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{{Short description|Iraqi physicist and meteorologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| caption = Abdul Jabbar Abdullah
| caption = Abdul Jabbar Abdullah
| image = File:عبد الجبار عبد الله.jpg
| image = عبد الجبار عبد الله.jpg
| birth_date = 1911
| birth_date = 1911
| birth_place = [[Qal'at Saleh]], [[Ottoman Iraq]]
| birth_place = [[Qal'at Saleh]], [[Ottoman Iraq]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|7|9|1911}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|7|9|1911}}
| death_place = [[Albany, New York|Albany]], USA
| death_place = [[Albany, New York]], [[United States|USA]]
| nationality = Iraqi
| nationality = Iraqi
| field = [[Wave theory]], [[Meteorology]]
| field = [[Wave theory]], [[Meteorology]]
Line 12: Line 13:
| doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Cloud stratification
| known_for = Cloud stratification
| father = [[Abdullah bar Sam]]
| spouse = Kismet Inaissi al-Fayadh ({{married in|1943}})
| children = [[Sinan Abdullah]]<br/>Haitham Abdullah
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}


'''Abdul Jabbar Abdullah''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الجبار عبد الله}}) (1911 – July 9, 1969) was an Iraqi [[wave theory]] physicist, dynamical [[meteorologist]], and President Emeritus of [[Baghdad University]].<ref>{{cite web|last=National Center for Atmospheric Research|title=Repository|url=http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/info/INFO-000-000-000-023.pdf|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223719/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/info/INFO-000-000-000-023.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abdullah earned his Sc.D. degree in meteorology from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1946 <ref>{{cite web|last=MIT|title=MIT 1961 centennial program|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/centennial-program.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010718/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/centennial-program.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=MIT Museum Collections|title=MIT Museum Collections|url=http://webmuseum.mit.edu/detail.php?t=people&type=browse&f=preferred_name&s=Abdullah%2C+Abdul+Jabbar&record=0|publisher=MIT|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> before being appointed head of the Iraqi Teacher Association, and then chairman of the Department of Physics, College of Education, Baghdad. In 1952, he became a visiting research professor in meteorology at [[New York University]], and in 1965 he joined the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] as a scientific visitor.
'''Abdul Jabbar Abdullah Sam''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الجبار عبد الله سام}}; 1911 – July 9, 1969) was an Iraqi [[wave theory]] physicist, dynamical [[meteorologist]], and President Emeritus of the [[University of Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web|last=National Center for Atmospheric Research|title=Repository|url=http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/info/INFO-000-000-000-023.pdf|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223719/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/info/INFO-000-000-000-023.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abdullah obtained a doctorate in meteorology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1946<ref>{{cite web|last=MIT|title=MIT 1961 centennial program|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/centennial-program.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010718/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/timeline/centennial-program.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=MIT Museum Collections|title=MIT Museum Collections|url=http://webmuseum.mit.edu/detail.php?t=people&type=browse&f=preferred_name&s=Abdullah%2C+Abdul+Jabbar&record=0|publisher=MIT|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> before returning to [[Iraq]] to become an educator and researcher. After several years as the President of the University of Baghdad, Abdullah left Iraq amid a period of social unrest, and lived in the United States for the remainder of his life.


