April 1938: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
| (18 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Month of 1938}} |
|||
{{Events by month|1938}} |
{{Events by month|1938}} |
||
{{calendar|year=1938|month=April}} |
{{calendar|year=1938|month=April}} |
||
The following events occurred in '''April 1938''': |
The following events occurred in '''April 1938''': |
||
==[[April 1]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[April 1]], 1938 (Friday)== |
||
*The [[Battle of Gandesa (1938)|Battle of Gandesa]] began. |
*The [[Battle of Gandesa (1938)|Battle of Gandesa]] began. |
||
*[[Province of Upper Silesia|Upper]] and [[Province of Lower Silesia|Lower Silesia]] were reunified into the [[Province of Silesia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=1.4.1938&year=1938&month=4&day=1 |title=Tageseinträge für 1. April 1938 |
*[[Province of Upper Silesia|Upper]] and [[Province of Lower Silesia|Lower Silesia]] were reunified into the [[Province of Silesia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=1.4.1938&year=1938&month=4&day=1 |title=Tageseinträge für 1. April 1938 |website=chroniknet |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' stated that the Vatican had not been consulted by Austrian bishops prior to their reading of the March 27 pastoral letter supporting the ''[[Anschluss]]''.<ref>{{cite news |
*''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' stated that the Vatican had not been consulted by Austrian bishops prior to their reading of the March 27 pastoral letter supporting the ''[[Anschluss]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 2, 1938 |title=Vatican Scores Catholic – Nazi Pact in Austria | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
||
*U.S.-Mexican relations continued to worsen as the Roosevelt Administration ended its policy of buying Mexican silver at rates above world price.<ref name="chronology 1938">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm |title=Chronology 1938 |
*U.S.-Mexican relations continued to worsen as the Roosevelt Administration ended its policy of buying Mexican silver at rates above world price.<ref name="chronology 1938">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm |title=Chronology 1938 |date=2002 |website=indiana.edu |access-date=September 19, 2015 |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608153227/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
*Music recordings by Jewish musicians and composers were banned in Germany.<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web|url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |title=1938 |
*Music recordings by Jewish musicians and composers were banned in Germany.<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web|url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |title=1938 |website=MusicAndHistory |access-date=September 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828144945/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |archive-date=August 28, 2012 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Joe Louis]] knocked out Harry Thomas in the fifth round at [[Chicago Stadium]] to retain the world heavyweight boxing title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/009027 |title=Joe Louis |
*[[Joe Louis]] knocked out Harry Thomas in the fifth round at [[Chicago Stadium]] to retain the world heavyweight boxing title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/009027 |title=Joe Louis |website=[[BoxRec]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[John Quade]], actor, in [[Kansas City, Kansas]] (d. 2009) |
*'''Born:''' [[John Quade]], actor, in [[Kansas City, Kansas]] (d. 2009) |
||
*'''Died:''' [[Louis-Henri Foreau]], 71 or 72, French artist |
*'''Died:''' [[Louis-Henri Foreau]], 71 or 72, French artist |
||
==[[April 2]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[April 2]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
*The [[Australian Labor Party]] won a third term in the [[Queensland state election |
*The [[Australian Labor Party]] won a third term in the [[1938 Queensland state election|Queensland state election]]. |
||
*Three days of parliamentary elections concluded in [[Egypt]]. Prime Minister [[Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha]]'s party won a majority of seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/egypt-1922-present/ |title=Egypt (1922-present) |
*Three days of parliamentary elections concluded in [[Egypt]]. Prime Minister [[Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha]]'s party won a majority of seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/egypt-1922-present/ |title=Egypt (1922-present) |website=[[University of Central Arkansas]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Oxford University|Oxford]] won the [[The Boat Race 1938|90th Boat Race]]. It was the first Boat Race to be televised. |
*[[Oxford University|Oxford]] won the [[The Boat Race 1938|90th Boat Race]]. It was the first Boat Race to be televised. |
||
*'''Born:''' [[John Larsson]], 17th [[General of the Salvation Army]], in Sweden |
*'''Born:''' [[John Larsson]], 17th [[General of the Salvation Army]], in Sweden (d. 2022) |
||
==[[April 3]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[April 3]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
||
*The [[Battle of Gandesa (1938)|Battle of Gandesa]] ended in Nationalist victory. |
*The [[Battle of Gandesa (1938)|Battle of Gandesa]] ended in Nationalist victory. |
||
*The Nationalists took [[Lleida]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c.">{{cite book |
*The Nationalists took [[Lleida]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c.">{{cite book |date=1989 |editor-last=Mercer |editor-first=Derrik |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=495 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Jeff Barry]], pop music songwriter and producer, in [[Brooklyn]], New York |
*'''Born:''' [[Jeff Barry]], pop music songwriter and producer, in [[Brooklyn]], New York |
||
*'''Died:''' [[Count Campau]], 74, American baseball player |
*'''Died:''' [[Count Campau]], 74, American baseball player |
||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
==[[April 4]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[April 4]], 1938 (Monday)== |
||
*The collective series of battles known as the [[Battle of the Segre]] began. |
*The collective series of battles known as the [[Battle of the Segre]] began. |
||
*Italy began to transfer its [[Aegean Sea]] fleet base from [[Leros]] to [[Rhodes]].<ref>{{cite news |
*Italy began to transfer its [[Aegean Sea]] fleet base from [[Leros]] to [[Rhodes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 5, 1938 |title=Italy Moves Aegean Sea Fleet Base to Island of Rhodes |newspaper=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=2}}</ref> |
||
*[[Byron Nelson]] won the [[1938 Masters Tournament|5th Masters Tournament]]. |
*[[Byron Nelson]] won the [[1938 Masters Tournament|5th Masters Tournament]]. |
||
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]], the [[First Lady of the United States]], hosted the White House Conference on Participation of Negro Women and Children in Federal Welfare Programs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5p9GIzyk0XgC&pg=PAxxv |title=Chronology of Eleanor Roosevelt's Life and Career |encyclopedia=The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia |editor1-last=Beasley |editor1-first=Maurine H. |editor1-link=Maurine Beasley |editor2-last=Shulman |editor2-first=Holly C. |editor3-last=Beasley |editor3-first=Henry R. |page=xxv |location=[[Westport, Connecticut]], [[London]] |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-313-30181-6 |access-date=10 May 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |
