Osorkon I: Difference between revisions

Osorkon I
Osorkon I
	The Osorkon Bust, inscribed with the pharaoh's praenomen, discovered at Byblos; the statue itself is probably from the 19th Dynasty
Pharaoh
Reign	922–887 BC
Predecessor	Shoshenq I
Successor	Shoshenq II
Horus name
Horus name
	Kanakht Merira; kȝnḫt mr-r՚; Strong bull, beloved of Ra
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Nomen
	Userken Meriamun; wsr.kn-mri-jmn; Osorkon, beloved of Amun
	;
Consort	Maatkare B, Tashedkhonsu, Shepensopdet A
Children	Shoshenq C, Shoshenq II?, Iuwelot, Smendes III, Takelot I
Father	Shoshenq I
Mother	Karomama A
Died	887 BC
Dynasty	22nd Dynasty

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Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 22nd Dynasty. Osorkon's territory included much of the Levant.

The Osorkon Bust found at Byblos is one of the five Byblian royal inscriptions.

Biography

According to the stela of Pasenhor, Osorkon I was the son of Shoshenq I and his chief consort Karomama A,^[1] and the second king of ancient Egypt's 22nd Dynasty who ruled around 922 BC – 887 BC. He succeeded his father Shoshenq I, who probably died within a year of his successful 923 BC campaign against the Philistines and the kingdom of Israel. Osorkon I's reign is known for many temple building projects and was a long and prosperous period of Egypt's history. His highest known date is a "Year 33" date found on the bandage of Nakhtefmut's mummy, which held a menat-tab necklace inscribed with Osorkon I's nomen and prenomen: Osorkon Sekhemkheperre.^[2] This date can only belong to Osorkon I since no other early Dynasty 22 king ruled for close to 30 years until Osorkon II. Other mummy linens, which belong to his reign, include three separate bandages dating to his regnal years 11, 12, and 23 on the mummy of Khonsmaakheru in Berlin. The bandages are anonymously dated but definitely belong to his reign because Khonsmaakheru wore leather bands that contained a menat-tab naming Osorkon I.^[3] Secondly, no other king who ruled around Osorkon I's reign had a 23rd regnal year including Shoshenq I who died just before the beginning of his 22nd.

While Manetho gives Osorkon I a reign of 15 years in his Ægyptiaca, this is most likely an error for 35 years based on the evidence of the second Heb Sed bandage, as Kenneth Kitchen notes. Osorkon I's throne name, Sekhemkheperre, means "Powerful are the Manifestations of Re".^[4]

Succession

Although Osorkon I is thought to have been directly succeeded by his son Takelot I, it is possible that another ruler, Heqakheperre Shoshenq II, intervened briefly between these two kings because Takelot I was a son of Osorkon I through Queen Tashedkhons, a secondary wife of this king. In contrast, Osorkon I's senior wife was Queen Maatkare B, who may have been Shoshenq II's mother. However, Shoshenq II could also have been another son of Shoshenq I since the latter was the only other king to be mentioned in objects from Shoshenq II's intact royal tomb at Tanis aside from Shoshenq II himself. These objects are inscribed with either Shoshenq I's praenomen Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (though this is not certain as it requires reading the objects as a massive hieroglyphic text), or Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh, which was Shoshenq I's title before he became king. Since Derry's forensic examination of his mummy reveals him to be a man in his fifties upon his death, Shoshenq II could have lived beyond Osorkon's 35-year reign and Takelot I's 13-year reign to assume the throne for a few years. An argument against this hypothesis is that most kings of the period were commonly named after their grandfathers, and not their fathers.

While the British scholar Kenneth A. Kitchen views Shoshenq II to be the high priest of Amun at Thebes Shoshenq C,^[5] and a short-lived coregent of Osorkon I who predeceased his father, the German Egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath in his 1997 book Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten maintains that Shoshenq II was rather an independent king of Tanis who ruled the 22nd Dynasty in his own right for about two years.^[6] Von Beckerath's hypothesis is supported by Shoshenq II's employment of a complete royal titulary along with a distinct prenomen Heqakheperre and his intact tomb at Tanis was filled with numerous treasures including jeweled pectorals and bracelets, an impressive falcon-headed silver coffin and a gold face mask—items which indicate a genuine king of the 22nd Dynasty. More significantly, however, no mention of Osorkon I's name was preserved on any ushabtis, jars, jewelry or other objects within Shoshenq II's tomb. This situation would be improbable if he was indeed Osorkon I's son, and was buried by his father, as Kitchen's chronology suggests. These facts, taken together, imply that Sheshonq II ruled on his own accord at Tanis and was not a mere coregent.

