Heinrich Böll: Difference between revisions

Heinrich Böll
Heinrich Böll
	Böll in 1981
Born	Heinrich Theodor Böll; 21 December 1917; Cologne, Prussia, German Empire
Died	16 July 1985 (aged 67); Langenbroich, West Germany
Notable awards	Georg Büchner Prize ; 1967 ; Nobel Prize in Literature ; 1972 ;
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Heinrich Theodor Böll (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈbœl] ^ⓘ; 21 December 1917 – 16 July 1985) was a German writer. Considered one of Germany's foremost post-World War II writers, Böll received the Georg Büchner Prize (1967) and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1972).^[1]

Biography

Böll was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Roman Catholic and pacifist family that later opposed the rise of Nazism. Böll refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s.^[2] He was apprenticed to a bookseller before studying German studies and classics at the University of Cologne.

Conscripted into the Wehrmacht, he served in Poland, France, Romania, Hungary and the Soviet Union. In 1942, Böll married Annemarie Cech, with whom he had three sons; she later collaborated with him on a number of different translations into German of English-language literature. During his war service, Böll was wounded four times and contracted typhoid. He was captured by US Army soldiers in April 1945 and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp.^[3]

After the war, he returned to Cologne and began working in his family's cabinet shop and, for one year, worked in a municipal statistical bureau, a job he did not enjoy and which he left in order to take the risk of becoming a writer instead.^[4]

Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His first novel, Der Zug war pünktlich (The Train Was on Time), was published in 1949. He was invited to the 1949 meeting of the Group 47 circle of German authors and his work was deemed to be the best presented in 1951.^[5] Many other novels, short stories, radio plays, and essay collections followed.

Awards, honours and appointments

Böll was extremely successful and was lauded on a number of occasions. In 1953 he was awarded the Culture Prize of German Industry, the Southern German Radio Prize and the German Critics' Prize. In 1954 he received the prize of the Tribune de Paris. In 1955 he was given the French prize for the best foreign novel. In 1958 he won the Eduard von der Heydt prize of the city of Wuppertal and the prize of the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste (Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts). In 1959 he was given the Great Art Prize of the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia and the Literature Prize of the city of Cologne, and was elected to the Academy of Science and the Arts in Mainz.

In 1960 he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts and gained the Charles Veillon Prize.

In 1967 he was given the Georg Büchner Prize.^[6]

In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature".^[7]

He was given a number of honorary awards up to his death, such as the membership of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1974, and the Ossietzky Medal of 1974 (the latter for his defence of and contribution to global human rights).

Böll was President of PEN International, the worldwide association of writers, from 1971 to 1973.^[8]

Böll was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1983 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.^[9]^[10]

Works

His work has been translated into more than 30 languages, and he remains one of Germany's most widely read authors. His best-known works are Billiards at Half-past Nine (1959), And Never Said a Word (1953), The Bread of Those Early Years (1955), The Clown (1963), Group Portrait with Lady (1971), The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (1974), and The Safety Net (1979).

Despite his work's variety of themes and content, certain patterns recur: much of his work describes intimate and personal life struggling to sustain itself against the wider background of war, terrorism, political divisions, and profound economic and social transition. Many of his books have stubborn and eccentrically individualistic protagonists who oppose the mechanisms of the state or of public institutions.^[11]

Böll was a devoted pacifist because of his war experiences. All of his writing and novels during the postwar years had to do with the war and making sure it never happened again. He encapsulated it in the phrase "never war again".^[12]

In his autobiography, Böll wrote that at the high school he attended when growing up under Nazi rule, an anti-Nazi teacher paid special attention to the Roman satirist Juvenal: "Mr. Bauer realized how topical Juvenal was, how he dealt at length with such phenomena as arbitrary government, tyranny, corruption, the degradation of public morals, the decline of the Republican ideal and the terrorizing acts of the Praetorian Guards. [...] In a secondhand bookshop I found an 1838 translation of Juvenal with an extensive commentary, twice the length of the translated text itself, written at the height of the Romantic period. Though its price was more than I could really afford, I bought it. I read all of it very intensely, as if it was a detective novel. It was one of the few books to which I persistently held on throughout the war [WWII] and beyond, even when most of my other books were lost or sold on the black market".^[13]

Media scandals

The 1963 publication of The Clown was met with polemics in the press for its negative portrayal of the Catholic Church and the CDU party.^[14] Böll was devoted to Catholicism but also deeply critical of aspects of it, especially in its most conservative incarnations. In particular, he was unable to forget the Concordat of July 1933 between the Vatican and the Nazis, signed by the future Pope Pius XII, which helped confer international legitimacy on the regime early in its development.^[15]

Böll's liberal views on religion and social issues elicited German conservatives' wrath.^[14]^[16] When constitutional reforms were passed in 1968 that cracked down on freedom, Böll spoke out against them. His 1972 article Soviel Liebe auf einmal (So much love at once), which accused the tabloid Bild of falsified journalism, was in turn retitled,^{[clarification needed]} at the time of publishing and against Böll's wishes, by Der Spiegel, and the new title was used as a pretext to accuse Böll of sympathy with terrorism.^[17] This particular criticism was driven in large part by his repeated insistence on the importance of due process and the correct and fair application of the law in the case of the Baader-Meinhof Gang.^[18] In his article for Der Spiegel titled Sixty Million against Six, he asked for a safeguard for Ulrike Meinhof in order to open a dialogue and prevent a major press campaign and police campaign. Böll was heavily criticized for this and dubbed "the spiritual father of the violence" by one journalist in the Springer press.^[12]

The conservative press even attacked Böll's 1972 Nobel Prize, arguing that it was awarded only to "liberals and left-wing radicals".^[14]

On 7 February 1974, the BZ, Berlin's most widely read newspaper at the time, reported that Böll's home had been searched. In fact, his home was searched only later that day, after the newspaper had already been circulated.^[19]

In 1977, after the abduction of Hanns Martin Schleyer, 40 police searched Böll's house based on an anonymous tip they received that named Böll's son as an accomplice to the kidnappers. This claim turned out to be unfounded. The Christian Democrats placed Böll on a blacklist after this incident.^[19]

Influences

Böll was deeply rooted in his hometown of Cologne, with its strong Roman Catholicism and rather rough and drastic sense of humour. In the immediate postwar period, he was preoccupied with memories of the war and its effect—materially and psychologically—on ordinary people's lives. They are the heroes of his writing. His Catholicism was important to his work in ways that can be compared to writers such as Graham Greene and Georges Bernanos, though, as noted earlier, his perspective on Catholicism was critical and challenging, not passive.^[20]

Böll was deeply affected by the Nazi takeover of Cologne, as the Nazis essentially exiled him in his own town. Additionally, Cologne's destruction in the Allied bombing during World War II scarred him for life; he described the bombing's aftermath in The Silent Angel. Architecturally, the rebuilt Cologne, prosperous once more, left him indifferent. (Böll seems to have been an admirer of William Morris; he let it be known that he would have preferred that Cologne Cathedral be left unfinished, with the 14th-century wooden crane at the top, as it had stood in 1848). Throughout his life, he remained in close contact with Cologne's citizens, rich and poor. When he was in hospital, the nurses often complained about the "low-life" people who came to see their friend Böll.^{[citation needed]}

Böll had a great fondness for Ireland, holidaying with his wife at their second home there, on the west coast.^[21] Given this connection, it is tempting to see resonances between Böll's work—especially his surreal play A Mouthful of Earth—and that of his contemporary Samuel Beckett. Böll's concern about damage to the environment, so evident in his play, was a driving force behind the establishment of the Heinrich Böll Foundation.