|||
*'''Born:''' [[A. Bartlett Giamatti]], President of Yale University and Commissioner of Major League Baseball, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (d. 1989) |
*'''Born:''' [[A. Bartlett Giamatti]], President of [[Yale University]] and [[Commissioner of Major League Baseball]], in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (d. 1989) |
||
==[[April 5]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[April 5]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
||
*Spanish Prime Minister [[Juan Negrín]] sacked War Minister [[Indalecio Prieto]].<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPAchronology.htm |title=Spanish Civil War: Chronology |last=Simkin |first=John |date=2014 |website=[[Spartacus Educational]] | |
*Spanish Prime Minister [[Juan Negrín]] sacked War Minister [[Indalecio Prieto]].<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPAchronology.htm |title=Spanish Civil War: Chronology |last=Simkin |first=John |date=2014 |website=[[Spartacus Educational]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*The Franco government formally revoked the 1932 [[Catalonia|Catalan]] statute of autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buffery |first1=Helena |last2=Marcer |first2=Elisenda |date=2011 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Catalans |
*The Franco government formally revoked the 1932 [[Catalonia|Catalan]] statute of autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buffery |first1=Helena |last2=Marcer |first2=Elisenda |date=2011 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Catalans |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=311 |isbn=978-0-8108-7514-2 }}</ref><ref name="spanish cw dictionary">{{cite book |date=1982 |editor-last=Cortada |editor-first=James W. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=511 |isbn=0-313-22054-9 }}</ref> |
||
==[[April 6]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[April 6]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
||
| Line 42: | Line 43: | ||
*The [[Battle of Taierzhuang]] ended in a Chinese victory. |
*The [[Battle of Taierzhuang]] ended in a Chinese victory. |
||
*The [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]] captured [[Tremp]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary" /> |
*The [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]] captured [[Tremp]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary" /> |
||
*The drama-adventure film ''[[The Adventures of Marco Polo]]'' starring [[Gary Cooper]] premiered in New York.<ref>{{cite book |
*The drama-adventure film ''[[The Adventures of Marco Polo]]'' starring [[Gary Cooper]] premiered in New York.<ref>{{cite book |date=1993 |editor-last=Hanson |editor-first=Patricia King |title=The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940 |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |page=11 |isbn=0-520-07908-6 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Spencer Dryden]], rock drummer, in New York City (d. 2005); [[Freddie Hubbard]], jazz trumpeter, in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]] (d. 2008) |
*'''Born:''' [[Spencer Dryden]], rock drummer, in New York City (d. 2005); [[Freddie Hubbard]], jazz trumpeter, in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]] (d. 2008) |
||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
*'''Born:''' [[Kofi Annan]], diplomat and Secretary-General of the United Nations, in [[Kumasi|Comassie]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (d. 2018) |
*'''Born:''' [[Kofi Annan]], diplomat and Secretary-General of the United Nations, in [[Kumasi|Comassie]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (d. 2018) |
||
*'''Died:''' [[King Oliver|Joe "King" Oliver]], 56, jazz cornet player and bandleader |
*'''Died:''' [[King Oliver|Joe "King" Oliver]], 56, jazz cornet player and bandleader |
||
* '''Died:''' [[George Mountbatten|George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven]], 45, British Royal Navy officer and nobelman, brother of [[Lord Louis Mountbatten| Lord Mountbatten]] and uncle to [[Prince Philip|Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] |
|||
==[[April 9]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[April 9]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
*Hitler spoke in Vienna to a national audience on the eve of the referendum on the ''Anschluss'', making a final appeal to vote in its favour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid | |
*Hitler spoke in Vienna to a national audience on the eve of the referendum on the ''Anschluss'', making a final appeal to vote in its favour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid |author-link=Sigrid Schultz |date=April 10, 1938 |title=Hitler Exhorts His Empire to Vote 'Ja' Today | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=9 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]], politician, in [[Saraktashsky District|Chernyi Otrog]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]] (d. 2010); [[Don Meredith]], NFL quarterback, sports commentator and actor, in [[Mount Vernon, Texas]] (d. 2010); [[Rockin' Sidney]], zydeco musician, in [[Lebeau, Louisiana]] (d. 1998) |
*'''Born:''' [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]], politician, in [[Saraktashsky District|Chernyi Otrog]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]] (d. 2010); [[Don Meredith]], NFL quarterback, sports commentator and actor, in [[Mount Vernon, Texas]] (d. 2010); [[Rockin' Sidney]], zydeco musician, in [[Lebeau, Louisiana]] (d. 1998) |
||
==[[April 10]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[April 10]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
||
*[[German election and referendum |
*[[1938 German election and referendum|Parliamentary elections]] were held in Nazi Germany. The [[Nazi Party]] claimed 99% of the vote. |
||
*The [[Austrian Anschluss referendum |
*The [[1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum|referendum on the ''Anschluss'']] was held. The result was reported as 99.73% in favour. |
||
*[[Édouard Daladier]] became [[Prime Minister of France]] for the third time. |
*[[Édouard Daladier]] became [[Prime Minister of France]] for the third time. |
||
* |
*An estimated 7,000 people attended a "Save Spain" rally in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] protesting the British government's policy on the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1938/apr/14/hyde-park-meeting | title=House of Commons - Hyde Park Meeting |publisher=Hansard |ref=HC Deb 14 April 1938 vol 334 c1297 |date=14 April 1938 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> [[Unity Mitford]] was spotted at the event wearing a [[swastika]] badge and was attacked by an angry mob.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /><ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=David |date=April 11, 1938 |title=Peer's Daughter Kicked, Stoned by British Mob | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=5 }}</ref> |
||
==[[April 11]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[April 11]], 1938 (Monday)== |
||
