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The '''Murrah buffalo''' is a breed of [[water buffalo]] (''Bubalus bubalis'') mainly kept for milk production. It originates in [[Haryana]] state and some district of [[Punjab]] and [[West UP]] of India, where it is kept in the districts of [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Jhajhar district|Jhajhar]], [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] and the [[National Capital Region (India)|capital region of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|title=Murrah Buffalo|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207042140/http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Murrah buffalo at the Lakshmi Dairy Farm in Punjab set a record of 26.335&nbsp;kg of milk in the 2016 National Livestock Competition and Expo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/story/184582.html|title=Murrah buffalo sets record with 26.33&nbsp;kg milk|publisher=tribuneindia.com|date=2016-01-16|access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>
The '''Murrah buffalo ''' is a breed of [[water buffalo]] (''Bubalus bubalis'') mainly kept for milk production. It originates in [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab]] of India, where it is kept in the districts of [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Agra]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Jhajhar district|Jhajhar]], [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] and the [[National Capital Region (India)|capital region of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|title=Murrah Buffalo|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207042140/http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It has been used to improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria and Egypt.<ref>Moioli, B. and A. Borghese (2016). [http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/010/ah847e/ah847e01.pdf Buffalo Breeds and Management Systems]. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia (Animal Production Research Institute).</ref> A Murrah buffalo at the Lakshmi Dairy Farm in Punjab set a record of {{cvt|26.335|kg}} of milk in the 2016 National Livestock Competition and Expo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/story/184582.html|title=Murrah buffalo sets record with 26.33&nbsp;kg milk|publisher=tribuneindia.com|date=2016-01-16|access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

It has been used to improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria, and Egypt.<ref>Moioli, B. and A. Borghese (2016). [http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/010/ah847e/ah847e01.pdf Buffalo Breeds and Management Systems]. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia (Animal Production Research Institute).</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-lalima-the-7th-buffalo-cloned-by-national-dairy-research-institute-1993211 Meet 'Lalima' - the 7th buffalo cloned by National Dairy Research Institute], DNA News.</ref><ref>[http://www.buffalopedia.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=107&lang=en Murrah in Bulgaria].</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/brazil-haryana-to-work-on-murrah-breed-development/articleshow/67482478.cms Brazil, Haryana to work on Murrah breed development], Times of India.</ref>
In Brazil, this breed of buffalo is used for production of both meat and milk. Murrahs sell for a high price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-farmer-buys-Haryana-murrah-buffalo-for-Rs-25L/articleshow/21753870.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh farmer buys Haryana murrah buffalo for Rs 25L |work=The Times of India|date=2013-08-11 |access-date=2014-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |title=Rs 40-lakh-a-year hurrah for owner of this Murrah! |work=Hindustan Times|date=2014-02-17 |access-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>
In Brazil, this breed of buffalo is used for production of both meat and milk. Murrahs sell for a high price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-farmer-buys-Haryana-murrah-buffalo-for-Rs-25L/articleshow/21753870.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh farmer buys Haryana murrah buffalo for Rs 25L |work=The Times of India|date=2013-08-11 |access-date=2014-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |title=Rs 40-lakh-a-year hurrah for owner of this Murrah! |work=Hindustan Times|date=2014-02-17 |access-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>


Among Indian buffalo breeds, Murrah is noted to have the highest milk yield.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nilotpal|first1=Ghosh|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/LIVESTOCK_PRODUCTION_MANAGEMENT/GpipDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1|title=Livestock Production Management|date=July 2019|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-88028-98-1}}</ref>
Among Indian buffalo breeds, Murrah is noted to have the highest milk yield.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nilotpal|first1=Ghosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpipDwAAQBAJ|title=Livestock Production Management|date=July 2019|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-88028-98-1}}</ref>


==Appearance==
==Appearance==
[[File:Búfalo Murrah.JPG|thumb|Murrah buffalo on a Brazilian farm]]
[[File:Búfalo Murrah.JPG|thumb|Murrah buffalo on a Brazilian farm]]
Murrah buffaloes are jet black in colour, sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Their eyes are black, active, and prominent in females, but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled, i.e., the cornea should not have whiteness. Their necks are long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Their ears are short, thin, and alert.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
Murrah buffaloes are jet black in colour, sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Their eyes are black, active, and prominent in females, but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled, i.e., the cornea should not have whiteness. Their necks are long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Their ears are short, thin, and alert. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_buffalo%20breeds.html|title=Livestock:: Buffalo:: BreedsAnimal Husbandry ::buffalo breeds}}</ref>