Manetho's Epitome states that "3 Kings for 25 years" separate Osorkon I from a Takelot (Takelothis).^[7] This could be an error on Manetho's part or an allusion to Shoshenq II's reign. It may also be a reference to the recently discovered early Dynasty 22 king Tutkheperre, whose existence is now corroborated by an architectural block from the Great Temple of Bubastis, where Osorkon I and Osorkon II are well attested monumentally.^[8]

Osorkon I's reign in Egypt was peaceful and uneventful; however, both his son and grandson, Takelot I and Osorkon II respectively, later encountered difficulties controlling Thebes and Upper Egypt within their own reigns since they had to deal with a rival king: Harsiese A. Osorkon I's tomb has never been found.

Gallery

King Osorkon I, ca. 924–889 BC Brooklyn Museum

References

^ Kitchen, Kenneth, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC), 1996, Aris & Phillips Limited, Warminster, ISBN 0-85668-298-5, table 19.
^ Broekman, Gerard P.F. (2011). "The Egyptian Chronology from the Start of the Twenty-Second until the End of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Facts, Suppositions and Arguments". Journal of Egyptian History. 4 (1). Brill: 49. doi:10.1163/187416611x580705.
^ Altenmüller, 2000.
^ Clayton, p. 185.
^ Kitchen, 1996, §269.
^ Beckerath, Chronologie, pp. 94–98.
^ Beckerath, Chronologie, p. 95.
^ Eva Lange, GM 203, pp. 70.

Bibliography

El-Alfi, Mostafa, "A Donation Stela from the time of Osorkon I", Discussions in Egyptology 24 (1992), pp. 13-19.
Altenmüller, Hartwig, "Lederbänder und Lederanhänger von der Mumie des Chonsu-maacheru" and "Die Mumienbinden des Chonsu-maacheru" in Alt-Ägypten 30 (2000), pp. 73–76, 88–89, 102–114. doi:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001571. doi:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001567.
Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten or 'Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs', (Mainz: 1997), Philip Zon Zabern
Clayton, Peter A., Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994)
Kitchen, Kenneth A., The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 4th ed, [1986] (Warminster: 2009), Aris & Phillips Limited
Jaquet-Gordon, Helen K., The illusory year 36 of osorkon I, JEA 53 (1967), pp. 63–68.
Lange, Eva, "Ein Neuer König Schoschenk in Bubastis", GM 203 (2004), pp. 65–71.
Lange, Eva, "Legitimation und Herrschaft in der Libyerzeit", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 135 (2008), pp. 131-141.

External links

Osorkon Dynasty at ancientworlds.net

[1] Kitchen, Kenneth, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC), 1996, Aris & Phillips Limited, Warminster, ISBN 0-85668-298-5, table 19.

[2] Broekman, Gerard P.F. (2011). "The Egyptian Chronology from the Start of the Twenty-Second until the End of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Facts, Suppositions and Arguments". Journal of Egyptian History. 4 (1). Brill: 49. doi:10.1163/187416611x580705.

[3] Altenmüller, 2000.

[4] Clayton, p. 185.

[5] Kitchen, 1996, §269.

[6] Beckerath, Chronologie, pp. 94–98.

[7] Beckerath, Chronologie, p. 95.