*23-year old [[Jackie Coogan]] sued his mother and stepfather for $4 million worth of property and assets he'd earned as a child film star.<ref>{{cite news |
*23-year old [[Jackie Coogan]] sued his mother and stepfather for $4 million worth of property and assets he'd earned as a child film star.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 12, 1938 |title=Jackie Coogan Sues Mother; Asks 4 Million | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
||
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Hale v. Kentucky]]''. |
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Hale v. Kentucky]]''. |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Michael Deaver]], political consultant, in [[Bakersfield, California]] (d. 2007); [[Kurt Moll]], operatic singer, in Buir, Germany (d. 2017) |
*'''Born:''' [[Michael Deaver]], political consultant, in [[Bakersfield, California]] (d. 2007); [[Kurt Moll]], operatic singer, in Buir, Germany (d. 2017) |
||
| Line 68: | Line 70: | ||
==[[April 12]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[April 12]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
||
*The Republicans launched the [[Balaguer Offensive]]. |
*The Spanish Republicans launched the [[Balaguer Offensive]]. |
||
*The [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] defeated the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] 4-1 to win the [[1938 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]], three games to one. |
*The [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] defeated the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] 4-1 to win the [[1938 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]], three games to one. |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Roger Caron]], robber and memoirist, in [[Cornwall, Ontario]], Canada (d. 2012) |
*'''Born:''' [[Roger Caron]], robber and memoirist, in [[Cornwall, Ontario]], Canada (d. 2012) |
||
| Line 74: | Line 76: | ||
==[[April 13]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[April 13]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
||
*The French Senate voted 288-1 to give Prime Minister Daladier special powers until July 31 to [[rule by decree|govern by decree]] in order to address the currency devaluation crisis and end strikes.<ref name="chronology 1938" /><ref>{{cite news |
*The French Senate voted 288-1 to give Prime Minister Daladier special powers until July 31 to [[rule by decree|govern by decree]] in order to address the currency devaluation crisis and end strikes.<ref name="chronology 1938" /><ref>{{cite news |date=April 13, 1938 |title=Daladier Acts to Ban Strikes By New Decree | work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |page=1 }}</ref> |
||
*The Chinese announced the recapture of [[Qufu]].<ref>{{cite news |
*The Chinese announced the recapture of [[Qufu]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 13, 1938 |title=Chinese Retake Chufu, Holy City of Confucianism | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=12 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Frederic Rzewski]], composer and pianist, in [[Westfield, Massachusetts]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Frederic Rzewski]], composer and pianist, in [[Westfield, Massachusetts]] (d. 2021) |
||
==[[April 14]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[April 14]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
||
| Line 85: | Line 87: | ||
==[[April 15]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[April 15]], 1938 (Friday)== |
||
*The Nationalists reached the coastal town of [[Vinaròs]] and cut Republican Spain into two halves.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*The Nationalists reached the coastal town of [[Vinaròs]] and cut Republican Spain into two halves.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*The drama film ''[[Test Pilot (film)|Test Pilot]]'' starring [[Clark Gable]], [[Myrna Loy]] and [[Spencer Tracy]] premiered in New York and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/838/Test-Pilot/ |title=Test Pilot – Overview |
*The drama film ''[[Test Pilot (film)|Test Pilot]]'' starring [[Clark Gable]], [[Myrna Loy]] and [[Spencer Tracy]] premiered in New York and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/838/Test-Pilot/ |title=Test Pilot – Overview |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |publisher=Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Claudia Cardinale]], actress, in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Claudia Cardinale]], actress, in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] |
||
==[[April 16]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[April 16]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
*Britain and Italy concluded the [[Easter Accords]], a pact to reduce tensions in the Mediterranean region. The British recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia while Italy promised to withdraw its troops from Spain at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]] and refrain from spreading propaganda in the Middle East.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
*Britain and Italy concluded the [[Easter Accords]], a pact to reduce tensions in the Mediterranean region. The British recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia while Italy promised to withdraw its troops from Spain at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]] and refrain from spreading propaganda in the Middle East.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
||
*Between 16 and 20 Arabs were killed in a battle with British troops at [[Jenin]] fought after three Jews were killed in an ambush at [[al-Bassa]].<ref>{{cite news |
*Between 16 and 20 Arabs were killed in a battle with British troops at [[Jenin]] fought after three Jews were killed in an ambush at [[al-Bassa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 17, 1938 |title=19 Die in Holy Land; British Troops and Terrorists Battle | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
||
*Swiss chemist [[Albert Hofmann]] accidentally discovered [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD).<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*Swiss chemist [[Albert Hofmann]] accidentally discovered [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD).<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*'''Died:''' [[Steve Bloomer]], 64, English footballer |
*'''Died:''' [[Steve Bloomer]], 64, English footballer |
||
==[[April 17]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[April 17]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
||
*On [[Easter|Easter Sunday]], [[Pope Pius XI]] canonized [[Andrew Bobola]], [[Salvador of Horta]] and [[John Leonardi]] as saints.<ref>{{cite news |
*On [[Easter|Easter Sunday]], [[Pope Pius XI]] canonized [[Andrew Bobola]], [[Salvador of Horta]] and [[John Leonardi]] as saints.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 18, 1938 |title=150,000 Receive Pope's Blessing at Easter Rites | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]], co-founder of [[Discordianism]], in Los Angeles (d. 1998) |
*'''Born:''' [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]], co-founder of [[Discordianism]], in Los Angeles (d. 1998) |
||
==[[April 18]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[April 18]], 1938 (Monday)== |
||
*[[Action Comics 1|''Action Comics'' #1]] published by Detective Comics, Inc. premiered on American newsstands bearing a [[cover date]] of June 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sergi |first=Joe |date=2015 |title=The Law for Comic Book Creators: Essential Concepts and Applications |