Böll's villains are the figures of authority in government, business, the mainstream media, and the Church, whom he castigates, sometimes humorously, sometimes acidly, for what he saw as their conformism, lack of courage, self-satisfied attitude, and abuse of power.

Newspapers in his books have no qualms about lying about the characters or destroying their lives, evoking Böll's experience of being accused of harboring and defending anarchists.

Analysis

Böll's work has been dubbed Trümmerliteratur (the literature of the rubble). He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips with the memory of World War II, the Nazis, the Holocaust, and the guilt that came with them. Because of his refusal to avoid writing about the complexities and problems of the past, some called him the Gewissen der Nation ("conscience of the nation"), a catalyst and conduit for memorialization and discussion in opposition to the tendency toward silence and taboo. This was a label Böll was keen to jettison, because he felt that it occluded a fair audit of the institutions truly responsible for what had happened.^[22]

Böll lived with his wife in Cologne and in the Eifel region. He also spent time on Achill Island, off Ireland's west coast. His cottage there is now used as a guesthouse for international and Irish artists. He recorded some of his experiences in Ireland in his book Irish Journal; later, the people of Achill curated a festival in his honour. The Irish connection also influenced the translations into German by his wife Annemarie, which included works by Brendan Behan, J. M. Synge, G. B. Shaw, Flann O'Brien, and Tomás Ó Criomhthain.^[23]

Böll was president of the then West German P.E.N. and subsequently of the International P.E.N. organizations. He often traveled as a representative of the new, democratic Germany. His appearance and attitude completely contrasted with the boastful, aggressive type of German who had become infamous during Adolf Hitler's rule. Böll was particularly successful in Eastern Europe, as he seemed to portray the dark side of capitalism in his books, which sold by the millions in the Soviet Union alone.^[24]

When Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Union, he first took refuge in Böll's Eifel cottage. This was in part the result of Böll's visit to the Soviet Union in 1962 with a cultural delegation, the first of several trips he made there, during which he made friendships with writers and connections with producers of dissident literature. With Solzhenitsyn's meeting, Böll responded to the criticism from both sides that branded him an instrument of anti-socialist propaganda or a stooge for the East Germans with the following statement: "perhaps many Germans do not read The Gulag Archipelago to experience the suffering of those to whom this monument is dedicated, but rather to forget the horror of their own history."^[19] As president of the West German P.E.N., Böll had recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel Prize for Literature. When Solzhenitsyn received the prize in 1970, he quoted Böll's works to the reception committee.^[25]

In 1976, Böll publicly left the Catholic Church, "without falling away from the faith".^[26] He died in 1985 at the age of 67.

Legacy and influence

Böll's memory lives on, among other places, at the Heinrich Böll Foundation. The Cologne Library set up the Heinrich Böll Archive to house his personal papers, bought from his family, but much of the material was damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building collapsed in 2009.^[27]

His cottage in Ireland has been used as a residency for writers since 1992.^[28]

Eric Anderson wrote a set of musical compositions based on Böll's books: Silent Angel: Fire and Ashes of Heinrich Böll (2017, Meyer Records).

Selected bibliography

(1949) Der Zug war pünktlich (The Train Was on Time) – novel
(1950) Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa… – short story
(1951) Die schwarzen Schafe (Black Sheep) – short story
(1951) Wo warst du, Adam? (And where were you, Adam?) – novel
(1952) Nicht nur zur Weihnachtszeit (Christmas Not Just Once a Year) – short story
(1952) Die Waage der Baleks (The Balek Scales) – short story
(1953) Und sagte kein einziges Wort (And Never Said a Word) – novel
(1954) Haus ohne Hüter (The Unguarded House; Tomorrow and Yesterday) – novel
(1955) Das Brot der frühen Jahre (The Bread of Those Early Years) – novel
(1957) Irisches Tagebuch (Irish Journal) – travel writing
(1957) Die Spurlosen (Missing Persons) – essays
(1958) Doktor Murkes gesammeltes Schweigen (Murke's Collected Silences, 1963) – short story
(1959) Billard um halb zehn (Billiards at Half-past Nine) – novel
(1962) Ein Schluck Erde (A Mouthful of Earth) – play
(1963) Ansichten eines Clowns (The Clown) – novel
(1963) Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral (Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity) – short story
(1964) Entfernung von der Truppe (Absent Without Leave) – two novellas
(1966) Ende einer Dienstfahrt (The End of a Mission) – novel
(1971) Gruppenbild mit Dame (Group Portrait with Lady) – novel
(1974) Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum) – novel
(1979) Du fährst zu oft nach Heidelberg und andere Erzählungen (You Go to Heidelberg Too Often) – short stories
(1979) Fürsorgliche Belagerung (The Safety Net) – novel
(1981) Was soll aus dem Jungen bloß werden? Oder: Irgendwas mit Büchern (What's to Become of the Boy?) – autobiography of Böll's school years 1933–1937
(1982) Vermintes Gelände
(1982, written 1948) Das Vermächtnis (A Soldier's Legacy) – novel
(1983) Die Verwundung und andere frühe Erzählungen (The Casualty) – unpublished stories from 1947–1952

Posthumous

(1985) Frauen vor Flusslandschaft (Women in a River Landscape)
(1986) The Stories of Heinrich Böll – U.S. release
(1992, written 1949/50) Der Engel schwieg (The Silent Angel) – novel
(1995) Der blasse Hund – unpublished stories from 1937 & 1946–1952
(2002, written 1946–1947) Kreuz ohne Liebe
(2004, written 1938) Am Rande der Kirche
(2011) The Collected Stories – reissues of translations, U.S. release

Translations

More than 70 translations of Annemarie and Heinrich Böll are in the bibliography published in 1995 by Werner Bellmann: works of Brendan Behan, Eilis Dillon, O. Henry, Paul Horgan, Bernard Malamud, J. D. Salinger, George Bernard Shaw et al.

Das harte Leben (The Hard Life, Brian O'Nolan), translated by Heinrich Böll, Hamburg, Nannen, 1966, 79. Illustrations by Patrick Swift.

Reviews

Murdoch, Brian, (1982), Sisyphean Labours, which includes a review of The Safety Net, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, p. 46, ISSN 0264-0856

References

^ Conard 1992, p. xviii.
^ Michael H KATER; Michael H Kater (30 April 2006). Hitler Youth. Harvard University Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-674-01991-1. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
^ Conard 1992, pp. xvi–xvii.
^ Steinhauer, Harry (1984). Deutsche Erzählungen. University of California Press. p. 423. ISBN 0-520-05054-1. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Magill, Frank N., ed. (2013). The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7. Routledge. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-136-59334-5. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ Conrad, Robert C. (1992). Understanding Heinrich Böll. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-87249-779-8. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
^ Nobel prize website
^ Conard 1992, p. 15.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ "Heinrich Theodor Boll". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ Draugsvold, Ottar G., ed. (2000). Nobel Writers on Writing. McFarland. p. 121. ISBN 0-7864-0629-1. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta : The lost honor of Heinrich Böll". YouTube.
^ Heinrich Böll, "What will become of this kid? Or: About Books", Ch, 17
^ ^a ^b ^c Frank N. Magill (2013) The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, p.350
^ Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 1-134-98682-3. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ Frank Finlay (1996) On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking, p.8
^ Heinrich Böll: Werke , Volume 18: 1971–1974. Köln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 2003, ISBN 3-462-03260-7, pp.454-ff.
^ Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Heinrich Böll".
^ Conrad, Robert C. (1992). Understanding Heinrich Böll. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87249-779-8. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Böll, Heinrich (1965). Das Brot der frühen Jahre (introduction by James Alldridge). Heinemann.
^ Sargeant, Maggie (2005). Kitsch & Kunst: Presentations of a Lost War. Peter Lang. pp. 171–2. ISBN 3-03910-512-4. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Heinrich Böll". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
^ Peter Bruhn and Henry Glade:Heinrich Böll in der Sowjetunion, 1952–1979 Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Einführung in die sowjetische Böll-Rezeption und Bibliographie der in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienenen Schriften von und über Heinrich Böll, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-503-01617-1
^ Finlay, Frank (1996). On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking. Rodopi. pp. 179–184. ISBN 90-5183-989-8. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ "vom Glauben abgefallen"
^ Connolly, Kate (6 March 2009). "Acclaimed German writer's archive lost in building collapse". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
^ "The Residency". Heinrich Böll Cottage. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.