[8] Eva Lange, GM 203, pp. 70.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Egyptian pharaoh (c. 925 BC – c. 890 BC)}}
 {{Infobox pharaoh
-| name=Osorkon I
+|name=Osorkon I
+|image=Statue of Pharaoh Osorkon I-AO 9502-IMG 7653-gradient.jpg
-| image=Louvre-Egyptien-09.jpg
-| caption=Statue inscribed with the [[Fivefold Titulary|praenomen]] of Osorkon I discovered at [[Byblos]]; the statue itself is probably from the 19th Dynasty
+|caption=The [[Osorkon Bust]], inscribed with the pharaoh's [[Fivefold Titulary|praenomen]], discovered at [[Byblos]]; the statue itself is probably from the 19th Dynasty
-| reign=922–887 BC
+|reign=922–887 BC
+|prenomen=Sekhemkheperre Setepenre<br>''sḫm-ḫpr-r՚ stp-n-r՚''<br>''Powerful are the manifestations of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra''<br><hiero>M23:X1-L2:t-<-N5-S42-L1-N5:stp:n-></hiero>
-| prenomen_hiero=
+|nomen_hiero=<hiero>i-mn:n:N36-V4-Aa18-M17-D21:N29:N35</hiero>
-| prenomen=Sekhemkheperre Setepenre<br>''{{Unicode|sḫm-ḫpr-r՚ stp-n-r՚}}''<br>''Powerful are the manifestations of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra''<br><hiero>M23:X1-L2:t-<-N5-S42-L1-N5:stp:n-></hiero>
+|nomen=Userken Meriamun<br>''wsr.kn-mri-jmn''<br>''Osorkon, beloved of [[Amun]]''
-| nomen_hiero=<hiero>i-mn:n:N36-V4-Aa18-M17-D21:N29:N35</hiero>
-| nomen=Userken Meriamun<br>''{{Unicode|wsr.kn-mri-jmn}}''<br>''Osorkon, beloved of [[Amun]]''
+|horus          = Kanakht Merira<br>''kȝnḫt mr-r՚''<br>''Strong bull, beloved of [[Ra]]''
+|horus_hiero    = <hiero>N5-E2-M3:D40-U6</hiero>
-| horus          = Kanakht Merira<br>''{{Unicode|kȝnḫt mr-r՚}}''<br>''Strong bull, beloved of [[Ra]]''
+|predecessor=[[Shoshenq I]]
-| horus_hiero    = <hiero>N5-E2-M3:D40-U6</hiero>
-| predecessor=[[Shoshenq I]]
+|successor=[[Shoshenq II]]
+|dynasty=[[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasty]]
-| successor=[[Shoshenq II]]
+|father=[[Shoshenq I]]
-| dynasty=[[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasty]]
-| father=[[Shoshenq I]]
+|mother=[[Karomama A]]
+|spouse=[[Maatkare B]], [[Tashedkhonsu]], Shepensopdet A
-| mother=Karomat A
-| spouse=[[Maatkare B]], [[Tashedkhonsu]], [[Shepensopdet A]]
+|children=[[Shoshenq C]], [[Shoshenq II]]?, [[Iuwelot]], [[Smendes III]], [[Takelot I]]
+|death_date=887 BC
-| children=[[Shoshenq C]], [[Shoshenq II]]?, [[Iuwelot]], [[Smendes III]], [[Takelot I]]
-| death_date=887 BC
-| burial=
-| monuments=
 }}
+'''Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I''' was an [[ancient Egypt]]ian pharaoh of the [[22nd Dynasty]]. Osorkon's territory included much of the [[Levant]].
+The [[Osorkon Bust]] found at [[Byblos]] is one of the five [[Byblian royal inscriptions]].
-The son of [[Shoshenq I]] and his chief consort, Karomat A, '''Osorkon I''' was the second king of [[Egypt]]'s [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasty]] and ruled around 922 BC – 887 BC. He succeeded his father [[Shoshenq I]] who probably died within a year of his successful 923 BC campaign against the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. Osorkon I's reign is known for many [[temple]] building projects and was a long and prosperous period of Egypt's History. His highest known date is a "Year 33 Second [[Sed festival|Heb Sed]]" inscription found on the bandage of Nakhtefmut's Mummy which held a bracellet inscribed with Osorkon I's [[Fivefold Titulary|praenomen]]: ''Sekhemkheperre''. This date can only belong to Osorkon I since no other early Dynasty 22 king ruled for close to 30 years until the time of [[Osorkon II]]. Other mummy linens which belong to his reign include three separate bandages dating to his Regnal Years 11, 12, and 23 on the mummy of Khonsmaakheru in Berlin. The bandages are anonymously dated but definitely belong to his reign because Khonsmaakheru wore leather bands that contained a ''[[menat]]-tab'' naming Osorkon I.<ref>Altenmüller, 2000</ref> Secondly, no other king who ruled around Osorkon I's reign had a 23rd Regnal Year including [[Shoshenq I]] who died just before the beginning of his Year 22.
+==Biography==
-While [[Manetho]] gives Osorkon I a reign of 15 Years in his ''Ægyptiaca'', this is most likely an error for 35 Years based on the evidence of the second Heb Sed bandage, as [[Kenneth Kitchen]] notes.  Osorkon I's throne name--'''Sekhemkheperre'''--means "Powerful are the Manifestations of Re." <ref>Clayton, p.185</ref>