*[[Action Comics 1|''Action Comics'' #1]] published by Detective Comics, Inc. premiered on American newsstands bearing a [[cover date]] of June 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sergi |first=Joe |date=2015 |title=The Law for Comic Book Creators: Essential Concepts and Applications |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=197 |isbn=978-1-4766-1733-6 }}</ref> The iconic cover marks the first appearance of [[Superman]], created by [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] and for that reason is considered the beginning of the [[superhero]] genre. |
||
*[[Peter Whitehead (racing driver)|Peter Whitehead]] won the [[1938 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]]. |
*[[Peter Whitehead (racing driver)|Peter Whitehead]] won the [[1938 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]]. |
||
*[[Joe Gordon]] made his major league debut on the [[New York Yankees]], going 0-for-4 against the [[Boston Red Sox]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=gordojo01&t=b&year=1938 |title=Joe Gordon 1938 Batting Gamelogs |
*[[Joe Gordon]] made his major league debut on the [[New York Yankees]], going 0-for-4 against the [[Boston Red Sox]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=gordojo01&t=b&year=1938 |title=Joe Gordon 1938 Batting Gamelogs |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
==[[April 19]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[April 19]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
||
| Line 107: | Line 109: | ||
*The Romanian government began a crackdown on the [[Iron Guard]], rounding up hundreds of members of the far-right organization.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*The Romanian government began a crackdown on the [[Iron Guard]], rounding up hundreds of members of the far-right organization.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*An earthquake centred in [[Kırşehir]], Turkey killed 224 people.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*An earthquake centred in [[Kırşehir]], Turkey killed 224 people.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*[[Czechoslovakia]] recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=April 20, 1938 |title=Italy's Conquest od Ethiopia Recognized by Czechoslovakia |
*[[Czechoslovakia]] recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=April 20, 1938 |title=Italy's Conquest od Ethiopia Recognized by Czechoslovakia | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=2 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Les Pawson]] won the [[Boston Marathon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnhancock.com/bostonmarathon/mediaguide/5-racesynopsis.php |title=Boston Marathon Yearly Synopses (1897–2013) |
*[[Les Pawson]] won the [[Boston Marathon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnhancock.com/bostonmarathon/mediaguide/5-racesynopsis.php |title=Boston Marathon Yearly Synopses (1897–2013) |website=[[John Hancock Financial]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Enos Slaughter]] made his major league debut on the [[St. Louis Cardinals]], going 3-for-5 against the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=slaugen01&t=b&year=1938 |title=Enos Slaughter 1938 Batting Gamelogs |
*[[Enos Slaughter]] made his major league debut on the [[St. Louis Cardinals]], going 3-for-5 against the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=slaugen01&t=b&year=1938 |title=Enos Slaughter 1938 Batting Gamelogs |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Stanley Fish]], literary theorist and legal scholar, in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Stanley Fish]], literary theorist and legal scholar, in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] |
||
==[[April 20]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[April 20]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
||
*After holding out for all of spring training and missing [[Opening Day]], [[Joe DiMaggio]] accepted a salary offer of $25,000 from the [[New York Yankees]] – a $10,000 raise over his 1937 salary.<ref>{{cite news |
*After holding out for all of spring training and missing [[Opening Day]], [[Joe DiMaggio]] accepted a salary offer of $25,000 from the [[New York Yankees]] – a $10,000 raise over his 1937 salary.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 21, 1938 |title=Joe Di Maggio Accepts Yanks' $25,000 Offer |journal=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/dimagjo01.shtml |title=Joe DiMaggio Statistics and History |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> DiMaggio had been holding out for $40,000 but Yankees owner [[Jacob Ruppert]] never budged from his first offer.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 13, 1938 |title=Gehrig Signs with Yankees for $39,000 | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=Part 2 p. 1 }}</ref> |
||
*The [[Leni Riefenstahl]]-directed documentary film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' premiered in Germany.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*The [[Leni Riefenstahl]]-directed documentary film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' premiered in Germany.<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*The comedy-mystery film ''[[There's Always a Woman]]'' starring [[Joan Blondell]] and [[Melvyn Douglas]] was released. |
*The comedy-mystery film ''[[There's Always a Woman]]'' starring [[Joan Blondell]] and [[Melvyn Douglas]] was released. |
||
| Line 119: | Line 121: | ||
==[[April 21]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[April 21]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
||
* |
*[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] property was confiscated by the Nazi government in Austria.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid |author-link=Sigrid Schultz |date=April 22, 1938 |title=Habsburg Riches in Austria are Seized by Nazis | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=5 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Douglas Hyde]] was elected Ireland's first president.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
*[[Douglas Hyde]] was elected Ireland's first president.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
||
*The [[1938 Detroit Red Wings–Montreal Canadiens European tour]] began in [[Earls Court]]. The two hockey teams would play a total of nine exhibition games in England over the next three weeks. |
*The [[1938 Detroit Red Wings–Montreal Canadiens European tour]] began in [[Earls Court]]. The two hockey teams would play a total of nine exhibition games in England over the next three weeks. |
||
| Line 126: | Line 128: | ||
==[[April 22]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[April 22]], 1938 (Friday)== |
||
*Japan paid over $2 million in compensation for December's [[USS Panay incident|USS ''Panay'' incident]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*Japan paid over $2 million in compensation for December's [[USS Panay incident|USS ''Panay'' incident]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*Nazi Germany decreed that Jewish-owned businesses were forbidden from changing their names.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007901 |title=Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939 |