External links

Heinrich Böll official website
The Heinrich Böll Page.
Heinrich Böll on Nobelprize.org
A. Leslie Wilson (Spring 1983). "Heinrich Böll, The Art of Fiction No. 74". Paris Review. Spring 1983 (87).
Werner Bellmann, ed. (1995). Das Werk Heinrich Bölls. Bibliographie mit Studien zum Frühwerk. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Werner Bellmann, ed. (2000). Heinrich Böll, Romane und Erzählungen. Interpretationen. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Lost Honor of Heinrich Böll documentary with Volker Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta

Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by Pierre Emmanuel	International President of PEN International 1971–1974	Succeeded by V. S. Pritchett

[FOOTNOTEConard1992xviii-1] Conard 1992, p. xviii.

[KATERKater2006-2] Michael H KATER; Michael H Kater (30 April 2006). Hitler Youth. Harvard University Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-674-01991-1. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

[FOOTNOTEConard1992xvi–xvii-3] Conard 1992, pp. xvi–xvii.

[4] Steinhauer, Harry (1984). Deutsche Erzählungen. University of California Press. p. 423. ISBN 0-520-05054-1. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[5] Magill, Frank N., ed. (2013). The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7. Routledge. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-136-59334-5. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

[6] Conrad, Robert C. (1992). Understanding Heinrich Böll. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-87249-779-8. Retrieved 23 July 2014.

[7] Nobel prize website

[FOOTNOTEConard199215-8] Conard 1992, p. 15.

[9] "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

[10] "Heinrich Theodor Boll". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

[11] Draugsvold, Ottar G., ed. (2000). Nobel Writers on Writing. McFarland. p. 121. ISBN 0-7864-0629-1. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

[youtube.com-12] "Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta : The lost honor of Heinrich Böll". YouTube.

[13] Heinrich Böll, "What will become of this kid? Or: About Books", Ch, 17

[Magill2013p350-14] Frank N. Magill (2013) The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, p.350

[15] Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 1-134-98682-3. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

[Finlay1996p8-16] Frank Finlay (1996) On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking, p.8

[WerkeV18p454-17] Heinrich Böll: Werke , Volume 18: 1971–1974. Köln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 2003, ISBN 3-462-03260-7, pp.454-ff.

[18] Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[criterionchannel.com-19] "Heinrich Böll".

[20] Conrad, Robert C. (1992). Understanding Heinrich Böll. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87249-779-8. Retrieved 24 July 2014.

[21] Böll, Heinrich (1965). Das Brot der frühen Jahre (introduction by James Alldridge). Heinemann.

[22] Sargeant, Maggie (2005). Kitsch & Kunst: Presentations of a Lost War. Peter Lang. pp. 171–2. ISBN 3-03910-512-4. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

[23] Liukkonen, Petri. "Heinrich Böll". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.

[24] Peter Bruhn and Henry Glade:Heinrich Böll in der Sowjetunion, 1952–1979 Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Einführung in die sowjetische Böll-Rezeption und Bibliographie der in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienenen Schriften von und über Heinrich Böll, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-503-01617-1

[25] Finlay, Frank (1996). On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking. Rodopi. pp. 179–184. ISBN 90-5183-989-8. Retrieved 12 July 2014.

[26] "vom Glauben abgefallen"

[27] Connolly, Kate (6 March 2009). "Acclaimed German writer's archive lost in building collapse". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2014.