They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Bulls weigh around {{convert|550|kg|abbr=on}} and cows around {{convert|450|kg|abbr=on}}. Average milk production is {{cvt|2200|l|abbr=on}} in a lactation period of 310 days.<ref name=a>{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/buffalo/murrah/index.htm |title=Murrah |work=ansi.okstate.edu |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020180010/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/buffalo/murrah/index.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharathidairyfarm.com/about-murrah.php |title=Murrah Buffalo |work=bharathidairyfarm.com}}</ref>
They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Bulls weigh around {{convert|550|kg|abbr=on}} and cows around {{convert|450|kg|abbr=on}}. Average milk production is {{cvt|2200|L|abbr=on}} in a lactation period of 310 days.<ref name=a>{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/buffalo/murrah/index.htm |title=Murrah |work=ansi.okstate.edu |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020180010/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/buffalo/murrah/index.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharathidairyfarm.com/about-murrah.php |title=Murrah Buffalo |work=bharathidairyfarm.com}}</ref>


==Research institutes ==
==Research institutes ==
These institutes have ongoing research programs to enhance and disseminate the Murrah breed:
These institutes have ongoing research programs to enhance and disseminate the Murrah breed:
*The [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] in Hisar is the premier research institute in India for improving the Murrah buffalo breed and for disseminating Murrah buffalo semen to farmers and buffalo breeders for fertilization of cows. It has cloned a Murrah buffalo to replicate the high quality breed.<ref name=CR1>[http://www.cirb.res.in CIRB website]</ref><ref name=CR4>[https://books.google.com/books?id=G8-XBnE_nAsC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=Central+Institute+for+Research+on+Buffaloes,+hisar&source=bl&ots=xFM9DCcusp&sig=os1EOECw-tA48dhTEYAceZ5O3Gk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbxvbO9KzMAhUOBo4KHfz7BPI4ChDoAQgwMAU#v=onepage&q=Central%20Institute%20for%20Research%20on%20Buffaloes%2C%20hisar&f=false 50 years of Indian agriculture, page 245]</ref><ref name=jagran1>[http://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-16429094.html "लुवास का भैंस फार्म देश का सर्वश्रेष्ठ केंद्र घोषित (Hisar LUVAS Buffalo farm best in the nation)."], [[Dainik Jagran]], 25 July 2017.</ref><ref name=CR2>[http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/6765 Training on Advanced Buffalo Husbandry organized at CIRB, Hisar]</ref><ref name=CR5>Syed Mohmad Shah, Manmohan Singh Chauhan. 2017 [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1946556440 Reproduction in Buffalo: Natural and assisted reproductive techniques], Notion Press, Chennai.</ref><ref>[http://www.buffalopedia.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=107&lang=en Bulgarian Murrah]</ref>
*The [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] in Hisar is the premier research institute in India for improving the Murrah buffalo breed and for disseminating Murrah buffalo semen to farmers and buffalo breeders for fertilization of cows. It has cloned a Murrah buffalo to replicate the high quality breed.<ref name=CR1>[http://www.cirb.res.in CIRB website]</ref><ref name=CR4>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8-XBnE_nAsC&dq=Central+Institute+for+Research+on+Buffaloes,+hisar&pg=PA245|title=Fifty Years of Indian Agriculture|first1=Ali|last1=Mohammad|first2=Abdul|last2=Munir|first3=Hifzur|last3=Rehman|date=26 June 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180693601 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=jagran1>[http://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-16429094.html "लुवास का भैंस फार्म देश का सर्वश्रेष्ठ केंद्र घोषित (Hisar LUVAS Buffalo farm best in the nation)."], [[Dainik Jagran]], 25 July 2017.</ref><ref name=CR2>[http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/6765 Training on Advanced Buffalo Husbandry organized at CIRB, Hisar]</ref><ref name=CR5>Syed Mohmad Shah, Manmohan Singh Chauhan. 2017 [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1946556440 Reproduction in Buffalo: Natural and assisted reproductive techniques], Notion Press, Chennai.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buffalopedia.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=107&lang=en|title=Bulgarian Murrah}}</ref>
* [[National Dairy Research Institute]] is an agro-dairy university in [[Karnal]].<ref>[https://hillpost.in/2019/07/nauni-university-at-rank-12-among-agri-research-institutes-of-country/112098/ Nauni University At Rank 12 Among Agri Research Institutes Of Country]</ref>
* [[National Dairy Research Institute]] is an agro-dairy university in [[Karnal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2019/07/nauni-university-at-rank-12-among-agri-research-institutes-of-country/112098/|title=Nauni University At Rank 12 Among Agri Research Institutes Of Country|first=Hill Post|last=Staff|date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Philippine Carabao Center]] in the Philippines breeds Murrah buffaloes for adapting them to the local tropical conditions.
* The [[Philippine Carabao Center]] in the Philippines breeds Murrah buffaloes for adapting them to the local tropical conditions.