+According to the [[stela of Pasenhor]], Osorkon I was the son of [[Shoshenq I]] and his chief consort [[Karomama A]],<ref>[[Kenneth Kitchen|Kitchen, Kenneth]], ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650&nbsp;BC)'', 1996, Aris & Phillips Limited, Warminster, {{ISBN|0-85668-298-5}}, table 19.</ref> and the second king of ancient Egypt's 22nd Dynasty who ruled around 922 BC – 887 BC. He succeeded his father Shoshenq I, who probably died within a year of his successful 923 BC campaign against the Philistines and the kingdom of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]]. Osorkon I's reign is known for many temple building projects and was a long and prosperous period of Egypt's history. His highest known date is a "Year 33" date found on the bandage of Nakhtefmut's mummy, which held a [[menat]]-tab necklace inscribed with Osorkon I's [[Nomen (Ancient Egypt)|nomen]] and [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]]: ''Osorkon Sekhemkheperre''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Broekman|first=Gerard P.F.|title=The Egyptian Chronology from the Start of the Twenty-Second until the End of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Facts, Suppositions and Arguments|journal=Journal of Egyptian History|publisher=Brill|volume=4|issue=1|year=2011|page=49|doi=10.1163/187416611x580705}}</ref> This date can only belong to Osorkon I since no other early Dynasty 22 king ruled for close to 30 years until [[Osorkon II]]. Other mummy linens, which belong to his reign, include three separate bandages dating to his regnal years 11, 12, and 23 on the mummy of Khonsmaakheru in Berlin. The bandages are anonymously dated but definitely belong to his reign because Khonsmaakheru wore leather bands that contained a ''menat-tab'' naming Osorkon I.<ref>Altenmüller, 2000.</ref> Secondly, no other king who ruled around Osorkon I's reign had a 23rd regnal year including [[Shoshenq I]] who died just before the beginning of his 22nd.
+While [[Manetho]] gives Osorkon I a reign of 15 years in his ''Ægyptiaca'', this is most likely an error for 35 years based on the evidence of the second Heb Sed bandage, as [[Kenneth Kitchen]] notes.  Osorkon I's throne name, ''Sekhemkheperre'', means "Powerful are the Manifestations of Re".<ref>[[Peter A. Clayton|Clayton]], p. 185.</ref>
-==Osorkon I's successor==
-Although Osorkon I is thought to have been directly succeeded by his son [[Takelot I]], it is possible that another ruler, Heqakheperre [[Shoshenq II]], intervened briefly between these two kings because Takelot I was a son of Osorkon I through Queen Tashedkhons, a secondary wife of this king.  In contrast, Osorkon I's senior wife was Queen Maatkare B, who may have been Shoshenq II's mother. However, Shoshenq II could also have been another son of [[Shoshenq I]] since the latter was the only other king to be mentioned in objects from Shoshenq II's intact royal tomb at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]] aside from Shoshenq II himself. These objects are inscribed with either Shoshenq I's praenomen ''Hedjkheperre Shoshenq'' (though this is not certain as it requires reading the objects as a massive hierogylyphic text), or ''Shoshenq, Great Chief of the [[Meshwesh]]'', which was Shoshenq I's title before he became king. Since Derry's forensic examination of his mummy reveals him to be a man in his fifties upon his death, Shoshenq II could have lived beyond Osorkon's 35-year reign and Takelot I's 13-year reign to assume the throne for a few years. An argument against this hypothesis is that most kings of the period were commonly named after their grandfathers, and not their fathers.
+==Succession==