[28] "The Residency". Heinrich Böll Cottage. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|German writer}}
+{{Short description|German writer (1917–1985)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
 {{Infobox writer
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | birth_name = Heinrich Theodor Böll
 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|12|21}}
-| birth_place = [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
+| birth_place = [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
 | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1985|7|16|1917|12|21}}
 | death_place = [[Kreuzau|Langenbroich]], [[West Germany]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 }}
-'''Heinrich Theodor Böll''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈbœl|lang|De-Heinrich Böll2.ogg}}; 21 December 1917 – 16 July 1985) was one of Germany's foremost post-[[World War II]] writers. He was awarded the [[Georg Büchner Prize]] in 1967 and the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1972.{{Sfn|Conard|1992|p=xviii}}
+'''Heinrich Theodor Böll''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈbœl|lang|De-Heinrich Böll2.ogg}}; 21 December 1917 – 16 July 1985) was a German writer. Considered one of Germany's foremost post-[[World War II]] writers, Böll received the [[Georg Büchner Prize]] (1967) and the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] (1972).{{Sfn|Conard|1992|p=xviii}}
 == Biography ==
 Böll was born in [[Cologne]], Germany, to a [[Roman Catholic Church in Germany|Roman Catholic]] and [[pacifist]] family that later opposed the rise of [[Nazism]]. Böll refused to join the [[Hitler Youth]] during the 1930s.<ref name="KATERKater2006">{{cite book|author1=Michael H KATER|author2=Michael H Kater|title=Hitler Youth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlIOP1O7H4wC&pg=PA24|access-date=26 August 2012|date=30 April 2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01991-1|pages=24–}}</ref> He was apprenticed to a bookseller before studying [[German studies]] and [[classics]] at the [[University of Cologne]].
-Conscripted into the [[German Army (1935–1945)|Wehrmacht]], he served in [[Invasion of Poland|Poland]], [[France]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet Union]].
+Conscripted into the [[German Army (1935–1945)|Wehrmacht]], he served in [[Invasion of Poland|Poland]], [[France]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet Union]]. In 1942, Böll married Annemarie Cech, with whom he had three sons; she later collaborated with him on a number of different translations into German of English-language literature. During his war service, Böll was wounded four times and contracted [[typhoid]]. He was captured by [[US Army]] soldiers in April 1945 and sent to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]].{{Sfn|Conard|1992|pp=xvi–xvii}}
+After the war, he returned to Cologne and began working in his family's cabinet shop and, for one year, worked in a municipal statistical bureau, a job he did not enjoy and which he left in order to take the risk of becoming a writer instead.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steinhauer|first1=Harry|title=Deutsche Erzählungen|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-05054-1|page=423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ll4XkchPMC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+biography&pg=PA421|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>
-In 1942, Böll married Annemarie Cech, with whom he had three sons; she later collaborated with him on a number of different translations into German of English language literature.
+Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His [[first novel]], ''Der Zug war pünktlich'' (''[[The Train Was on Time]]''), was published in 1949. He was invited to the 1949 meeting of the [[Group 47]] circle of German authors and his work was deemed to be the best presented in 1951.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Magill |editor-first1=Frank N.|title=The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-59334-5|page=349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&pg=PA349|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Many other novels, short stories, [[radio play]]s, and essay collections followed.
-During his war service, Böll was wounded four times and contracted [[typhoid]]. He was captured by [[United States Army|US Army]] soldiers in April 1945 and sent to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]].{{Sfn|Conard|1992|pp=xvi–xvii}}
-After the war he returned to Cologne and began working in his family's cabinet shop and, for one year, worked in a municipal statistical bureau, an experience which he did not enjoy and which he left in order to take the risk of becoming a writer instead.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steinhauer|first1=Harry|title=Deutsche Erzählungen|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520050541|page=423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ll4XkchPMC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+biography&pg=PA421|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>
-Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His [[first novel]], ''Der Zug war pünktlich'' (''[[The Train Was on Time]]''), was published in 1949. He was invited to the 1949 meeting of the [[Group 47]] circle of German authors and his work was deemed to be the best presented in 1951.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Magill |editor-first1=Frank N.|title=The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136593345|page=349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&pg=PA349|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
-Many other novels, short stories, [[radio play]]s and essay collections followed.
 ==Awards, honours and appointments==
-Böll was extremely successful and was lauded on a number of occasions. In 1953 he was awarded the Culture Prize of German Industry, the Southern German Radio Prize and the German Critics' Prize. In 1954 he received the prize of the Tribune de Paris. In 1955 he was given the French prize for the best foreign novel. In 1958 he gained the [[Eduard von der Heydt]] prize of the city of Wuppertal and the prize of the [[Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste]] (Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts). In 1959 he was given the Great Art Prize of the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia, the Literature Prize of the city of Cologne, and was elected to the Academy of Science and the Arts in Mainz.
+Böll was extremely successful and was lauded on a number of occasions. In 1953 he was awarded the Culture Prize of German Industry, the Southern German Radio Prize and the German Critics' Prize. In 1954 he received the prize of the Tribune de Paris. In 1955 he was given the French prize for the best foreign novel. In 1958 he won the [[Eduard von der Heydt]] prize of the city of Wuppertal and the prize of the [[Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste]] (Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts). In 1959 he was given the Great Art Prize of the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia and the Literature Prize of the city of Cologne, and was elected to the Academy of Science and the Arts in Mainz.
 In 1960 he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts and gained the Charles Veillon Prize.
-In 1967 he was given the [[Georg Büchner Prize]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0872497798|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+PEN&pg=PA15|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
+In 1967 he was given the [[Georg Büchner Prize]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0-87249-779-8|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+PEN&pg=PA15|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
 In 1972 he received the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature".<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1972/ Nobel prize website]</ref>
@@ Line 43: / Line 37: @@
 Böll was President of [[PEN International]], the worldwide association of writers, from 1971 to 1973.{{Sfn|Conard|1992|p=15}}
+Böll was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1983 and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Heinrich+B%C3%B6ll&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heinrich Theodor Boll |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/heinrich-theodor-boll |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Works==
-His work has been translated into more than 30 languages, and he remains one of Germany's most widely read authors. His best-known works are ''[[Billiards at Half-past Nine]]'' (1959), ''[[And Never Said a Word]]'' (1953), ''[[The Bread of Those Early Years (novel)|The Bread of Those Early Years]]'' (1955),  ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' (1963), ''[[Group Portrait with Lady (novel)|Group Portrait with Lady]]'' (1971), ''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum]]'' (1974), and ''[[The Safety Net]]'' (1979).
+His work has been translated into more than 30 languages, and he remains one of Germany's most widely read authors. His best-known works are ''[[Billiards at Half-past Nine]]'' (1959), ''[[And Never Said a Word]]'' (1953), ''[[The Bread of Those Early Years (novel)|The Bread of Those Early Years]]'' (1955), ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' (1963), ''[[Group Portrait with Lady (novel)|Group Portrait with Lady]]'' (1971), ''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum]]'' (1974), and ''[[The Safety Net]]'' (1979).
+Despite his work's variety of themes and content, certain patterns recur: much of his work describes intimate and personal life struggling to sustain itself against the wider background of war, terrorism, political divisions, and profound economic and social transition. Many of his books have stubborn and eccentrically individualistic protagonists who oppose the mechanisms of the state or of public institutions.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Draugsvold |editor-first1=Ottar G.|title=Nobel Writers on Writing|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-0629-1|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTObt85SNvkC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+life&pg=PA121|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
+Böll was a devoted pacifist because of his war experiences. All of his writing and novels during the postwar years had to do with the war and making sure it never happened again. He encapsulated it in the phrase "never war again".<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_u8a50v6pg|title = Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta : The lost honor of Heinrich Böll|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
-Despite the variety of themes and content in his work, there are certain recurring patterns: many of his novels and stories describe intimate and personal life struggling to sustain itself against the wider background of war, terrorism, political divisions, and profound economic and social transition. In a number of his books there are protagonists who are stubborn and eccentric individualists opposed to the mechanisms of the state or of public institutions.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Draugsvold |editor-first1=Ottar G.|title=Nobel Writers on Writing|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786406291|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTObt85SNvkC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+life&pg=PA121|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