== Export to other nations==
{{anchor | Export }}

In [[Asia]], Murrah buffaloes were first introduced in [[Philippines]] from India in 1917 to cross breed with native [[Carabao#The_Philippines|Carabao]] breed. A few [[Niliravi|Nili-Ravi]] [[Animal breeding|breed]] were also exported from India to Philippines.<ref name=Cockrill1977>{{cite book |editor-last=Cockrill |editor-first=W. R. |series=Animal Production and Health Series |volume=4 |title=The Water Buffalo |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=1977 |isbn=978-9251001080 |url=http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf |access-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141330/http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Philippine Carabao Center]] was established in 1992 at [[Muñoz, Nueva Ecija|Science City of Muñoz]] in [[Nueva Ecija]] province to breed and cross [[carabao]] based on high-yield Murrah buffalo in the Philippines as a multi-purpose animal that can be raised for milk, meat, hide, and draft.<ref name="pcc">{{cite web|title=Philippine Carabao Center History|url=http://www.pcc.da.gov.ph/history.php|access-date=September 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407025112/http://www.pcc.da.gov.ph/history.php|archive-date=April 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name="dabar">{{cite web|last=Hernandez|first=Ma. Eloisa E.|title=The Philippine Carabao Center ...has gone a long way|url=http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/2006/julsep06_featinst.asp|publisher=Bureau of Agricultural Research|access-date=September 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723142040/http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/2006/julsep06_featinst.asp|archive-date=July 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name="robles">{{cite web|last=Robles|first=Chan|title=REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7307|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno7307.html|publisher=Robles Chan Virtual Law Library|access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref><ref name="pcc2">{{cite web|title=The Philippines: Enterprise-Driven Dairy Development|url=http://www.aphca.org/reference/dairy/SMB_FAO_LLS_Philippine_Paper_Revised_20Dec07.pdf|publisher=Philippine Carabao Center|access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> This project has now expected to more than 14 buffalo research centers, based on murrah breed, spread across Philippines.

In [[Europe]], the native breed were crossbred with the Indian Murrah breed in [[Bulgaria]], and later in Romania, some were crossbred with Bulgarian Murrah.<ref name=Borghese2005>Borghese, A., Mazzi, M. (2005). ''Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World''. Pages 1–39 in Borghese, A. (ed.) ''Buffalo Production and Research''. REU Technical Series 67. Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo, FAO Regional Office for Europe, Rome.</ref>

In [[South America]], starting from late 19th century Murrah & Jaffarabadi breeds were [[Animal husbandry in Brazil|imported by Brazil]] to improve the breed there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Minervino|first1=A.H.H. |last2=Zava |first2=M. |last3=Vecchio|first3=D. |last4=Borghese|first4=A. |date=2020 |title=''Bubalus bubalis'': A Short Story |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=7 |page=570413 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.570413 |pmid=33335917 |pmc=7736047 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 40: Line 48:
* [[List of Indian cattle breeds]]
* [[List of Indian cattle breeds]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI)
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI)
* [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar]], research and dissemination institute to improve the feed for cattle to enhance the milk yield, situated next to the CIRB Hisar.
* [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar]], research and dissemination institute to improve the feed for cattle to enhance the milk yield, situated next to the CIRB Hisar


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:30, 4 November 2024

Murrah buffalo
Murrah buffaloes in the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) at its Central Mindanao University facility in Maramag, Bukidnon
Conservation statusDomesticated
Country of originIndia
DistributionAzerbaijan, Brazil, Colombia, China, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Venezuela
UseDairy
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    750 kg
  • Female:
    650 kg
Height
  • Male:
    4.9 foot ca. 142 cm
  • Female:
    4.7 foot ca. 133 cm
CoatBlack

The Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) mainly kept for milk production. It originates in Haryana and Punjab of India, where it is kept in the districts of Bhiwani, Agra, Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, Jhajhar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and the capital region of Delhi.[1] It has been used to improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria and Egypt.[2] A Murrah buffalo at the Lakshmi Dairy Farm in Punjab set a record of 26.335 kg (58.06 lb) of milk in the 2016 National Livestock Competition and Expo.[3] In Brazil, this breed of buffalo is used for production of both meat and milk. Murrahs sell for a high price.[4][5]

Among Indian buffalo breeds, Murrah is noted to have the highest milk yield.[6]

Appearance

[edit]
Murrah buffalo on a Brazilian farm

Murrah buffaloes are jet black in colour, sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Their eyes are black, active, and prominent in females, but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled, i.e., the cornea should not have whiteness. Their necks are long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Their ears are short, thin, and alert. [7]

They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Bulls weigh around 550 kg (1,210 lb) and cows around 450 kg (990 lb). Average milk production is 2,200 L (480 imp gal; 580 US gal) in a lactation period of 310 days.[8][9]

Research institutes

[edit]

These institutes have ongoing research programs to enhance and disseminate the Murrah breed:

Export to other nations

[edit]

In Asia, Murrah buffaloes were first introduced in Philippines from India in 1917 to cross breed with native Carabao breed. A few Nili-Ravi breed were also exported from India to Philippines.[17] Philippine Carabao Center was established in 1992 at Science City of Muñoz in Nueva Ecija province to breed and cross carabao based on high-yield Murrah buffalo in the Philippines as a multi-purpose animal that can be raised for milk, meat, hide, and draft.[18][19][20][21] This project has now expected to more than 14 buffalo research centers, based on murrah breed, spread across Philippines.

In Europe, the native breed were crossbred with the Indian Murrah breed in Bulgaria, and later in Romania, some were crossbred with Bulgarian Murrah.[22]

In South America, starting from late 19th century Murrah & Jaffarabadi breeds were imported by Brazil to improve the breed there.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Murrah Buffalo". Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  2. ^ Moioli, B. and A. Borghese (2016). Buffalo Breeds and Management Systems. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia (Animal Production Research Institute).
  3. ^ "Murrah buffalo sets record with 26.33 kg milk". tribuneindia.com. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  4. ^ "Andhra Pradesh farmer buys Haryana murrah buffalo for Rs 25L". The Times of India. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  5. ^ "Rs 40-lakh-a-year hurrah for owner of this Murrah!". Hindustan Times. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  6. ^ Nilotpal, Ghosh (July 2019). Livestock Production Management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-93-88028-98-1.
  7. ^ "Livestock:: Buffalo:: BreedsAnimal Husbandry ::buffalo breeds".
  8. ^ "Murrah". ansi.okstate.edu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Murrah Buffalo". bharathidairyfarm.com.
  10. ^ CIRB website
  11. ^ Mohammad, Ali; Munir, Abdul; Rehman, Hifzur (26 June 2007). Fifty Years of Indian Agriculture. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180693601 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "लुवास का भैंस फार्म देश का सर्वश्रेष्ठ केंद्र घोषित (Hisar LUVAS Buffalo farm best in the nation).", Dainik Jagran, 25 July 2017.
  13. ^ Training on Advanced Buffalo Husbandry organized at CIRB, Hisar
  14. ^ Syed Mohmad Shah, Manmohan Singh Chauhan. 2017 Reproduction in Buffalo: Natural and assisted reproductive techniques, Notion Press, Chennai.
  15. ^ "Bulgarian Murrah".
  16. ^ Staff, Hill Post (19 July 2019). "Nauni University At Rank 12 Among Agri Research Institutes Of Country".
  17. ^ Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1977). The Water Buffalo (PDF). Animal Production and Health Series. Vol. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-9251001080. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  18. ^ "Philippine Carabao Center History". Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  19. ^ Hernandez, Ma. Eloisa E. "The Philippine Carabao Center ...has gone a long way". Bureau of Agricultural Research. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  20. ^ Robles, Chan. "REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7307". Robles Chan Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  21. ^ "The Philippines: Enterprise-Driven Dairy Development" (PDF). Philippine Carabao Center. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  22. ^ Borghese, A., Mazzi, M. (2005). Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World. Pages 1–39 in Borghese, A. (ed.) Buffalo Production and Research. REU Technical Series 67. Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo, FAO Regional Office for Europe, Rome.
  23. ^ Minervino, A.H.H.; Zava, M.; Vecchio, D.; Borghese, A. (2020). "Bubalus bubalis: A Short Story". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7: 570413. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.570413. PMC 7736047. PMID 33335917.
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