⚫
==Biography==
In his memoir,<ref name="mem">{{cite book|last=Hamza|first=Khidhir|title= Bombmaker: The Terrifiying Inside Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|author2=Jeff Stein}}</ref> nuclear physicist [[Khidir Hamza]] claims Abdullah not only taught him, but was also instrumental in getting the former into MIT to pursue a master's degree in nuclear engineering after Hamza's initial rejection by the institute. [[Khidir Hamza]] later became part of Iraq's nuclear research program, before defecting to the United States and testifying on the program before the Senate.
Abdul Jabbar was born in 1911 to a [[Mandaeans|Mandaean]] [[Mandaean priest|priestly]] family in the town of [[Qal'at Saleh]], [[Qal'at Saleh District]], [[Maysan Province]] (formerly Al-Amaarah) in southeastern Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajabdullah.com/docs/documents/birth_certificate.pdf|title=Birth Certificate|website=|date=|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> His father was [[Ganzibra]] [[Abdullah bar Sam|Abdullah, son of Ganzibra Sam]]<ref name="Buckley 2023">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=1800 Years of Encounters with Mandaeans|date=2023|location=Piscataway, NJ|publisher=Gorgias Press|series=Gorgias Mandaean Studies|volume=5|issn=1935-441X|isbn=978-1-4632-4132-2}}</ref>{{rp|44}} ({{died in|1981}} in Baghdad; also known as Abdallah bar Sam; [[Mandaean baptismal name]]: Adam Zihrun bar Sam). Ganzibra [[Abdullah bar Sam]] was a [[Mandaean priest]] from the Manduia and ‛Kuma families who initiated [[Jabbar Choheili]] into the priesthood in 1948, and [[Salah Choheili]] in 1976. Ganzibra Abdallah also copied the [[Ginza Rabba]] by hand in 1928; as of 2010, that copy of the Ginza Rabba belonged to the Elmanahi family in New York state, United States.<ref name="Buckley2010">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history|publisher=Gorgias Press|publication-place=Piscataway, N.J|year=2010|isbn=978-1-59333-621-9}}</ref>{{rp|65-66}}


⚫
He studied in his hometown elementary school, built during the [[British rule in Iraq]]. Upon finishing his secondary school education in Baghdad, he left for [[Lebanon]] to attend university. There he enrolled at the [[American University of Beirut]] (AUB) where he majored in physics and graduated with a BS in 1934. He subsequently pursued his postgraduate studies at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he earned his PhD, supervised by [[Bernhard Haurwitz]].
As a member of the [[Mandaeans|Mandaean]] religious minority, and a democratic personality, Abdullah was harassed towards the end of his life and arrested. He was imprisoned for nearly a year but was released and later permitted to travel to the United States. There he held professorial and research posts at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] in [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], and the [[State University of New York]] in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. He died on July 9, 1969.


In 1949, Abdullah returned to Iraq and joined the faculty of The Higher Normal College, where he served as chairman of the physics department. When the college, along with other Iraqi universities, was consolidated into the [[University of Baghdad]], Abdullah was a member of the Founding Council, which oversaw the unification process. In the aftermath of the [[14 July Revolution]] in 1958, the Founding Council was replaced with a permanent University Council, and Abdullah was named the first president of the University of Baghdad.
⚫
==Biography==


Abdullah was imprisoned during the [[Ramadan Revolution|February 1963 coup d'état]] in Iraq by the revolting [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath]] forces, who charged him with being a political dissident. He was released from jail in October, although the charges were not dropped until several years later. Owing to mounting international pressure, he was eventually allowed to leave the country, and went to the United States. He took a position as a meteorology researcher at the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] in [[Boulder, Colorado]].
Abdul Jabbar Abdullah was born to a [[Mandaeans|Mandaean]] family in the town of [[Qal'at Saleh]], [[Qal'at Saleh District]], [[Maysan Province]] (formerly Al-Amaarah) in southeastern Iraq in 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajabdullah.com/docs/documents/birth_certificate.pdf|title=Birth Certificate|website=|date=|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
⚫
Upon finishing his secondary school education in Baghdad, he left for Lebanon to pursue university education. There he enrolled at The [[American University of Beirut]] (AUB) where he majored in Physics and graduated with a BS in 1934. Later, after AUB, he did his post graduate studies at The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) where he earned his PhD.


⚫
In 1966, Abdullah joined the faculty of the Atmospheric Science department at the [[University at Albany, SUNY|State University of New York at Albany]]. Shortly thereafter, he became ill with [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]. He died at the [[Albany Medical Center]] on July 9, 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajabdullah.com/docs/documents/NYT%20Obituary.pdf|title=Dr. Abdul Abdullah, Meteorologist, 57|work=The New York Times|date=12 July 1969|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
Back in Iraq, Abdullah joined the Physics faculty at The Higher Normal College (later one of the constituent colleges of [[University of Baghdad]]), between 1949 and 1958 and became Chairman of the Physics Department.