*Nazi Germany decreed that Jewish-owned businesses were forbidden from changing their names.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007901 |title=Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939 |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Alan Bond]], English-born Australian businessman, in [[Hammersmith]], London (d. 2015); [[Issey Miyake]], fashion designer, in [[Hiroshima]], Japan; [[Adam Raphael]], journalist and author, in England |
*'''Born:''' [[Alan Bond]], English-born Australian businessman, in [[Hammersmith]], London (d. 2015); [[Issey Miyake]], fashion designer, in [[Hiroshima]], Japan (d. 2022); [[Adam Raphael]], journalist and author, in England |
||
==[[April 23]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[April 23]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
| Line 136: | Line 138: | ||
==[[April 24]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[April 24]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
||
*[[Konstantin Päts]] became the 1st [[President of Estonia]]. |
*[[Konstantin Päts]] became the 1st [[President of Estonia]]. |
||
*Sudeten German leader [[Konrad Henlein]] presented a list of demands in a speech in [[Karlovy Vary|Karlsbad]]. The principal demand was the creation of an autonomous German state within Czechoslovakia. Though left unsaid, it was readily inferred that this state could then vote to secede and join Germany.<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Conrad |date=2003 |title=Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom |url= |
*Sudeten German leader [[Konrad Henlein]] presented a list of demands in a speech in [[Karlovy Vary|Karlsbad]]. The principal demand was the creation of an autonomous German state within Czechoslovakia. Though left unsaid, it was readily inferred that this state could then vote to secede and join Germany.<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Conrad |date=2003 |title=Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindelanoro00blac|url-access=registration |publisher=PublicAffairs |page=[https://archive.org/details/franklindelanoro00blac/page/461 461] |isbn=978-1-61039-213-6 }}</ref> |
||
==[[April 25]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[April 25]], 1938 (Monday)== |
||
*The [[George Orwell]] book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' was published. |
*The [[George Orwell]] book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' was published. |
||
*A decree from [[Hermann Göring]] was published stating that effective immediately, Austrian banknotes would no longer be valid currency. A deadline of December 31, 1938 was given to exchange them at the [[Reichsbank]] for [[Reichsmark]]s. Austrian coinage remained valid for the time being.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austrianphilately.com/anschlus/demise.htm |title=The demise of the Schilling in 1938 |
*A decree from [[Hermann Göring]] was published stating that effective immediately, Austrian banknotes would no longer be valid currency. A deadline of December 31, 1938 was given to exchange them at the [[Reichsbank]] for [[Reichsmark]]s. Austrian coinage remained valid for the time being.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austrianphilately.com/anschlus/demise.htm |title=The demise of the Schilling in 1938 |website=Austrian Philately |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=23.4.1938&year=1938&month=4&day=23 |title=Tageseinträge für 23. April 1938 |website=chroniknet |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*Great Britain and Ireland agreed to end the [[Anglo-Irish Trade War]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*Great Britain and Ireland agreed to end the [[Anglo-Irish Trade War]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
||
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins]]'', ''[[Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.]]'', ''[[United States v. Carolene Products Co.]]'' and ''[[United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians]]''. |
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins]]'', ''[[Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.]]'', ''[[United States v. Carolene Products Co.]]'' and ''[[United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians]]''. |
||
| Line 146: | Line 148: | ||
==[[April 26]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[April 26]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
||
*On [[Budget Day]] in the United Kingdom, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] Sir [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|John Simon]] introduced the biggest peacetime budget in the nation's history. Taxes on income, gasoline and tea were increased to help pay for the national rearmament program.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=David |date=April 27, 1938 |title=Britain Boosts Income Taxes to Pay For Arms |
*On [[Budget Day]] in the United Kingdom, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] Sir [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|John Simon]] introduced the biggest peacetime budget in the nation's history. Taxes on income, gasoline and tea were increased to help pay for the national rearmament program.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=David |date=April 27, 1938 |title=Britain Boosts Income Taxes to Pay For Arms | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=7 }}</ref> |
||
*Nazi Germany enacted the Order for the Disclosure of Jewish Assets, requiring Jews to report all property in excess of 5,000 Reichsmarks.<ref name="ushmm" /> |
*Nazi Germany enacted the Order for the Disclosure of Jewish Assets, requiring Jews to report all property in excess of 5,000 Reichsmarks.<ref name="ushmm" /> |
||
*26 people died in riots in [[Mysore]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
*26 people died in riots in [[Mysore]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Duane Eddy]], guitarist, in [[Corning (city), New York|Corning, New York]]; Maurice Williams, lead singer of [[Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs]], in [[Lancaster, South Carolina]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Duane Eddy]], guitarist, in [[Corning (city), New York|Corning, New York]] (d. 2024); Maurice Williams, lead singer of [[Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs]], in [[Lancaster, South Carolina]] |
||
*'''Died:''' [[Edmund Husserl]], 79, German philosopher |
*'''Died:''' [[Edmund Husserl]], 79, German philosopher |
||
==[[April 27]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[April 27]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
||
*King [[Zog I of Albania|Zog of Albania]] married [[Geraldine of Albania|Countess Géraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony]] in [[Tirana]].<ref>{{cite news |
*King [[Zog I of Albania|Zog of Albania]] married [[Geraldine of Albania|Countess Géraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony]] in [[Tirana]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 27, 1938 |title=101 Guns Boom as Zog Weds Part-American | work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |page=1 }}</ref> |
||
*Greece and Turkey signed a treaty of friendship.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
*Greece and Turkey signed a treaty of friendship.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
||
*[[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] defeated [[Kilmarnock F.C.|Kilmarnock]] 4-2 to win the [[1937-38 Scottish Cup]] in a rematch after Sunday's draw. |
