at the compound include [[pomegranate]]s, [[olive]]s, [[fig]]s, [[grape]]s, [[flax]] and [[emmer]] among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kofel|first1=Dominika|last2=Bürge|first2=Teresa|title=Agriculture and Storage Practices in an Early Iron Age Household |date=2018|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664994|journal=Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant|volume=28|pages=291–308|doi=10.1553/AEundL28s291 |jstor=26664994 |issn=1015-5104}}</ref> Remains from Iron Age II include [[Four room house|four-room houses]], an iron workshop, bone handles decorated with sphinxes, and an ostracon bearing inscription in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or related [[Canaanite languages#South Canaan|Transjordanian dialects]].<ref name=":0" />

The Iron Age settlement was destroyed around 700 BCE, probably by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

== Biblical identification ==
[[Nelson Glueck]], [[Gershon Galil]] and other biblical scholars have proposed to identify Tell Abu al-Kharaz with the biblical town of [[Jabesh Gilead|Jabesh-Gilead]],<ref name="Edernburg">{{cite book|last1=Edenburg|first1=Cynthia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-YMDAAAQBAJ&q=Abu+al-Kharaz+Jabesh+Gilead&pg=PA105|title=Dismembering the Whole: Composition and Purpose of Judges 19-21|date=2016|publisher=SBL Press|isbn=978-1-62837-125-3|page=105|language=en|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Galil|first1=Gershon|last2=גליל|first2=גרשון|last3=Schattner-Rieser|first3=Ursula|last4=שטנר־ריזר|first4=אורסולה|date=2016|title=THE NEW ARAMAIC INSCRIPTION FROM TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ (JABESH GILEAD) - הכתובת הארמית החדשה מתל אבו־ח'ראז (יבש גלעד): LANGUAGE, SYMBOLISM AND HISTORY|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26732491|journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה|volume=לב|pages=8*–17*|jstor=26732491 |issn=0071-108X}}</ref> although this identification is not widely accepted. Many scholars have preferred to identify Jabesh with [[Tell el-Maqlub]], located further to the east on Wadi al-Yabis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Merrill|first=S|title=East of the Jordan: a record of travel and observation in the countries of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan. R. Bentley|year=1883|location=New York: Scribner's|pages=440|orig-date=1881}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noth|first=M.|date=1953|title=Jabesh-gilead: Ein Beitrag zur Methode alttestamentischer Topographie|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|pages=28–41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Simons|first=J|title=The Geographical and Topographical Texts of the Old Testament: A Concise Commentary in XXXII Chapters|publisher=Brill|year=1959|location=Leiden|pages=315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aharoni|first=Y.|title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|publisher=Burns & Oates|year=1979|editor-last=Rainey|editor-first=A.F.|edition=2|location=London|pages=379, 437}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1101929531|title=Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011)|last2=Lipschits|first2=Oded|last3=Koch|first3=Ido|publisher=|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-086-9|location=[Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]|pages=131|chapter=The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.|oclc=1101929531}}</ref>

Noth and Ottosson identified Tell Abu al-Kharaz with [[Abel-meholah]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ottosson|first=M.|title=Gilead: Tradition and History|publisher=Gleerup|year=1969|location=Lund|pages=217|language=Swedish|translator-last=Gray|translator-first=J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noth|first=M.|date=1959|title=Gilead und Gad|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|volume=69|pages=60}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 22: Line 43:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* [[Peter M. Fischer]]: ''Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006 ff.
* [[Peter M. Fischer]]: ''Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006 ff.
# ''The Early Bronze Age''. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7001-3880-8.
# ''The Early Bronze Age''. 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-7001-3880-8}}.
# ''The Middle and Late Bronze Ages''. 2006, ISBN 978-3-7001-3868-6.
# ''The Middle and Late Bronze Ages''. 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-7001-3868-6}}.
* Peter M. Fischer: ''The Chronology of the Jordan Valley during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla''. Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-7001-3816-7.
* Peter M. Fischer: ''The Chronology of the Jordan Valley during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla''. Wien 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7001-3816-7}}.
* Peter M. Fischer: ''Jordan Valley and Cyprus'' In: [[Paul Åström]] und [[Dietrich Sürenhagen]] (Hrsg.): ''Periplus. Festschrift für Hans-Günter Buchholz zu seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag am 24. Dezember 1999''. Gothenburg 2000, ISBN 91-7081-101-6, 51 ff.
* Peter M. Fischer: ''Jordan Valley and Cyprus'' In: [[Paul Åström]] und [[Dietrich Sürenhagen]] (Hrsg.): ''Periplus. Festschrift für Hans-Günter Buchholz zu seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag am 24. Dezember 1999''. Gothenburg 2000, {{ISBN|91-7081-101-6}}, 51 ff.

