Alma-Ata Protocol: Difference between revisions

Alma-Ata Protocol
	L–R: Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich after signing the treaty
Type	Treaty establishing a founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Signed	21 December 1991
Location	Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, Soviet Union
Effective	21 December 1991
Signatories	Russia: Boris Yeltsin; Belarus: Stanislav Shushkevich; Ukraine: Leonid Kravchuk; Armenia: Levon Ter-Petrosyan; Azerbaijan: Ayaz Mutallibov; Kazakhstan: Nursultan Nazarbayev; Kyrgyzstan: Askar Akayev; Moldova: Mircea Snegur; Tajikistan: Rahmon Nabiyev; Turkmenistan: Saparmurat Niyazov; Uzbekistan: Islam Karimov;

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The Alma-Ata Protocols were the founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Union dissolved and forming the CIS. On 21 December 1991, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the CIS. The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. Georgia was the only former republic that did not participate while Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were illegally incorporated into the USSR in 1940.^[2]

The protocols consisted of a declaration, three agreements and separate appendices. In addition, Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov was confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Separate treaty was signed between Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine "about mutual measures in regards to nuclear weapons".^[3]

The Alma-Ata Protocols removed any doubt that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality" (in the words of the Belovezha Accords' preamble), since 11 of the 12 remaining republics had declared that the Soviet Union had dissolved. The signatories preemptively accepted the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who told CBS News that he would resign when he saw the CIS was a reality.^[4] Gorbachev resigned on 25 December, and the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR voted the Soviet Union out of existence on 26 December.

Agreement on Councils of Heads of State and Government

A provisional agreement on the membership and conduct of Councils of Heads of State and Government was concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.

Agreement on strategic forces

Concluded between the 11 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.^{[citation needed]}

Agreement on armed forces and border troops

Concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Протокол к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной".
^ "THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION". Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 22 January 2001.
^ (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї). Verkhovna Rada. 21 December 1991
^ Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). "11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers". The New York Times.

External links

[1] "Протокол к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной".

[2] "THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION". Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 22 January 2001.

[3] (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї). Verkhovna Rada. 21 December 1991