+In his autobiography, Böll wrote that at the high school he attended when growing up under Nazi rule, an anti-Nazi teacher paid special attention to the Roman satirist Juvenal: "Mr. Bauer realized how topical Juvenal was, how he dealt at length with such phenomena as arbitrary government, tyranny, corruption, the degradation of public morals, the decline of the Republican ideal and the terrorizing acts of the Praetorian Guards. [...] In a secondhand bookshop I found an 1838 translation of Juvenal with an extensive commentary, twice the length of the translated text itself, written at the height of the Romantic period. Though its price was more than I could really afford, I bought it. I read all of it very intensely, as if it was a detective novel. It was one of the few books to which I persistently held on throughout the war [WWII] and beyond, even when most of my other books were lost or sold on the black market".<ref>Heinrich Böll, "What will become of this kid? Or: About Books", Ch, 17</ref>
-Böll was a devoted pacifist because of his experiences during WWII. All of his writing and novels during the post-war years had to do with the war and making sure it never happened again. He encapsulated it in the phrase "never war again".<ref name="youtube.com">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_u8a50v6pg</ref>
 == Media scandals ==
-The 1963 publication of ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' was met with polemics in the press for its negative portrayal of the Catholic Church and the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] party.<ref name="Magill2013p350">Frank N. Magill (2013) The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&pg=PA350 p.350]</ref> Böll was devoted to Catholicism but also deeply critical of aspects of it (particularly in its most conservative incarnations). In particular, he was unable to forget the [[Reichskonkordat|Concordat]] of July 1933 between the Vatican and the Nazis, signed by the future [[Pope Pius XII]], which helped confer international legitimacy on the regime at an early stage in its development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134986823|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8XSJpyo2nkC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&pg=PT12|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
+The 1963 publication of ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' was met with polemics in the press for its negative portrayal of the Catholic Church and the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] party.<ref name="Magill2013p350">Frank N. Magill (2013) The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&pg=PA350 p.350]</ref> Böll was devoted to Catholicism but also deeply critical of aspects of it, especially in its most conservative incarnations. In particular, he was unable to forget the [[Reichskonkordat|Concordat]] of July 1933 between the Vatican and the Nazis, signed by the future [[Pope Pius XII]], which helped confer international legitimacy on the regime early in its development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-98682-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8XSJpyo2nkC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&pg=PT12|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
-Böll's liberal views on religion and social issues inspired the wrath of conservatives in Germany.<ref name="Magill2013p350"/><ref name="Finlay1996p8">Frank Finlay (1996) ''On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&pg=PA8 p.8]</ref> When constitutional reforms were passed in 1968 that cracked down on freedom, Böll spoke out against them. His 1972 article ''Soviel Liebe auf einmal'' (''So much love at once'') which accused the tabloid ''[[Bild]]'' of falsified journalism, was in turn retitled,{{clarify|date=November 2014}} at the time of publishing and against Böll's wishes, by ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', and the imposed title was used as a pretext to accuse Böll of sympathy with terrorism.<ref name="WerkeV18p454">Heinrich Böll: [https://books.google.com/books?id=gHUHAQAAMAAJ ''Werke ''], Volume 18: 1971–1974. Köln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 2003, {{ISBN|3-462-03260-7}}, pp.454-ff.</ref> This particular criticism was driven in large part by his repeated insistence upon the importance of due process and the correct and fair application of the law in the case of the [[Baader-Meinhof Gang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Bernard A.|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0815340575|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&pg=PA135|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> In his article for [[Der Spiegel]] entitled ''Sixty Million against Six'' he asked for a safeguard for [[Ulrike Meinhof]] in order to open a dialogue and prevent a major press campaign and police campaign. He received heavy criticism for this and was dubbed "the spiritual father of the violence" by one journalist in the ''[[Axel Springer SE|Springer press]]''.<ref name="youtube.com"/>
+Böll's liberal views on religion and social issues elicited German conservatives' wrath.<ref name="Magill2013p350"/><ref name="Finlay1996p8">Frank Finlay (1996) ''On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&pg=PA8 p.8]</ref> When constitutional reforms were passed in 1968 that cracked down on freedom, Böll spoke out against them. His 1972 article ''Soviel Liebe auf einmal'' (''So much love at once''), which accused the tabloid ''[[Bild]]'' of falsified journalism, was in turn retitled,{{clarify|date=November 2014}} at the time of publishing and against Böll's wishes, by ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', and the new title was used as a pretext to accuse Böll of sympathy with terrorism.<ref name="WerkeV18p454">Heinrich Böll: [https://books.google.com/books?id=gHUHAQAAMAAJ ''Werke ''], Volume 18: 1971–1974. Köln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 2003, {{ISBN|3-462-03260-7}}, pp.454-ff.</ref> This particular criticism was driven in large part by his repeated insistence on the importance of due process and the correct and fair application of the law in the case of the [[Baader-Meinhof Gang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Bernard A.|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-8153-4057-5|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&pg=PA135|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> In his article for [[Der Spiegel]] titled ''Sixty Million against Six'', he asked for a safeguard for [[Ulrike Meinhof]] in order to open a dialogue and prevent a major press campaign and police campaign. Böll was heavily criticized for this and dubbed "the spiritual father of the violence" by one journalist in the ''[[Axel Springer SE|Springer press]]''.<ref name="youtube.com"/>
 The conservative press even attacked Böll's 1972 Nobel Prize, arguing that it was awarded only to "liberals and left-wing radicals".<ref name="Magill2013p350"/>
-On 7 February 1974, the ''[[Bild|BZ]]'', Berlin's most widely-read newspaper at the time reported on Böll's home being searched. However, his home was only searched at 4 PM later that day, after the newspaper had already been circulated.<ref name="criterionchannel.com">https://www.criterionchannel.com/videos/heinrich-boll</ref>
+On 7 February 1974, the ''[[Bild|BZ]]'', Berlin's most widely read newspaper at the time, reported that Böll's home had been searched. In fact, his home was searched only later that day, after the newspaper had already been circulated.<ref name="criterionchannel.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterionchannel.com/videos/heinrich-boll|title = Heinrich Böll}}</ref>
-In 1977, after the abduction of [[Hanns Martin Schleyer]], 40 police searched Böll's house based on an anonymous tip they received that named Böll's son as an accomplice to the kidnappers. These claims turned out to be unfounded. The Christian Democrats placed Böll on a blacklist after this incident.<ref name="criterionchannel.com"/>
+In 1977, after the abduction of [[Hanns Martin Schleyer]], 40 police searched Böll's house based on an anonymous tip they received that named Böll's son as an accomplice to the kidnappers. This claim turned out to be unfounded. The Christian Democrats placed Böll on a blacklist after this incident.<ref name="criterionchannel.com"/>
 ==Influences==
-Böll was deeply rooted in his hometown of Cologne, with its strong [[Roman Catholic]]ism and its rather rough and drastic sense of humour. In the immediate post-war period, he was preoccupied with memories of the War and the effect it had—materially and psychologically—on the lives of ordinary people. He made them the heroes in his writing. His Catholicism was important to his work in ways that can be compared to writers such as [[Graham Greene]] and [[Georges Bernanos]] though, as noted earlier, his perspective was a critical and challenging one towards Catholicism rather than a merely passive one.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0872497798|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&q=Graham+Greene+and+Georges+Bernanos+Heinrich+Boll&pg=PA58|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
+Böll was deeply rooted in his hometown of Cologne, with its strong [[Roman Catholic]]ism and rather rough and drastic sense of humour. In the immediate postwar period, he was preoccupied with memories of the war and its effect—materially and psychologically—on ordinary people's lives. They are the heroes of his writing. His Catholicism was important to his work in ways that can be compared to writers such as [[Graham Greene]] and [[Georges Bernanos]], though, as noted earlier, his perspective on Catholicism was critical and challenging, not passive.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0-87249-779-8|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&q=Graham+Greene+and+Georges+Bernanos+Heinrich+Boll&pg=PA58|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
-He was deeply affected by the [[Nazism|Nazi]] takeover of Cologne, as they essentially exiled him in his own town. Additionally, the destruction of Cologne as a result of the [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Allied bombing during World War II]] scarred him for life; he described the aftermath of the bombing in ''The Silent Angel''. Architecturally, the newly-rebuilt Cologne, prosperous once more, left him indifferent. (Böll seems to have been an admirer of [[William Morris]] – he let it be known that he would have preferred [[Cologne Cathedral]] to have been left unfinished, with the 14th-century wooden crane at the top, as it had stood in 1848). Throughout his life, he remained in close contact with the citizens of Cologne, rich and poor. When he was in hospital, the nurses often complained about the "low-life" people who came to see their friend Heinrich Böll.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
+Böll was deeply affected by the [[Nazism|Nazi]] takeover of Cologne, as the Nazis essentially exiled him in his own town. Additionally, Cologne's destruction in the [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Allied bombing during World War II]] scarred him for life; he described the bombing's aftermath in ''[[The Silent Angel (novel)|The Silent Angel]]''. Architecturally, the rebuilt Cologne, prosperous once more, left him indifferent. (Böll seems to have been an admirer of [[William Morris]]; he let it be known that he would have preferred that [[Cologne Cathedral]] be left unfinished, with the 14th-century wooden crane at the top, as it had stood in 1848). Throughout his life, he remained in close contact with Cologne's citizens, rich and poor. When he was in hospital, the nurses often complained about the "low-life" people who came to see their friend Böll.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