==External links==
*[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Tall%20Abu%20el-Kharaz%20(Jordan) Photos of Tall Abu el-Kharaz] at the [[American Center of Research]]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:History of Palestine]]
[[Category:Archaeology of the Near East]]
[[Category:Archaeology of the Near East]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jordan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Bronze Age Asia]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites]]
[[Category:Gilead]]
[[Category:Tells (archaeology)]]
[[Category:Biblical archaeology]]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 4 November 2024

32°23′56.34″N 35°35′42.38″E / 32.3989833°N 35.5951056°E / 32.3989833; 35.5951056

Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
تل أبو الخرز
Tell Abu al-Kharaz is located in Jordan
Tell Abu al-Kharaz
Shown within Jordan
LocationIrbid Governorate, Jordan
Coordinates32°23′57″N 35°35′41″E / 32.3993°N 35.5948°E / 32.3993; 35.5948
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsEarly Bronze Age to Iron Age
Associated withCanaanites, Israelites
Site notes
Excavation dates1989-2001
ArchaeologistsSwedish Jordan Expedition
ConditionIn ruins
Public accessYes

Tell Abu al-Kharaz (Arabic: تل أبو الخرز, lit. 'Mound of the Father of Beads') is an archeological tell in the Irbid Governorate of modern-day Jordan. Tell Abu al-Kharaz was the site of a fortified town during the Bronze and Iron Ages; it is located in the Jordan Valley, 4 kilometers east of the Jordan River.[1]

Location

[edit]

Tell Abu al-Kharaz is situated on a strategic point, approximately one kilometer north to where the perennial stream of Wadi al-Yabis enters the Jordan Valley. It lies in a region known in biblical times as Gilead.[1]

The site is located 35 km from the Sea of Galilee, and 80 km from the Mediterranean Sea; it is 4 km east of the Jordan River, and 6 km south-southwest of Pella. It was at the crossroads of ancient trade routes that linked Megiddo and Beit Shean to the Mediterranean.

The tell is about 60 meters high (116 meters below sea level) and covers an area of 300 x 400 meters. It was excavated between 1989 and 2001 by the Swedish Jordan Expedition under the direction of Peter M. Fischer.

Chronology

[edit]

The settlement mound was inhabited from the Chalcolithic until the Islamic period.[2] A number of fortified towns from the Early Bronze Age (EBA I, II), the end of the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age (I, II), and Iron Age (I, II) were excavated at the site.[3] The site is believed to have been abandoned for over a thousand years – between the Early Bronze Age (EBA II) and the late Middle Bronze Age (from approximately 2900 to 1650 BCE).[2]

Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the oldest town from the Early Bronze Age around 3000 BCE was the largest.[2]

Finds

[edit]

Bronze Age

[edit]

Imported pottery was found at the Phase 1 of the mound, which is dated to the Early Bronze Age. These items have been identified as cylindrical jars, and mace heads coming from Predynastic Egypt (Naqada IIIB). Up to now, these finds represent the furthest northern spread of such Egyptian imports of this early period.

Since the Middle Bronze Age (MB IIC, c. 1600 BCE), local Jordan valley type pottery, and Cypriot-type pottery were predominant in Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Egyptian imports were almost completely missing. Cypriot imports were also found at the site (White Slip I and White Slip II wares).