==Personal life==
In 1958, Abdullah was appointed secretary General of the newly constituted University of Baghdad, and in 1959 he became the University's President; remaining in this post until the February, right-wing ultra nationalist, coup d'etat which he was forced to resign, and badly treated for political reasons.
He married Kismet Inaissi al-Fayadh in 1943, with whom he had a daughter and three sons. His two twin sons, [[Sinan Abdullah]] and Haitham Abdullah (born 1947), were the first Mandaeans born in the United States. Sinan Abdullah is a dentist in [[Niskayuna, New York]] and owned various Mandaean manuscripts that were analyzed by [[Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley]].<ref name="Buckley 2023">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=1800 Years of Encounters with Mandaeans|date=2023|location=Piscataway, NJ|publisher=Gorgias Press|series=Gorgias Mandaean Studies|volume=5|issn=1935-441X|isbn=978-1-4632-4132-2}}</ref>

⚫
==Legacy==
⚫
Abdullah is highly regarded in Iraq, where his 100th birthday was commemorated in the [[Iraqi diaspora|diaspora]]. A hall in the University of Baghdad is named after him, as well as numerous streets in the city.

Nuclear physicist [[Khidir Hamza]] cites Abdullah as a mentor, and credits him with helping Hazma obtain admission into MIT to pursue a master's degree in nuclear engineering after Hamza's initial rejection. Hazma later became part of Iraq's nuclear research program, before defecting to the United States and testifying on the program before the U.S. Senate.<ref name="mem">{{cite book|last=Hamza|first=Khidhir|title= Bombmaker: The Terrifiying Inside Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|author2=Jeff Stein}}</ref>


==Research==
==Research==
⚫
Abdullah's research interests included [[cloud]] stratification,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=Stratification of Cloud Layers in a Stable Atmosphere |journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1967|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0189.pdf | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0189:soclia>2.3.co;2|volume=95|issue=4|pages=189–197|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.3634|bibcode=1967MWRv...95..189A}}</ref> [[soliton|solitary waves]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=A Note on the Atmospheric Solitary Wave |journal= Journal of Meteorology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=381–387|year=1956|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1956)013<0381:ANOTAS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1956JAtS...13..381A|doi-access=free}}</ref> and pressure pumps.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdul Jabbar|first=Abdullah|title=Head-on collision between two pressure jumps|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|year=1953|volume=71|issue=8|doi=10.1029/JZ071i008p01953|bibcode=1966JGR....71.1953J|pages=1953–1962}}</ref>

⚫
Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=Stratification of Cloud Layers in a Stable Atmosphere |journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1967|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0189.pdf | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0189:soclia>2.3.co;2|volume=95|issue=4|pages=189–197|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.3634|bibcode=1967MWRv...95..189A}}</ref> solitary waves,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=A Note on the Atmospheric Solitary Wave |journal= Journal of Meteorology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=381–387|year=1956|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1956)013<0381:ANOTAS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1956JAtS...13..381A|doi-access=free}}</ref> and pressure pumps.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdul Jabbar|first=Abdullah|title=Head-on collision between two pressure jumps|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|year=1953|volume=71|issue=8|doi=10.1029/JZ071i008p01953|bibcode=1966JGR....71.1953J|pages=1953–1962}}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Abdullah has published multiple books on atmospheric sciences, and was the editor and publisher of Iraq's sole science journal in the 1950s: "Proceedings of the Iraqi Scientific Society".
Abdullah has published multiple books on atmospheric sciences, and was the editor and publisher of Iraq's sole science journal in the 1950s, ''Proceedings of the Iraqi Scientific Society''.


