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Coordinates: 43°53′57″N 22°11′06″E / 43.89917°N 22.18500°E / 43.89917; 22.18500
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| native_name = Гамзиград
| native_name = Гамзиград
| native_language = Serbian
| native_language = Serbian
| image = Romuliana.jpg
| image = Romuliana,_from_air.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| locmapin = Serbia
| locmapin = Serbia
| map_caption = Location of Gamzigrad within Serbia
| map_caption = Location of Gamzigrad within Serbia
| coordinates = {{coord|43|53|57|N|22|11|06|E|region:RS-18_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|43|53|57|N|22|11|06|E|region:RS-18_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = near [[Gamzigradska Banja]], [[Zaječar]], [[Serbia]]
| location = [[Zaječar]], [[Serbia]]
| elevation = {{convert|197|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| elevation = {{convert|197|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| built = 298 AD
| built = 298 AD
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| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = {{SRB}}
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| designation2 = Cultural Heritage of Serbia
| designation2 = Cultural Heritage of Serbia
| designation2_offname = ГАМЗИГРАД
| designation2_offname = ГАМЗИГРАД
Line 42: Line 40:
}}
}}


'''Gamzigrad''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|{{Audio|Sr-Gamzigrad.ogg|Гамзиград|help=no}}}}, {{IPA-sh|ɡǎmziɡraːd|pron}}) is an archaeological site, [[spa resort]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1253|title=Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> located south of the [[Danube|Danube river]], in the city of [[Zaječar]]. It is the location of the [[ancient Roman]] complex of palaces and temples '''Felix Romuliana''' ({{lang-sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Феликс Ромулијана}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Feliks Romulijana}}}}), built by Emperor [[Galerius]]<ref name="Gamzigrad">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamzigrad.org/Romuliana-English.doc|title=Museum of Zaječar|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612035421/http://www.gamzigrad.org/Romuliana-English.doc|archive-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://www.seecorridors.eu/filebank/file_210.pdf</ref> in [[Dacia Ripensis]]. The main area covers {{convert|10|acre|m2}}.<ref>http://www.isprs.org/congresses/beijing2008/proceedings/5_pdf/70.pdf{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
'''Gamzigrad''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|{{Audio|Sr-Gamzigrad.ogg|Гамзиград|help=no}}}}, {{IPA|sh|ɡǎmziɡraːd|pron}}) is an archaeological site, [[spa resort]], and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1253|title=Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> located south of the [[Danube|Danube river]], in the city of [[Zaječar]]. It is the location of the [[ancient Roman]] complex of palaces and temples '''Felix Romuliana''' ({{langx|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Феликс Ромулијана}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Feliks Romulijana}}}}), built by Emperor [[Galerius]]<ref name="Gamzigrad">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamzigrad.org/Romuliana-English.doc|title=Museum of Zaječar|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612035421/http://www.gamzigrad.org/Romuliana-English.doc|archive-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stojković-Pavelka |first=Brana |date=March 5, 2004 |title=Archaeological Site of Gamzigrad (Felix Romuliana) |url=https://www.seecorridors.eu/filebank/file_210.pdf |website=www.seecorridors.eu}}</ref> in [[Dacia Ripensis]]. The main area covers {{convert|10|acre|m2}}.<ref>http://www.isprs.org/congresses/beijing2008/proceedings/5_pdf/70.pdf{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
⚫
[[file:Felix Romuliana.jpg|The gate area.|thumb]]
⚫
[[file:Gamzigrad.jpg|thumb|Mosaic of Greek god [[Dionysus]].]]
⚫
[[file:Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana (by Pudelek) 5 - East Gate.JPG|Ruins of East Gate.|thumb]]
[[File:Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana (by Pudelek) 7.JPG|Palace one.|thumb]]