This type of Chocolate-on-white ware is commonly found at the site

A large amount of Chocolate-on-white ware was found at Tell Abu al-Kharaz. This type of pottery was most likely produced locally on-site, but it is also present at several other sites in the Jordan Valley and nearby areas. There is no confirmed find of such pottery on Cyprus or in the Aegean.[4]

Iron Age

[edit]

A large agricultural compound dating from Iron Age I was unearthed in Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Botanical remains discovered at the compound include pomegranates, olives, figs, grapes, flax and emmer among others.[5] Remains from Iron Age II include four-room houses, an iron workshop, bone handles decorated with sphinxes, and an ostracon bearing inscription in Hebrew or related Transjordanian dialects.[1]

The Iron Age settlement was destroyed around 700 BCE, probably by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[1]

Biblical identification

[edit]

Nelson Glueck, Gershon Galil and other biblical scholars have proposed to identify Tell Abu al-Kharaz with the biblical town of Jabesh-Gilead,[6][7] although this identification is not widely accepted. Many scholars have preferred to identify Jabesh with Tell el-Maqlub, located further to the east on Wadi al-Yabis.[8][9][10][11][12]

Noth and Ottosson identified Tell Abu al-Kharaz with Abel-meholah.[13][14]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Fischer, Peter M. (2008). "Tell Abu al-Kharaz: A Bead in the Jordan Valley". Near Eastern Archaeology. 71 (4): 196–213. doi:10.1086/NEA20697190. ISSN 1094-2076. JSTOR 20697190. S2CID 167145910.
  2. ^ a b c The Economy of the Ancient Societies of Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus. Peter Fischer
  3. ^ "Tell Abu al-Kharaz | Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus, Peter Fischer". Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  4. ^ The investigation of Chocolate-on-White Ware. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften site. P.M. Fischer
  5. ^ Kofel, Dominika; Bürge, Teresa (2018). "Agriculture and Storage Practices in an Early Iron Age Household". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 28: 291–308. doi:10.1553/AEundL28s291. ISSN 1015-5104. JSTOR 26664994.
  6. ^ Edenburg, Cynthia (2016). Dismembering the Whole: Composition and Purpose of Judges 19-21. SBL Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-62837-125-3. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  7. ^ Galil, Gershon; גליל, גרשון; Schattner-Rieser, Ursula; שטנר־ריזר, אורסולה (2016). "THE NEW ARAMAIC INSCRIPTION FROM TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ (JABESH GILEAD) - הכתובת הארמית החדשה מתל אבו־ח'ראז (יבש גלעד): LANGUAGE, SYMBOLISM AND HISTORY". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה. לב: 8*–17*. ISSN 0071-108X. JSTOR 26732491.
  8. ^ Merrill, S (1883) [1881]. East of the Jordan: a record of travel and observation in the countries of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan. R. Bentley. New York: Scribner's. p. 440.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Noth, M. (1953). "Jabesh-gilead: Ein Beitrag zur Methode alttestamentischer Topographie". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins: 28–41.
  10. ^ Simons, J (1959). The Geographical and Topographical Texts of the Old Testament: A Concise Commentary in XXXII Chapters. Leiden: Brill. p. 315.
  11. ^ Aharoni, Y. (1979). Rainey, A.F. (ed.). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (2 ed.). London: Burns & Oates. pp. 379, 437.
  12. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011). [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-86835-086-9. OCLC 1101929531.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Ottosson, M. (1969). Gilead: Tradition and History (in Swedish). Translated by Gray, J. Lund: Gleerup. p. 217.
  14. ^ Noth, M. (1959). "Gilead und Gad". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 69: 60.

This article is based on the article in German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Peter M. Fischer: Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006 ff.
  1. The Early Bronze Age. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7001-3880-8.
  2. The Middle and Late Bronze Ages. 2006, ISBN 978-3-7001-3868-6.
  • Peter M. Fischer: The Chronology of the Jordan Valley during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla. Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-7001-3816-7.
  • Peter M. Fischer: Jordan Valley and Cyprus In: Paul Åström und Dietrich Sürenhagen (Hrsg.): Periplus. Festschrift für Hans-Günter Buchholz zu seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag am 24. Dezember 1999. Gothenburg 2000, ISBN 91-7081-101-6, 51 ff.
[edit]
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