*[[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] defeated [[Kilmarnock F.C.|Kilmarnock]] 4-2 to win the [[1937-38 Scottish Cup]] in a rematch after Sunday's draw. |
||
==[[April 28]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[April 28]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
||
*[[Wisconsin]] Governor [[Philip La Follette]] announced the formation of a new [[Third party (United States)|third party]], the National Progressive Party of America.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Thornton |date=April 29, 1938 |title=New National Party Formed by La Follette |
*[[Wisconsin]] Governor [[Philip La Follette]] announced the formation of a new [[Third party (United States)|third party]], the National Progressive Party of America.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Thornton |date=April 29, 1938 |title=New National Party Formed by La Follette | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> This party would fizzle after La Follette's defeat in the [[Wisconsin gubernatorial elections|gubernatorial election]] later that year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leff |first=Mark H. |date=1984 |title=The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation, 19331939 |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofsymbolic0000leff/page/228 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitsofsymbolic0000leff/page/228 228] |isbn=978-0-521-52124-6 }}</ref> |
||
==[[April 29]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[April 29]], 1938 (Friday)== |
||
*[[DEST]] (''Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH'' or German Earth & Stone Works Company) was established in Germany. |
*[[DEST]] (''Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH'' or German Earth & Stone Works Company) was established in Germany. |
||
*The comedy film ''[[College Swing]]'' starring [[George Burns]], [[Gracie Allen]], [[Martha Raye]] and [[Bob Hope]] was released. |
*The comedy film ''[[College Swing]]'' starring [[George Burns]], [[Gracie Allen]], [[Martha Raye]] and [[Bob Hope]] was released. |
||
*'''Born:''' [[ |
*'''Born:''' [[Bernie Madoff]], businessman convicted of fraud, in [[Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (d. 2021) |
||
==[[April 30]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[April 30]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
*[[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]] defeated [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] 1-0 in the [[1938 FA Cup Final|FA Cup Final]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]]. It was the first FA Cup final to be televised. |
*[[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]] defeated [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] 1-0 in the [[1938 FA Cup Final|FA Cup Final]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]]. It was the first FA Cup final to be televised. |
||
*[[Joe DiMaggio]] was booed in Washington, D.C. during his first game back after ending his salary dispute with the Yankees. Fans considered DiMaggio greedy for demanding such a big raise while ordinary people were struggling through the [[Great Depression]], and they would continue to boo him throughout the season both on the road and at home in [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engelberg |first1=Morris |last2=Schneider |first2=Marv |date=2003 |title=DiMaggio – Setting the Record Straight |url= |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |pages=29–30 |isbn=978-1-61060-682-0 |
*[[Joe DiMaggio]] was booed in Washington, D.C. during his first game back after ending his salary dispute with the Yankees. Fans considered DiMaggio greedy for demanding such a big raise while ordinary people were struggling through the [[Great Depression]], and they would continue to boo him throughout the season both on the road and at home in [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engelberg |first1=Morris |last2=Schneider |first2=Marv |date=2003 |title=DiMaggio – Setting the Record Straight |url=https://archive.org/details/dimaggiosettingr0000enge|url-access=registration |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dimaggiosettingr0000enge/page/29 29–30] |isbn=978-1-61060-682-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=dimagjo01&t=b&year=1938 |title=Joe DiMaggio 1938 Batting Gamelogs |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*The animated short film ''[[Porky's Hare Hunt]]'' was released, marking the first appearance of an unnamed rabbit character that would evolve over the course of later cartoons into [[Bugs Bunny]]. |
*The animated short film ''[[Porky's Hare Hunt]]'' was released, marking the first appearance of an unnamed rabbit character that would evolve over the course of later cartoons into [[Bugs Bunny]]. |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Larry Niven]], science fiction writer, in Los Angeles |
*'''Born:''' [[Larry Niven]], science fiction writer, in Los Angeles |
||
Latest revision as of 15:09, 5 November 2024
| << | April 1938 | >> | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
| 1 | 2 | |||||
| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
The following events occurred in April 1938:
- The Battle of Gandesa began.
- Upper and Lower Silesia were reunified into the Province of Silesia.[1]
- L'Osservatore Romano stated that the Vatican had not been consulted by Austrian bishops prior to their reading of the March 27 pastoral letter supporting the Anschluss.[2]
- U.S.-Mexican relations continued to worsen as the Roosevelt Administration ended its policy of buying Mexican silver at rates above world price.[3]
- Music recordings by Jewish musicians and composers were banned in Germany.[4]
- Joe Louis knocked out Harry Thomas in the fifth round at Chicago Stadium to retain the world heavyweight boxing title.[5]
- Born: John Quade, actor, in Kansas City, Kansas (d. 2009)
- Died: Louis-Henri Foreau, 71 or 72, French artist
- The Australian Labor Party won a third term in the Queensland state election.
- Three days of parliamentary elections concluded in Egypt. Prime Minister Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha's party won a majority of seats.[6]
- Oxford won the 90th Boat Race. It was the first Boat Race to be televised.
- Born: John Larsson, 17th General of the Salvation Army, in Sweden (d. 2022)
- The Battle of Gandesa ended in Nationalist victory.
- The Nationalists took Lleida.[7]
- Born: Jeff Barry, pop music songwriter and producer, in Brooklyn, New York
- Died: Count Campau, 74, American baseball player
- The collective series of battles known as the Battle of the Segre began.
- Italy began to transfer its Aegean Sea fleet base from Leros to Rhodes.[8]
- Byron Nelson won the 5th Masters Tournament.
- Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the United States, hosted the White House Conference on Participation of Negro Women and Children in Federal Welfare Programs.[9]
- Born: A. Bartlett Giamatti, President of Yale University and Commissioner of Major League Baseball, in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1989)
- Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín sacked War Minister Indalecio Prieto.[10]
- The Franco government formally revoked the 1932 Catalan statute of autonomy.[11][12]
- American chemist Roy J. Plunkett discovered polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon.[4]
- The Battle of Taierzhuang ended in a Chinese victory.