===Books===
===Books===
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah, James J. O'Brien, National Center for Atmospheric Research (U.S.). Internal Gravity Waves of Finite Amplitude in a Stratified Incompressible Atmosphere: -- a Quasi-characteristic Method. ''National Center for Atmospheric Research''.
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah, James J. O'Brien. ''Internal Gravity Waves of Finite Amplitude in a Stratified Incompressible Atmosphere: a Quasi-characteristic Method''. [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]].
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. On the Dynamics of Hurricanes. ''New York University'', 1953.
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. ''On the Dynamics of Hurricanes''. New York University, 1953.
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. Group-velocity of Atmospheric Waves. ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'', 1946.
*Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. ''Group-velocity of Atmospheric Waves''. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1946.

==Death==
⚫
Abdullah died at the [[Albany Medical Center]] on July 9, 1969 after long illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajabdullah.com/docs/documents/NYT%20Obituary.pdf|title=Dr. Abdul Abdullah, Meteorologist, 57|work=The New York Times|date=12 July 1969|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

⚫
==Legacy==
⚫
Abdul Jabbar Abdullah is highly regarded by Iraqis, who commemorated his 100th birthday in Iraq and in the [[Iraqi diaspora|diaspora]]. A hall in the [[University of Baghdad]] is named after him, as well as numerous streets.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Iraqi scholars]]
[[Category:Iraqi scholars]]
[[Category:Iraqi physicists]]
[[Category:Iraqi physicists]]
[[Category:Meteorologists]]
[[Category:Iraqi meteorologists]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Iraqi Mandaeans]]
[[Category:Iraqi Mandaeans]]
[[Category:People from Maysan Governorate]]
[[Category:American University of Beirut alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:University of Colorado faculty]]
[[Category:University of Colorado Boulder faculty]]
[[Category:Iraqi emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Iraqi emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Manduia family]]
[[Category:People from Qal'at Saleh]]

Latest revision as of 04:04, 5 November 2024

Abdul Jabbar Abdullah
Abdul Jabbar Abdullah
Born1911
Qal'at Saleh, Ottoman Iraq
DiedJuly 9, 1969(1969-07-09) (aged 57–58)
Albany, New York, USA
NationalityIraqi
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Known forCloud stratification
SpouseKismet Inaissi al-Fayadh (m. 1943)
ChildrenSinan Abdullah
Haitham Abdullah
FatherAbdullah bar Sam
Scientific career
FieldsWave theory, Meteorology
InstitutionsUniversity of Baghdad
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
New York University
National Center for Atmospheric Research

Abdul Jabbar Abdullah Sam (Arabic: عبد الجبار عبد الله سام; 1911 – July 9, 1969) was an Iraqi wave theory physicist, dynamical meteorologist, and President Emeritus of the University of Baghdad.[1] Abdullah obtained a doctorate in meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946[2][3] before returning to Iraq to become an educator and researcher. After several years as the President of the University of Baghdad, Abdullah left Iraq amid a period of social unrest, and lived in the United States for the remainder of his life.

Biography

[edit]

Abdul Jabbar was born in 1911 to a Mandaean priestly family in the town of Qal'at Saleh, Qal'at Saleh District, Maysan Province (formerly Al-Amaarah) in southeastern Iraq.[4] His father was Ganzibra Abdullah, son of Ganzibra Sam[5]: 44  (d. 1981 in Baghdad; also known as Abdallah bar Sam; Mandaean baptismal name: Adam Zihrun bar Sam). Ganzibra Abdullah bar Sam was a Mandaean priest from the Manduia and ‛Kuma families who initiated Jabbar Choheili into the priesthood in 1948, and Salah Choheili in 1976. Ganzibra Abdallah also copied the Ginza Rabba by hand in 1928; as of 2010, that copy of the Ginza Rabba belonged to the Elmanahi family in New York state, United States.[6]: 65–66 

He studied in his hometown elementary school, built during the British rule in Iraq. Upon finishing his secondary school education in Baghdad, he left for Lebanon to attend university. There he enrolled at the American University of Beirut (AUB) where he majored in physics and graduated with a BS in 1934. He subsequently pursued his postgraduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned his PhD, supervised by Bernhard Haurwitz.