[4] Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). "11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers". The New York Times.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
+{{Short description|Founding declarations & principles of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)}}
 {{Infobox treaty
 |name = Alma-Ata Protocol
 |image = RIAN archive 41059 CIS heads of state.jpg
 |image_width = 300px
+|caption = L–R: Ukrainian President [[Leonid Kravchuk]], Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]], and Belarusian leader [[Stanislav Shushkevich]] after signing the treaty
 |type = Treaty establishing a founding declarations and principles of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).
 |date_signed = 21 December 1991
@@ Line 8: / Line 11: @@
 |date_sealed =
 |date_effective = 21 December 1991
+|signatories =
-|signatories = {{flag|Russia|1991}}: [[Boris Yeltsin]]<br />{{flag|Ukraine|1991}}: [[Leonid Kravchuk]]<br />{{flag|Belarus|1991}}: [[Stanislav Shushkevich]]<br />{{flag|Armenia}}: [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]]<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}}: [[Ayaz Mutallibov]]<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan|1991}}: [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]<br />{{flag|Kyrgyzstan|1991}}: [[Askar Akayev]]<br />{{flag|Moldova}}: [[Mircea Snegur]]<br />{{flag|Tajikistan|1991}}: [[Rahmon Nabiyev]]<br />{{Flagdeco|Turkmen SSR}} [[Turkmenistan]]: [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}}: [[Islam Karimov]]
+* {{flagdeco|Russia|1991}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]]: [[Boris Yeltsin]]
+* {{flag|Byelorussian SSR|1991|name=Belarus}}: [[Stanislav Shushkevich]]
+* {{flagdeco|Ukraine|1991}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]: [[Leonid Kravchuk]]
+* {{flag|Armenian SSR|1990|name=Armenia}}: [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]]
+* {{flag|Azerbaijan SSR|1991|name=Azerbaijan}}: [[Ayaz Mutallibov]]
+* {{flag|Kazakh SSR|name=Kazakhstan}}: [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
+* {{flag|Kirghiz SSR|name=Kyrgyzstan}}: [[Askar Akayev]]
+* {{flag|Moldavian SSR|1990|name=Moldova}}: [[Mircea Snegur]]
+* {{flag|Tajik SSR|name=Tajikistan}}: [[Rahmon Nabiyev]]
+* {{flag|Turkmen SSR|name=Turkmenistan}}: [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]
+* {{flag|Uzbek SSR|1991|name=Uzbekistan}}: [[Islam Karimov]]
 |depositor =
 |language =
 |languages =
-|wikisource =}}
+|wikisource =
+}}
+[[File:Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 21 December 1991 - information from the depository.png|thumb|The Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 21 December 1991. The information from the depository of the international agreement published on the Unified Register of Legal Acts and Other Documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States (under the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States) as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Протокол к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |url=https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/print/documentCard?ids=6}}</ref>]]
-The '''Alma-Ata Protocols''' were the founding declarations and principles of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the [[Belovezha Accords]] on 8 December 1991, [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving the Soviet Union]] and forming the CIS.  On 21 December 1991, [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Uzbekistan]]agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, joining the CIS.  The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. Georgia was the only former republic that did not participate while Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were illegally incorporated into the USSR in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010122033300/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2001-01-22|title = THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION|website = Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C|publisher = Library of Congress}}</ref>
+The '''Alma-Ata Protocols''' were the founding declarations and principles of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the [[Belovezha Accords]] on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] and forming the CIS.  On 21 December 1991, [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Uzbekistan]] agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the CIS.  The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] was the only former republic that did not participate while [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]] and [[Estonia]] refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were [[Occupation of the Baltic states|illegally incorporated]] into the USSR in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010122033300/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 January 2001|title = THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION|website = Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C|publisher = Library of Congress}}</ref>
-The protocols consisted of a declaration, three agreements and separate appendices.  In addition, Marshal [[Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]] was confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Separate treaty was signed between Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine "About mutual measures in regards to nuclear weapons".<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_086 (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї)]. [[Verkhovna Rada]]. 21 December 1991</ref>
+The protocols consisted of a declaration, three agreements and separate appendices.  In addition, Marshal [[Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]] was confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Separate treaty was signed between Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine "about mutual measures in regards to nuclear weapons".<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_086 (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї)]. [[Verkhovna Rada]]. 21 December 1991</ref>
+The Alma-Ata Protocols removed any doubt that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality" (in the words of the Belovezha Accords' preamble), since 11 of the 12 remaining republics had declared that the Soviet Union had dissolved. The signatories preemptively accepted the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|Soviet President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who told [[CBS News]] that he would resign when he saw the CIS was a reality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=1991-12-22 |title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html}}</ref> Gorbachev resigned on 25 December, and the [[Soviet of Nationalities|Soviet of the Republics]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] voted the Soviet Union out of existence on 26 December.
 ==Agreement on Councils of Heads of State and Government==
-A provisional agreement on the membership and conduct of Councils of Heads of State and Government was concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 30, 1991.
+A provisional agreement on the membership and conduct of Councils of Heads of State and Government was concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.
-==Agreement on Strategic Forces==
+==Agreement on strategic forces==
-Concluded between the 11 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 30, 1991.
+Concluded between the 11 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.{{cn|date=January 2023}}
-==Agreement on Armed Forces and Border Troops==
+==Agreement on armed forces and border troops==
-Concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 30, 1991.
+Concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.{{cn|date=January 2023}}
+== See also ==
+* [[CIS Charter]]
 == References ==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references />
 ==External links==
@@ Line 36: / Line 58: @@
 {{Commonwealth of Independent States}}
 {{Soviet Union topics}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Commonwealth of Independent States]]
@@ Line 50: / Line 73: @@
 [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1991]]
 [[Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations]]
+[[Category:Law of the Commonwealth of Independent States]]
+[[Category:Eurasian economic integration]]
-{{Soviet-stub}}