- The Nationalists captured Tremp.[12]
- The drama-adventure film The Adventures of Marco Polo starring Gary Cooper premiered in New York.[13]
- Born: Spencer Dryden, rock drummer, in New York City (d. 2005); Freddie Hubbard, jazz trumpeter, in Indianapolis, Indiana (d. 2008)
- Léon Blum resigned as Prime Minister of France when his budget was defeated.[7]
- Walter Piston's Symphony No. 1 was premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Piston himself.[4]
- Born: Kofi Annan, diplomat and Secretary-General of the United Nations, in Comassie, Gold Coast (d. 2018)
- Died: Joe "King" Oliver, 56, jazz cornet player and bandleader
- Died: George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, 45, British Royal Navy officer and nobelman, brother of Lord Mountbatten and uncle to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
- Hitler spoke in Vienna to a national audience on the eve of the referendum on the Anschluss, making a final appeal to vote in its favour.[14]
- Born: Viktor Chernomyrdin, politician, in Chernyi Otrog, USSR (d. 2010); Don Meredith, NFL quarterback, sports commentator and actor, in Mount Vernon, Texas (d. 2010); Rockin' Sidney, zydeco musician, in Lebeau, Louisiana (d. 1998)
- Parliamentary elections were held in Nazi Germany. The Nazi Party claimed 99% of the vote.
- The referendum on the Anschluss was held. The result was reported as 99.73% in favour.
- Édouard Daladier became Prime Minister of France for the third time.
- An estimated 7,000 people attended a "Save Spain" rally in Hyde Park protesting the British government's policy on the Civil War.[15] Unity Mitford was spotted at the event wearing a swastika badge and was attacked by an angry mob.[7][16]
- 23-year old Jackie Coogan sued his mother and stepfather for $4 million worth of property and assets he'd earned as a child film star.[17]
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided Hale v. Kentucky.
- Born: Michael Deaver, political consultant, in Bakersfield, California (d. 2007); Kurt Moll, operatic singer, in Buir, Germany (d. 2017)
- Died: Cristóbal Torriente, 44, Cuban baseball player
- The Spanish Republicans launched the Balaguer Offensive.
- The Chicago Black Hawks defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4-1 to win the Stanley Cup, three games to one.
- Born: Roger Caron, robber and memoirist, in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada (d. 2012)
- Died: Feodor Chaliapin, 65, Russian opera singer
- The French Senate voted 288-1 to give Prime Minister Daladier special powers until July 31 to govern by decree in order to address the currency devaluation crisis and end strikes.[3][18]
- The Chinese announced the recapture of Qufu.[19]
- Born: Frederic Rzewski, composer and pianist, in Westfield, Massachusetts (d. 2021)
- The Battle of Bielsa pocket began.
- U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a fireside chat on economic conditions.
- Died: Gillis Grafström, 44, Swedish figure skater
- The Nationalists reached the coastal town of Vinaròs and cut Republican Spain into two halves.[4]
- The drama film Test Pilot starring Clark Gable, Myrna Loy and Spencer Tracy premiered in New York and Los Angeles.[20]
- Born: Claudia Cardinale, actress, in Tunis, Tunisia
- Britain and Italy concluded the Easter Accords, a pact to reduce tensions in the Mediterranean region. The British recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia while Italy promised to withdraw its troops from Spain at the end of the Civil War and refrain from spreading propaganda in the Middle East.[3]
- Between 16 and 20 Arabs were killed in a battle with British troops at Jenin fought after three Jews were killed in an ambush at al-Bassa.[21]
- Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally discovered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).[4]
- Died: Steve Bloomer, 64, English footballer
- On Easter Sunday, Pope Pius XI canonized Andrew Bobola, Salvador of Horta and John Leonardi as saints.[22]
- Born: Kerry Wendell Thornley, co-founder of Discordianism, in Los Angeles (d. 1998)
- Action Comics #1 published by Detective Comics, Inc. premiered on American newsstands bearing a cover date of June 1938.[23] The iconic cover marks the first appearance of Superman, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster and for that reason is considered the beginning of the superhero genre.
- Peter Whitehead won the Australian Grand Prix.
- Joe Gordon made his major league debut on the New York Yankees, going 0-for-4 against the Boston Red Sox.[24]
- The Aragon Offensive ended in a Nationalist victory.
- The Romanian government began a crackdown on the Iron Guard, rounding up hundreds of members of the far-right organization.[4]
- An earthquake centred in Kırşehir, Turkey killed 224 people.[4]
- Czechoslovakia recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia.[25]
- Les Pawson won the Boston Marathon.[26]
- Enos Slaughter made his major league debut on the St. Louis Cardinals, going 3-for-5 against the Pittsburgh Pirates.[27]
- Born: Stanley Fish, literary theorist and legal scholar, in Providence, Rhode Island
- After holding out for all of spring training and missing Opening Day, Joe DiMaggio accepted a salary offer of $25,000 from the New York Yankees – a $10,000 raise over his 1937 salary.[28][29] DiMaggio had been holding out for $40,000 but Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert never budged from his first offer.[30]
- The Leni Riefenstahl-directed documentary film Olympia premiered in Germany.[4]
- The comedy-mystery film There's Always a Woman starring Joan Blondell and Melvyn Douglas was released.
- Born: Peter Snow, radio and television presenter and historian, in Dublin, Ireland; Eszter Tamási, actress and television announcer, in Mezőtúr, Hungary (d. 1991)
- Habsburg property was confiscated by the Nazi government in Austria.[31]
- Douglas Hyde was elected Ireland's first president.[7]
- The 1938 Detroit Red Wings–Montreal Canadiens European tour began in Earls Court. The two hockey teams would play a total of nine exhibition games in England over the next three weeks.
- Died: Muhammad Iqbal, 60, Indian poet, philosopher and politician
- Japan paid over $2 million in compensation for December's USS Panay incident.[4]
- Nazi Germany decreed that Jewish-owned businesses were forbidden from changing their names.[32]
- Born: Alan Bond, English-born Australian businessman, in Hammersmith, London (d. 2015); Issey Miyake, fashion designer, in Hiroshima, Japan (d. 2022); Adam Raphael, journalist and author, in England
- René Dreyfus of France won the Cork Grand Prix motor race.
- East Fife and Kilmarnock played to a 1–1 draw in the 1938 Scottish Cup Final. A rematch was scheduled for Wednesday.