In 1949, Abdullah returned to Iraq and joined the faculty of The Higher Normal College, where he served as chairman of the physics department. When the college, along with other Iraqi universities, was consolidated into the University of Baghdad, Abdullah was a member of the Founding Council, which oversaw the unification process. In the aftermath of the 14 July Revolution in 1958, the Founding Council was replaced with a permanent University Council, and Abdullah was named the first president of the University of Baghdad.

Abdullah was imprisoned during the February 1963 coup d'état in Iraq by the revolting Ba'ath forces, who charged him with being a political dissident. He was released from jail in October, although the charges were not dropped until several years later. Owing to mounting international pressure, he was eventually allowed to leave the country, and went to the United States. He took a position as a meteorology researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.

In 1966, Abdullah joined the faculty of the Atmospheric Science department at the State University of New York at Albany. Shortly thereafter, he became ill with Hodgkin lymphoma. He died at the Albany Medical Center on July 9, 1969.[7]

Personal life

[edit]

He married Kismet Inaissi al-Fayadh in 1943, with whom he had a daughter and three sons. His two twin sons, Sinan Abdullah and Haitham Abdullah (born 1947), were the first Mandaeans born in the United States. Sinan Abdullah is a dentist in Niskayuna, New York and owned various Mandaean manuscripts that were analyzed by Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley.[5]

Legacy

[edit]

Abdullah is highly regarded in Iraq, where his 100th birthday was commemorated in the diaspora. A hall in the University of Baghdad is named after him, as well as numerous streets in the city.

Nuclear physicist Khidir Hamza cites Abdullah as a mentor, and credits him with helping Hazma obtain admission into MIT to pursue a master's degree in nuclear engineering after Hamza's initial rejection. Hazma later became part of Iraq's nuclear research program, before defecting to the United States and testifying on the program before the U.S. Senate.[8]

Research

[edit]

Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification,[9] solitary waves,[10] and pressure pumps.[11]

Bibliography

[edit]

Abdullah has published multiple books on atmospheric sciences, and was the editor and publisher of Iraq's sole science journal in the 1950s, Proceedings of the Iraqi Scientific Society.

Books

[edit]
  • Abdul Jabbar Abdullah, James J. O'Brien. Internal Gravity Waves of Finite Amplitude in a Stratified Incompressible Atmosphere: a Quasi-characteristic Method. National Center for Atmospheric Research.
  • Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. On the Dynamics of Hurricanes. New York University, 1953.
  • Abdul Jabbar Abdullah. Group-velocity of Atmospheric Waves. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1946.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ National Center for Atmospheric Research. "Repository" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  2. ^ MIT. "MIT 1961 centennial program" (PDF). MIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  3. ^ MIT Museum Collections. "MIT Museum Collections". MIT. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  4. ^ "Birth Certificate" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2023). 1800 Years of Encounters with Mandaeans. Gorgias Mandaean Studies. Vol. 5. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-4632-4132-2. ISSN 1935-441X.
  6. ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-621-9.
  7. ^ "Dr. Abdul Abdullah, Meteorologist, 57" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 July 1969. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  8. ^ Hamza, Khidhir; Jeff Stein (2001). Bombmaker: The Terrifiying Inside Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons. Simon and Schuster.
  9. ^ Abdullah, Abdul Jabbar (1967). "Stratification of Cloud Layers in a Stable Atmosphere" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 95 (4): 189–197. Bibcode:1967MWRv...95..189A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.3634. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0189:soclia>2.3.co;2.
  10. ^ Abdullah, Abdul Jabbar (1956). "A Note on the Atmospheric Solitary Wave". Journal of Meteorology. 13 (4): 381–387. Bibcode:1956JAtS...13..381A. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1956)013<0381:ANOTAS>2.0.CO;2.
  11. ^ Abdul Jabbar, Abdullah (1953). "Head-on collision between two pressure jumps". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (8): 1953–1962. Bibcode:1966JGR....71.1953J. doi:10.1029/JZ071i008p01953.
[edit]
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