-While the British scholar [[Kenneth Kitchen|Kenneth A. Kitchen]] views Shoshenq II to be the high priest of Amun at Thebes [[Shoshenq C]],<ref>Kitchen, 1996, §269</ref> and a short-lived coregent of Osorkon I who predeceased his father, the German Egyptologist [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] in his 1997 book ''Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten'' maintains that Shoshenq II was rather an independent king of Tanis who ruled the 22nd Dynasty in his own right for about two years.<ref>Beckerath, Chronologie, pp. 94–98</ref> Von Beckerath's hypothesis is supported by Shoshenq II's employment of a complete [[Fivefold Titulary|royal titulary]] along with a distinct prenomen Heqakheperre and his intact tomb at Tanis was filled with numerous treasures including jewelled pectorals and bracellets, an impressive falconheaded silver coffin and a gold face mask—items which indicate a genuine king of the 22nd Dynasty. More significantly, however, no mention of Osorkon I's name was preserved on any [[ushabti]]s, jars, jewelry or other objects within Shoshenq II's tomb. This situation would be improbable if he was indeed Osorkon I's son, and was buried by his father, as Kitchen's chronology suggests. These facts, taken together, imply that Sheshonq II ruled on his own accord at Tanis and was not a mere coregent.
+Although Osorkon I is thought to have been directly succeeded by his son [[Takelot I]], it is possible that another ruler, Heqakheperre [[Shoshenq II]], intervened briefly between these two kings because Takelot I was a son of Osorkon I through Queen Tashedkhons, a secondary wife of this king.  In contrast, Osorkon I's senior wife was Queen Maatkare B, who may have been Shoshenq II's mother. However, Shoshenq II could also have been another son of [[Shoshenq I]] since the latter was the only other king to be mentioned in objects from Shoshenq II's intact royal tomb at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]] aside from Shoshenq II himself. These objects are inscribed with either Shoshenq I's praenomen ''Hedjkheperre Shoshenq'' (though this is not certain as it requires reading the objects as a massive hieroglyphic text), or ''Shoshenq, Great Chief of the [[Meshwesh]]'', which was Shoshenq I's title before he became king. Since Derry's forensic examination of his mummy reveals him to be a man in his fifties upon his death, Shoshenq II could have lived beyond Osorkon's 35-year reign and Takelot I's 13-year reign to assume the throne for a few years. An argument against this hypothesis is that most kings of the period were commonly named after their grandfathers, and not their fathers.
+While the British scholar [[Kenneth Kitchen|Kenneth A. Kitchen]] views Shoshenq II to be the high priest of Amun at Thebes [[Shoshenq C]],<ref>Kitchen, 1996, §269.</ref> and a short-lived coregent of Osorkon I who predeceased his father, the German Egyptologist [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] in his 1997 book ''Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten'' maintains that Shoshenq II was rather an independent king of Tanis who ruled the 22nd Dynasty in his own right for about two years.<ref>Beckerath, Chronologie, pp. 94–98.</ref> Von Beckerath's hypothesis is supported by Shoshenq II's employment of a complete [[Fivefold Titulary|royal titulary]] along with a distinct prenomen Heqakheperre and his intact tomb at Tanis was filled with numerous treasures including jeweled pectorals and bracelets, an impressive falcon-headed silver coffin and a gold face mask—items which indicate a genuine king of the 22nd Dynasty. More significantly, however, no mention of Osorkon I's name was preserved on any [[ushabti]]s, jars, jewelry or other objects within Shoshenq II's tomb. This situation would be improbable if he was indeed Osorkon I's son, and was buried by his father, as Kitchen's chronology suggests. These facts, taken together, imply that Sheshonq II ruled on his own accord at Tanis and was not a mere coregent.
-[[Manetho]]'s Epitome states that "3 Kings for 25 years" separate Osorkon I from a Takelot (Takelothis).<ref>Beckerath, Chronologie, p. 95</ref> This could be an error on Manetho's part or an allusion to Shoshenq II's reign. It may also be a reference to the recently discovered early Dynasty 22 king [[Tutkheperre]], whose existence is now corroborated by an architectural block from the Great Temple of Bubastis, where Osorkon I and Osorkon II are well attested monumentally.<ref>Eva Lange, GM 203, pp. 70</ref>
+[[Manetho]]'s Epitome states that "3 Kings for 25 years" separate Osorkon I from a Takelot (Takelothis).<ref>Beckerath, Chronologie, p. 95.</ref> This could be an error on Manetho's part or an allusion to Shoshenq II's reign. It may also be a reference to the recently discovered early Dynasty 22 king [[Tutkheperre]], whose existence is now corroborated by an architectural block from the Great Temple of Bubastis, where Osorkon I and Osorkon II are well attested monumentally.<ref>Eva Lange, GM 203, pp. 70.</ref>