-Böll had a great fondness for Ireland, holidaying with his wife at their second home there, on the west coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Böll|first1=Heinrich|title=Das Brot der frühen Jahre (introduction by James Alldridge)|date=1965|publisher=Heinemann}}</ref> Given this connection, it is tempting to see resonances between Böll's work – specifically, his surreal play ''[[A Mouthful of Earth]]'' – and that of his esoteric contemporary [[Samuel Beckett]]. Böll's concern about damage to the environment, so evident from his play, was a driving force behind the establishment of the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]].
+Böll had a great fondness for Ireland, holidaying with his wife at their second home there, on the west coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Böll|first1=Heinrich|title=Das Brot der frühen Jahre (introduction by James Alldridge)|date=1965|publisher=Heinemann}}</ref> Given this connection, it is tempting to see resonances between Böll's work—especially his surreal play ''[[A Mouthful of Earth]]''—and that of his contemporary [[Samuel Beckett]]. Böll's concern about damage to the environment, so evident in his play, was a driving force behind the establishment of the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]].
-Böll's villains are the figures of authority in government, business, the mainstream media, and in the Church, whom he castigates, sometimes humorously, sometimes acidly, for what he perceived as their conformism, lack of courage, self-satisfied attitude and abuse of power.
+Böll's villains are the figures of authority in government, business, the mainstream media, and the Church, whom he castigates, sometimes humorously, sometimes acidly, for what he saw as their conformism, lack of courage, self-satisfied attitude, and abuse of power.
-The newspapers in his books have no qualms with lying about the characters or destroying their lives, much like what Böll himself experienced when he was accused of harboring and defending anarchists.
+Newspapers in his books have no qualms about lying about the characters or destroying their lives, evoking Böll's experience of being accused of harboring and defending anarchists.
 ==Analysis==
-His works have been dubbed ''[[Trümmerliteratur]]'' (the literature of the rubble). He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips with the memory of [[World War II]], the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]], and the [[Holocaust]] and the guilt that came with them. Because of his refusal to avoid writing about the complexities and problems of the past he was labelled by some with the role of 'Gewissen der Nation' (conscience of the nation), in other words a catalyst and conduit for memorialisation and discussion in opposition to the tendency towards silence and taboo. This was a label that he himself was keen to jettison because he felt that it occluded a fair audit of those institutions which were truly responsible for what had happened.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sargeant|first1=Maggie|title=Kitsch & Kunst: Presentations of a Lost War|date=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=3039105124|pages=171–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUM0XLuvDlQC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&pg=PA171|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
+Böll's work has been dubbed ''[[Trümmerliteratur]]'' (the literature of the rubble). He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips with the memory of [[World War II]], the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]], the [[Holocaust]], and the guilt that came with them. Because of his refusal to avoid writing about the complexities and problems of the past, some called him the ''Gewissen der Nation'' ("conscience of the nation"), a catalyst and conduit for memorialization and discussion in opposition to the tendency toward silence and taboo. This was a label Böll was keen to jettison, because he felt that it occluded a fair audit of the institutions truly responsible for what had happened.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sargeant|first1=Maggie|title=Kitsch & Kunst: Presentations of a Lost War|date=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=3-03910-512-4|pages=171–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUM0XLuvDlQC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&pg=PA171|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>
-He lived with his wife in Cologne and in the [[Eifel|Eifel region]]. However, he also spent time on [[Achill Island]] off the west coast of Ireland. His cottage there is now used as a guesthouse for international and Irish artists. He recorded some of his experiences in Ireland in his book [[Irish journal|''Irisches Tagebuch'' (''Irish Journal'')]]; later on the people of Achill curated a festival in his honour. The Irish connection also influenced the translations into German by his wife Annemarie, which included works by [[Brendan Behan]], [[J. M. Synge]], [[G. B. Shaw]], [[Flann O'Brien]] and [[Tomás Ó Criomhthain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |title=Heinrich Böll |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084809/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Böll lived with his wife in Cologne and in the [[Eifel|Eifel region]]. He also spent time on [[Achill Island]], off Ireland's west coast. His cottage there is now used as a guesthouse for international and Irish artists. He recorded some of his experiences in Ireland in his book ''[[Irish Journal]]''; later, the people of Achill curated a festival in his honour. The Irish connection also influenced the translations into German by his wife Annemarie, which included works by [[Brendan Behan]], [[J. M. Synge]], [[G. B. Shaw]], [[Flann O'Brien]], and [[Tomás Ó Criomhthain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |title=Heinrich Böll |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084809/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-He was the president of the then West German [[P.E.N.]] and subsequently of the [[International P.E.N.]] organizations. He travelled frequently as a representative of the new, democratic Germany. His appearance and attitude were in complete contrast to the boastful, aggressive type of German which had become infamous all over the world during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] rule. Böll was particularly successful in [[Eastern Europe]], as he seemed to portray the dark side of [[capitalism]] in his books; his books were sold by the millions in the [[Soviet Union]] alone.<ref>Peter Bruhn and Henry Glade:''[http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/projboll.htm Heinrich Böll in der Sowjetunion, 1952–1979] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408182906/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/projboll.htm |date=8 April 2008 }} Einführung in die sowjetische Böll-Rezeption und Bibliographie der in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienenen Schriften von und über Heinrich Böll'', Berlin 1980, {{ISBN|3-503-01617-1}}</ref>
+Böll was president of the then West German [[P.E.N.]] and subsequently of the [[International P.E.N.]] organizations. He often traveled as a representative of the new, democratic Germany. His appearance and attitude completely contrasted with the boastful, aggressive type of German who had become infamous during [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rule. Böll was particularly successful in [[Eastern Europe]], as he seemed to portray the dark side of [[capitalism]] in his books, which sold by the millions in the [[Soviet Union]] alone.<ref>Peter Bruhn and Henry Glade:''[http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/projboll.htm Heinrich Böll in der Sowjetunion, 1952–1979] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408182906/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/projboll.htm |date=8 April 2008 }} Einführung in die sowjetische Böll-Rezeption und Bibliographie der in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienenen Schriften von und über Heinrich Böll'', Berlin 1980, {{ISBN|3-503-01617-1}}</ref>
-When [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] was expelled from the Soviet Union, he first took refuge in Böll's Eifel cottage. This was in part the result of Böll's visit to the Soviet Union in 1962 with a cultural delegation, the first of several trips he made to the country, during which he built friendships with several writers and connections with many producers of dissident literature. With Solzhenitsyn's meeting, Böll responded to the criticism from both sides that branded him an instrument of anti-socialist propaganda and on the other as a stooge for the East Germans with the following statement "perhaps many Germans do not read ''The Gulag Archipelago'' to experience the suffering of those to whom this monument is dedicated, but rather to forget the horror of their own history."<ref name="criterionchannel.com"/> Böll had previously recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel Prize for Literature, under the auspices of his position in the West German P.E.N. When Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize in 1976, he quoted from Böll's works to the reception committee.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finlay|first1=Frank|title=On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking|date=1996|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9051839898|pages=179–184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+Solzhenitsyn&pg=PA180|access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
+When [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] was expelled from the Soviet Union, he first took refuge in Böll's Eifel cottage. This was in part the result of Böll's visit to the Soviet Union in 1962 with a cultural delegation, the first of several trips he made there, during which he made friendships with writers and connections with producers of dissident literature. With Solzhenitsyn's meeting, Böll responded to the criticism from both sides that branded him an instrument of anti-socialist propaganda or a stooge for the East Germans with the following statement: "perhaps many Germans do not read ''The Gulag Archipelago'' to experience the suffering of those to whom this monument is dedicated, but rather to forget the horror of their own history."<ref name="criterionchannel.com"/> As president of the West German P.E.N., Böll had recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel Prize for Literature. When Solzhenitsyn received the prize in 1970, he quoted Böll's works to the reception committee.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finlay|first1=Frank|title=On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking|date=1996|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-5183-989-8|pages=179–184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&q=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+Solzhenitsyn&pg=PA180|access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
-In 1976, Böll publicly left the [[Catholic Church]], "without falling away from the faith".<ref>"vom Glauben abgefallen"</ref>
+In 1976, Böll publicly left the [[Catholic Church]], "without falling away from the faith".<ref>"vom Glauben abgefallen"</ref> He died in 1985 at the age of 67.
-He died in 1985 at the age of 67.
 ==Legacy and influence==