- Died: Stefan Drzewiecki, 93, Polish scientist, engineer and inventor
- Konstantin Päts became the 1st President of Estonia.
- Sudeten German leader Konrad Henlein presented a list of demands in a speech in Karlsbad. The principal demand was the creation of an autonomous German state within Czechoslovakia. Though left unsaid, it was readily inferred that this state could then vote to secede and join Germany.[33]
- The George Orwell book Homage to Catalonia was published.
- A decree from Hermann Göring was published stating that effective immediately, Austrian banknotes would no longer be valid currency. A deadline of December 31, 1938 was given to exchange them at the Reichsbank for Reichsmarks. Austrian coinage remained valid for the time being.[34][35]
- Great Britain and Ireland agreed to end the Anglo-Irish Trade War.[4]
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co., United States v. Carolene Products Co. and United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians.
- Died: Aleksander Świętochowski, 89, Polish writer and philosopher
- On Budget Day in the United Kingdom, Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon introduced the biggest peacetime budget in the nation's history. Taxes on income, gasoline and tea were increased to help pay for the national rearmament program.[36]
- Nazi Germany enacted the Order for the Disclosure of Jewish Assets, requiring Jews to report all property in excess of 5,000 Reichsmarks.[32]
- 26 people died in riots in Mysore.[7]
- Born: Duane Eddy, guitarist, in Corning, New York (d. 2024); Maurice Williams, lead singer of Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs, in Lancaster, South Carolina
- Died: Edmund Husserl, 79, German philosopher
- King Zog of Albania married Countess Géraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in Tirana.[37]
- Greece and Turkey signed a treaty of friendship.[3]
- East Fife defeated Kilmarnock 4-2 to win the 1937-38 Scottish Cup in a rematch after Sunday's draw.
- Wisconsin Governor Philip La Follette announced the formation of a new third party, the National Progressive Party of America.[38] This party would fizzle after La Follette's defeat in the gubernatorial election later that year.[39]
- DEST (Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH or German Earth & Stone Works Company) was established in Germany.
- The comedy film College Swing starring George Burns, Gracie Allen, Martha Raye and Bob Hope was released.
- Born: Bernie Madoff, businessman convicted of fraud, in Queens, New York (d. 2021)
- Preston North End defeated Huddersfield Town 1-0 in the FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. It was the first FA Cup final to be televised.
- Joe DiMaggio was booed in Washington, D.C. during his first game back after ending his salary dispute with the Yankees. Fans considered DiMaggio greedy for demanding such a big raise while ordinary people were struggling through the Great Depression, and they would continue to boo him throughout the season both on the road and at home in Yankee Stadium.[40][41]
- The animated short film Porky's Hare Hunt was released, marking the first appearance of an unnamed rabbit character that would evolve over the course of later cartoons into Bugs Bunny.
- Born: Larry Niven, science fiction writer, in Los Angeles
References
[edit]- ^ "Tageseinträge für 1. April 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Vatican Scores Catholic – Nazi Pact in Austria". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 2, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d "Chronology 1938". indiana.edu. 2002. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "1938". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Joe Louis". BoxRec. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Egypt (1922-present)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ "Italy Moves Aegean Sea Fleet Base to Island of Rhodes". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 5, 1938. p. 2.
- ^ Beasley, Maurine H.; Shulman, Holly C.; Beasley, Henry R., eds. (2001). "Chronology of Eleanor Roosevelt's Life and Career". The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press. p. xxv. ISBN 0-313-30181-6. Retrieved 10 May 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Simkin, John (2014). "Spanish Civil War: Chronology". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Buffery, Helena; Marcer, Elisenda (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Catalans. Scarecrow Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-8108-7514-2.
- ^ a b Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 511. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
- ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-520-07908-6.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 10, 1938). "Hitler Exhorts His Empire to Vote 'Ja' Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
- ^ "House of Commons - Hyde Park Meeting". Hansard. 14 April 1938. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ Darrah, David (April 11, 1938). "Peer's Daughter Kicked, Stoned by British Mob". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
- ^ "Jackie Coogan Sues Mother; Asks 4 Million". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 12, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "Daladier Acts to Ban Strikes By New Decree". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 13, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "Chinese Retake Chufu, Holy City of Confucianism". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 13, 1938. p. 12.
- ^ "Test Pilot – Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "19 Die in Holy Land; British Troops and Terrorists Battle". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 17, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "150,000 Receive Pope's Blessing at Easter Rites". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 18, 1938. p. 3.
- ^ Sergi, Joe (2015). The Law for Comic Book Creators: Essential Concepts and Applications. McFarland & Company. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4766-1733-6.
- ^ "Joe Gordon 1938 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Small, Alex (April 20, 1938). "Italy's Conquest od Ethiopia Recognized by Czechoslovakia". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ "Boston Marathon Yearly Synopses (1897–2013)". John Hancock Financial. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Enos Slaughter 1938 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Joe Di Maggio Accepts Yanks' $25,000 Offer". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 21, 1938. p. 21.
- ^ "Joe DiMaggio Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Gehrig Signs with Yankees for $39,000". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 13, 1938. p. Part 2 p. 1.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 22, 1938). "Habsburg Riches in Austria are Seized by Nazis". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
- ^ a b "Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Black, Conrad (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. PublicAffairs. p. 461. ISBN 978-1-61039-213-6.
- ^ "The demise of the Schilling in 1938". Austrian Philately. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 23. April 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Darrah, David (April 27, 1938). "Britain Boosts Income Taxes to Pay For Arms". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
- ^ "101 Guns Boom as Zog Weds Part-American". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 27, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ Smith, Thornton (April 29, 1938). "New National Party Formed by La Follette". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Leff, Mark H. (1984). The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation, 19331939. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-52124-6.
- ^ Engelberg, Morris; Schneider, Marv (2003). DiMaggio – Setting the Record Straight. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-61060-682-0.
- ^ "Joe DiMaggio 1938 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2015.