-==Aftermath==
 Osorkon I's reign in Egypt was peaceful and uneventful; however, both his son and grandson, [[Takelot I]] and [[Osorkon II]] respectively, later encountered difficulties controlling Thebes and [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper Egypt]] within their own reigns since they had to deal with a rival king: [[Harsiese A]]. Osorkon I's tomb has never been found.
+==See also==
+*[[Pi-Sekhemkheperre]] – a now-lost stronghold in Middle Egypt, founded by Osorkon I
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
+File:King Osorkon I, ca. 924-889 B.C.E. 57.92.jpg|King Osorkon I, ca. 924–889 BC [[Brooklyn Museum]]
-File:King Osorkon I, ca. 924-889 B.C.E. 57.92.jpg|King Osorkon I, ca. 924-889 B.C.E.[[Brooklyn Museum]]
 </gallery>
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Bibliography==
-* Mostafa El-Alfi, "A Donation Stela from the time of Osorkon I", Discussions in Egyptology 24 (1992), 13-19
+*El-Alfi, Mostafa, "A Donation Stela from the time of Osorkon I", Discussions in Egyptology '''24''' (1992), pp. 13-19.
-* Hartwig Altenmüller, "Lederbänder und Lederanhänger von der Mumie des Chonsu-maacheru" and "Die Mumienbinden des Chonsu-maacheru " in Alt-Ägypten 30(2000), pp.&nbsp;73–76, 88-89, 102-114. [http://www.holos-verlag.de/books/540.htm]
+*Altenmüller, Hartwig, "[https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1571/1/Altenmueller_Lederbaender_und_Lederanhaenger_2001.pdf Lederbänder und Lederanhänger von der Mumie des Chonsu-maacheru]" and "[https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1567/1/Altenmueller_Die_Mumienbinden_des_Chonsu_maacheru_2001.pdf Die Mumienbinden des Chonsu-maacheru]" in Alt-Ägypten 30 (2000), pp.&nbsp;73–76, 88–89, 102–114. {{doi|10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001571}}. {{doi|10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001567}}.
-* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten or 'Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs,'(Mainz: 1997), Philip Zon Zabern
+*[[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten or 'Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs', (Mainz: 1997), Philip Zon Zabern
-* Peter Clayton, Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994
+*[[Peter A. Clayton|Clayton, Peter A.]], Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994)
-* [[Kenneth Kitchen]], The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 3rd ed, (Warminster: 1996), Aris & Phillips Limited
+*[[Kenneth Kitchen|Kitchen, Kenneth A.]], [https://archive.org/details/kenneth-anderson-kitchen-the-third-intermediate-period-in-egypt-1100-650-b.-c.-4-ed.-2009 The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)] 4th ed, [1986] (Warminster: 2009), Aris & Phillips Limited
-* Helen K. Jaquet-Gordon, The illusory year 36 of osorkon I, JEA 53 (1967), 63-68
+*Jaquet-Gordon, Helen K., The illusory year 36 of osorkon I, ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]]'' '''53''' (1967), pp. 63–68.
-* Eva Lange, "Ein Neuer König Schoschenk in Bubastis," GM 203 (2004), pp.&nbsp;65–71
+*Lange, Eva, "Ein Neuer König Schoschenk in Bubastis", GM '''203''' (2004), pp.&nbsp;65–71.
+*Lange, Eva,  "Legitimation und Herrschaft in der Libyerzeit", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde '''135''' (2008), pp. 131-141.
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Osorkon I}}
-* [http://ancientworlds.net/aw/Families/Family/251563 Osorkon Dynasty] at ancientworlds.net
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209055313/http://ancientworlds.net/aw/Families/Family/251563 Osorkon Dynasty] at ancientworlds.net
 {{Pharaohs}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:880s BC deaths]]
+[[Category:10th-century BC births]]
+[[Category:887 BC deaths]]
+[[Category:10th-century BC pharaohs]]
+[[Category:9th-century BC pharaohs]]
 [[Category:Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt]]
 [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
-[[Category:10th century BC in Egypt]]
-[[Category:9th century BC in Egypt]]