-Böll's memory lives on, among other places, at the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]. A special Heinrich Böll Archive was set up in the [[Historical Archive of the City of Cologne|Cologne Library]] to house his personal papers, bought from his family, but much of the material was damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building collapsed in March 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|title=Acclaimed German writer's archive lost in building collapse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/06/heinrich-boll-archive-cologne|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 July 2014|date=6 March 2009}}</ref>
+Böll's memory lives on, among other places, at the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]. The [[Historical Archive of the City of Cologne|Cologne Library]] set up the Heinrich Böll Archive to house his personal papers, bought from his family, but much of the material was damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building collapsed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|title=Acclaimed German writer's archive lost in building collapse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/06/heinrich-boll-archive-cologne|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 July 2014|date=6 March 2009}}</ref>
 His cottage in Ireland has been used as a residency for writers since 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Residency |url=http://www.heinrichboellcottage.com/html/Residency.html |website=Heinrich Böll Cottage |access-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022135726/http://heinrichboellcottage.com/html/Residency.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref>
-[[Eric Andersen|Eric Anderson]] composed a set of musical compositions based upon the books of Böll: ''Silent Angel: Fire and Ashes of Heinrich Böll'' (2017) Meyer Records.
+[[Eric Andersen|Eric Anderson]] wrote a set of musical compositions based on Böll's books: ''Silent Angel: Fire and Ashes of Heinrich Böll'' (2017, Meyer Records).
 == Selected bibliography ==
@@ Line 98: / Line 94: @@
 * (1950) ''[[Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We…|Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa…]]'' – short story
 * (1951) ''Die schwarzen Schafe'' (''Black Sheep'') – short story
-* (1951) ''Nicht nur zur Weihnachtszeit'' (''Christmas Not Just Once a Year'') – short story
 * (1951) ''Wo warst du, Adam?'' (''And where were you, Adam?'') – novel
+* (1952) ''Nicht nur zur Weihnachtszeit'' (''Christmas Not Just Once a Year'') – short story
 * (1952) ''Die Waage der Baleks'' (''The Balek Scales'') – short story
 * (1953) ''Und sagte kein einziges Wort'' (''[[And Never Said a Word]]'') – novel
-* (1954) ''Haus ohne Hüter'' (''House without Guardians'' ; ''Tomorrow and Yesterday'') – novel
+* (1954) ''Haus ohne Hüter'' (''The Unguarded House''; ''Tomorrow and Yesterday'') – novel
 * (1955) ''Das Brot der frühen Jahre'' (''[[The Bread of Those Early Years (novel)|The Bread of Those Early Years]]'') – novel
 * (1957) [[Irish journal|''Irisches Tagebuch'' (''Irish Journal'')]] – travel writing
@@ Line 112: / Line 108: @@
 * (1963) ''[[Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral]]'' (''Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity'') – short story
 * (1964) ''Entfernung von der Truppe'' (''Absent Without Leave'') – two novellas
-* (1966) ''Ende einer Dienstfahrt'' (''End of a Mission'') – novel
+* (1966) ''Ende einer Dienstfahrt'' (''The End of a Mission'') – novel
 * (1971) ''Gruppenbild mit Dame'' (''[[Group Portrait with Lady (novel)|Group Portrait with Lady]]'') – novel
 * (1974) ''Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum'' (''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum]]'') – novel
@@ Line 125: / Line 121: @@
 * (1985) ''Frauen vor Flusslandschaft'' (''Women in a River Landscape'')
 * (1986) ''The Stories of Heinrich Böll'' – U.S. release
-* (1992, written 1949/50) ''Der Engel schwieg'' (''The Silent Angel'') – novel
+* (1992, written 1949/50) ''Der Engel schwieg'' (''[[The Silent Angel (novel)|The Silent Angel]]'') – novel
 * (1995) ''Der blasse Hund'' – unpublished stories from 1937 & 1946–1952
 * (2002, written 1946–1947) ''Kreuz ohne Liebe''
@@ Line 132: / Line 128: @@
 === Translations ===
-More than seventy translations of Annemarie and Heinrich Böll are listed in the bibliography published in 1995 by Werner Bellmann: poetical works of [[Brendan Behan]], [[Eilis Dillon]], [[O. Henry]], [[Paul Horgan]], [[Bernard Malamud]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] et al.
+More than 70 translations of Annemarie and Heinrich Böll are in the bibliography published in 1995 by Werner Bellmann: works of [[Brendan Behan]], [[Eilis Dillon]], [[O. Henry]], [[Paul Horgan]], [[Bernard Malamud]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] et al.
 * ''Das harte Leben'' ([[The Hard Life]], [[Brian O'Nolan]]), translated by Heinrich Böll, Hamburg, Nannen, 1966, 79. Illustrations by [[Patrick Swift]].
@@ Line 151: / Line 147: @@
 * {{cite book|editor=Heinz Ludwig Arnold |title=Heinrich Böll|location=Munich|year=1982}}
 * {{cite book|first=Bernd |last=Balzer|title= Das literarische Werk Heinrich Bölls. Kommentare und Interpretationen|location=Munich|year=1997}}
-* Hanno Beth (Ed.): Heinrich Böll. Eine Einführung in das Gesamtwerk in Einzelinterpretationen. 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Königstein i.Ts. 1980.
+* Hanno Beth (Ed.): ''Heinrich Böll. Eine Einführung in das Gesamtwerk in Einzelinterpretationen''. 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Königstein i.Ts. 1980.
-* Alfred Böll: Bilder einer deutschen Familie. Die Bölls. Gustav Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1981.
+* Alfred Böll: ''Bilder einer deutschen Familie. Die Bölls''. Gustav Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1981.
-* Viktor Böll, Markus Schäfer and Jochen Schubert: Heinrich Böll. dtv, Munich, 2002 (dtv portrait).
+* Viktor Böll, Markus Schäfer and Jochen Schubert: ''Heinrich Böll''. dtv, Munich, 2002 (dtv portrait).
-* Lucia Borghese: Invito alla lettura di Heinrich Böll. Mursia, Milan 1980.
+* Lucia Borghese: ''Invito alla lettura di Heinrich Böll''. Mursia, Milan 1980.
-* Michael Butler (Ed.): The Narrative Fiction of Heinrich Böll. Social conscience and literary achievement. Cambridge 1994.
+* Michael Butler (Ed.): ''The Narrative Fiction of Heinrich Böll. Social Conscience and Literary Achievement''. Cambridge 1994.
-* {{cite book|first=Robert C.|last=Conard|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC|isbn=9780872497795}}
+* {{cite book|first=Robert C.|last=Conard|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC|isbn=978-0-87249-779-5}}
-* Frank Finlay: On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking. Rodopi, Amsterdam/Atlanta 1996.
+* Frank Finlay: ''On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking''. Rodopi, Amsterdam/Atlanta 1996.
-* Erhard Friedrichsmeyer: Die satirische Kurzprosa Heinrich Bölls. Chapel Hill 1981.
+* Erhard Friedrichsmeyer: ''Die satirische Kurzprosa Heinrich Bölls''. Chapel Hill 1981.
-* Lawrence F. Glatz: Heinrich Böll als Moralist. Peter Lang, New York 1999.
+* Lawrence F. Glatz: ''Heinrich Böll als Moralist''. Peter Lang, New York 1999.
-* Christine Hummel: Intertextualität im Werk Heinrich Bölls. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Trier 2002.
+* Christine Hummel: ''Intertextualität im Werk Heinrich Bölls''. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Trier 2002.
-* Manfred Jurgensen (Ed.): Böll. Untersuchungen zum Werk. Francke, Bern/Munich 1975.
+* Manfred Jurgensen (Ed.): ''Böll. Untersuchungen zum Werk''. Francke, Bern/Munich 1975.
 * Christian Linder: Heinrich Böll. Leben & Schreiben 1917–1985. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1986.
-* {{cite book |first=Marcel |last=Reich-Ranicki |language=de |title=Mehr als ein Dichter: über Heinrich Böll |location=Cologne |year=1986 |author-link=Marcel_Reich-Ranicki |publisher=Kiepenheuer & Witsch}}
+* {{cite book |first=Marcel |last=Reich-Ranicki |language=de |title=Mehr als ein Dichter: über Heinrich Böll |location=Cologne |year=1986 |author-link=Marcel Reich-Ranicki |publisher=Kiepenheuer & Witsch}}
-* James H. Reid: Heinrich Böll. A German for His Time. Berg Publishers, Oxford/New York/Hamburg 1988. – German: Heinrich Böll. Ein Zeuge seiner Zeit. dtv, Munich 1991.
+* James H. Reid: ''Heinrich Böll. A German for His Time''. Berg Publishers, Oxford/New York/Hamburg 1988. – German: ''Heinrich Böll. Ein Zeuge seiner Zeit''. dtv, Munich 1991.
-* Klaus Schröter: Heinrich Böll. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1987 (Rowohlts Monographien).
+* Klaus Schröter: ''Heinrich Böll''. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1987 (Rowohlts Monographien).
-* Jochen Vogt: Heinrich Böll. 2. Auflage. Beck, Munich 1987.
+* Jochen Vogt: ''Heinrich Böll''. 2. Auflage. Beck, Munich 1987.
-* Heinrich Vormweg: Der andere Deutsche. Heinrich Böll. Eine Biographie. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2002.
+* Heinrich Vormweg: ''Der andere Deutsche. Heinrich Böll. Eine Biographie.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2002.
-* {{cite book |first=W.G. |last=Sebald |author-link=W._G._Sebald |title=Luftkrieg und Literatur: Mit einem Essay zu Alfred Andersch |language=de |year=1999 |trans-title=[[On the Natural History of Destruction]]}}
+* {{cite book |first=W.G. |last=Sebald |author-link=W. G. Sebald |title=Luftkrieg und Literatur: Mit einem Essay zu Alfred Andersch |language=de |year=1999 |trans-title=[[On the Natural History of Destruction]]}}
 {{refend}}
 == External links ==
 {{wikiquote}}
-{{commons|Heinrich Böll|Heinrich Böll}}
+{{commons}}
 * [http://www.heinrich-boell.de/ Heinrich Böll official website]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040401214522/http://www.electroasylum.com/boll/ The Heinrich Böll Page].
@@ Line 189: / Line 185: @@
 {{Heinrich Böll}}
 {{Georg Büchner Prize}}
-{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}}
+{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}}{{Critique of work}}{{1972 Nobel Prize winners}}
-{{1972 Nobel Prize winners}}
 {{German literature}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 198: / Line 193: @@
 [[Category:1917 births]]
 [[Category:1985 deaths]]
+[[Category:20th-century German male writers]]
 [[Category:20th-century German novelists]]
 [[Category:20th-century German short story writers]]
+[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
+[[Category:Critics of work and the work ethic]]
 [[Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners]]
+[[Category:German Army personnel of World War II]]
 [[Category:German male novelists]]
 [[Category:German male short story writers]]
 [[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
 [[Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States]]
-[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
+[[Category:German Roman Catholic writers]]
-[[Category:German short story writers]]
-[[Category:PEN International]]
 [[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
-[[Category:Writers from Cologne]]
+[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
-[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
+[[Category:Members of the German Academy for Language and Literature]]
-[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
+[[Category:PEN International]]
 [[Category:Trümmerliteratur]]
 [[Category:University of Cologne alumni]]
-[[Category:Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia]]
 [[Category:Writers from Bydgoszcz]]
+[[Category:Writers from Cologne]]
+[[Category:Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia]]
+[[Category:Writers from the Rhine Province]]

v t e Heinrich Böll
Novels and novellas	The Train Was on Time And Never Said a Word The Bread of Those Early Years Billiards at Half-Past Nine The Clown Group Portrait with Lady The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum The Safety Net A Soldier's Legacy The Silent Angel
Short stories	"Murke's Collected Silences" "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral" "Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We..."
Drama	A Mouthful of Earth
Travel writing	Irish Journal
Miscellaneous	Heinrich-Böll-Preis

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature
1901–1920	1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun
1921–1940	1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously) 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940
1941–1960	1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse
1961–1980	1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz
1981–2000	1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian
2001–2020	2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück
2021–present	2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah 2022: Annie Ernaux 2023: Jon Fosse 2024: Han Kang 2025: to be determined

v t e Critique of work
Historical persons	Abbie Hoffman Edward Bellamy Alfredo M. Bonanno André Gorz Bob Black Günther Anders Guy Debord Heinrich Böll Ivan Illich Mikhail Bakunin Paul Lafargue Walter Benjamin Antonio Negri Bertrand Russell Friedrich Nietzsche Henry David Thoreau Herbert Marcuse Jerry Rubin Josef Pieper Karl Marx Max Stirner Max Weber Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Raoul Vaneigem Renzo Novatore Zo d'Axa
Contemporary persons	Franco Berardi L. Susan Brown Madeleine Bunting David Graeber Michael Hardt Maurizio Lazzarato Claus Peter Ortlieb Roland Paulsen Jeremy Rifkin Penelope Rosemont Mark Slouka Nick Srnicek Claire Wolfe John Zerzan
Terminology and related topics	996 working hour system Absenteeism Abusive supervision Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy Autonomism Bare minimum Monday Bullshit job Coffee badging Corporatocracy Cycle of poverty Dolce far niente Effects of overtime Employee ghosting Extermination through labour Career cushioning Careerism Flextime Forced labour Four-day workweek Funemployment Ghost job Uberisation / Gig worker Glass cliff Happiness economics Honeymoon-hangover effect Hush trip Job crafting Job cuffing Jobless employed Karoshi Loud quitting Neijuan Occupational burnout Occupational safety and health Occupational stress Orange S.A. suicides Overwork Performance punishment Post-work society Precariat Presenteeism Digital presenteeism Productivity theater Professional abuse Protestant work ethic Psychological safety Quick quitting Quiet hiring Quiet promotion Quiet quitting Quiet thriving Lazy girl job Rage applying Refusal of work Resenteeism Right to rest and leisure Sampo generation Sunday scaries Six-hour day Tang ping Technological unemployment Toxic workplace Narcissism Psychopathy Wage slavery Work ethic Workaholic Working poor Work–life interface
Theater, movies, music and art	À Nous la Liberté Office Space Swedish Public Freedom Service "Take This Job and Shove It" The Future of Work and Death The Main Thing Is Work! The Working Class Goes to Heaven Yama—Attack to Attack
Literature	Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral Bartleby, the Scrivener Bonjour paresse Bullshit Jobs The Conquest of Bread Critique of Economic Reason Fight Club Future Primitive and Other Essays In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays Inventing the Future Manifesto Against Work New Escapologist On the Poverty of Student Life The Society of the Spectacle Steal This Book The Abolition of Work The End of Work The Human Use of Human Beings The Idler The Revolution of Everyday Life The Right to Be Lazy The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy
Communities	R/antiwork CrimethInc. Situationist International
See also	Criticism of capitalism Critique of political economy Job strain

v t e 1972 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Christian B. Anfinsen (United States) Stanford Moore (United States) William Howard Stein (United States)
Literature (1972)	Heinrich Böll (Germany)
Peace	None
Physics	John Bardeen (United States) Leon Cooper (United States) John Robert Schrieffer (United States)
Physiology or Medicine	Gerald Edelman (United States) Rodney Robert Porter (United Kingdom)
Economic Sciences	John Hicks (United Kingdom) Kenneth Arrow (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977