==History==
==History==
In the vicinity of Gamzigrad lie the ruins of a huge [[Roman empire|Roman]] complex called ''Felix Romuliana'', one of the most important late Roman sites in [[Europe]]. Early explorers believed the ancient ruins to have been a Roman military camp, because of their size and numerous towers. Systematic archaeological excavations conducted since 1953 revealed that the site was, in fact, an Imperial palace. It was conceived and built by one of the [[Tetrarchs]], Emperor [[Galerius]], the adopted son and son-in-law of the great Emperor [[Diocletian]]. Galerius started construction in 298 (after a victory over the [[Sasanian Empire]] that brought him admiration and glory) to mark the place of his birth. The name Felix Romuliana was given in memory of his mother [[Romula]], who was also a priestess of a pagan cult. The complex of temples and palaces served three main purposes - a place of worship of his mother's divine personality, a monument to his deeds as emperor, and a luxurious villa for Galerius. Romuliana survived until it was plundered by the [[Huns]] in the mid 5th century. Later the site became a humble settlement of farmers and craftsmen, finally to be abandoned at the beginning of the 7th century with the arrival of the [[Slavs]].
In the vicinity of Gamzigrad lie the ruins of a huge [[Roman empire|Roman]] complex called ''Felix Romuliana'', one of the most important late Roman sites in [[Europe]]. Early explorers believed the ancient ruins to have been a Roman military camp, because of their size and numerous towers. Systematic archaeological excavations conducted since 1953 revealed that the site was, in fact, an Imperial palace. It was conceived and built by one of the [[Tetrarchs]], Emperor [[Galerius]], a Roman emperor who had [[Dacians|Dacian]] origins, the adopted son and son-in-law of the Roman Emperor [[Diocletian]]. Galerius started construction in 298 (after a victory over the [[Sasanian Empire]] that brought him admiration and glory) to mark the place of his birth. The name Felix Romuliana was given in memory of his mother [[Romula]], who was also a priestess of a pagan [[Dacians|Dacian]] cult. The complex of temples and palaces served three main purposes - a place of worship of his mother's divine personality, a monument to his deeds as emperor, and a luxurious villa for Galerius. Romuliana survived until it was plundered by the [[Huns]] in the mid 5th century. Later the site became a humble settlement of farmers and craftsmen, finally to be abandoned at the beginning of the 7th century with the arrival of the [[Slavs]].


The structures were first evaluated in 1835 by Baron von Herder, a Saxon mine entrepreneur, in the ''"Bergmänische Reise in Serbie im Jahre 1835"''. Later the German mineralogist August Breithaupt also wrote an article about the constructions. The Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer and archaeologist [[Felix Philipp Kanitz]] (who has earned great respect in Serbia and Bulgaria through his works on the South Slavs) was especially interested in Gamzigrad and visited the ruins on two occasions, in 1860 and in 1864 when he drew the then condition of the ramparts and towers, included in his works on Serbia, printed in Vienna and Leipzig.<ref name=Gamzigrad/>
The structures were first evaluated in 1835 by Baron von Herder, a Saxon mine entrepreneur, in the "Bergmänische Reise in Serbie im Jahre 1835". Later the German mineralogist August Breithaupt also wrote an article about the constructions. The Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer and archaeologist [[Felix Philipp Kanitz]] (who has earned great respect in Serbia and Bulgaria through his works on the South Slavs) was especially interested in Gamzigrad and visited the ruins on two occasions, in 1860 and in 1864 when he drew the then condition of the ramparts and towers, included in his works on Serbia, printed in Vienna and Leipzig.<ref name=Gamzigrad/>

<blockquote>
''“Gamzigrad is one of the most magnificent monuments of the past...”<br />...“one of the largest and best preserved monuments of Roman architecture in Europe”''
-F. Kanitz<ref name=Gamzigrad/></blockquote>


The enthusiasm for Gamzigrad disappeared by the end of the 19th century. The real history of the complex was yet to be researched. The interest was revived in the 1950s during the period of "Neo-romanticism of Serbian archaeology". Vekoslav Popovic, Director of the Town Museum of Zajecar initiated the systematic archaeological research in 1953.
The enthusiasm for Gamzigrad disappeared by the end of the 19th century. The real history of the complex was yet to be researched. The interest was revived in the 1950s during the period of "Neo-romanticism of Serbian archaeology". Vekoslav Popovic, Director of the Town Museum of Zajecar initiated the systematic archaeological research in 1953.
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The complex was demystified in 1984, when in the south-west an archivolt with the inscription of <small>FELIX ROMULIANA</small> was discovered.<ref name=TPS>{{Google books |id=HAmc0fBGoxUC |title=Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology }}</ref>
The complex was demystified in 1984, when in the south-west an archivolt with the inscription of <small>FELIX ROMULIANA</small> was discovered.<ref name=TPS>{{Google books |id=HAmc0fBGoxUC |title=Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology }}</ref>


==Structure==
==Layout==
⚫
Archaeological excavations on the site have unearthed the remains of a Roman compound with two temples, two palaces and a building with corridor including exceptionally fine [[mosaics]] depicting the Greek mythological figures [[Dionysos]] and [[Medusa]], figural capitals of [[Hercules]], baths and impressive gates. Several valuable hoards of Roman gold coins have been unearthed at the site, which continues to yield important Roman artifacts.
The construction started in 298 AD near the birthplace of [[Galerius]], the site was named ''Felix Romuliana'' after his mother, Romula. Galerius was of [[Thracian]] and [[Dacians|Dacian]] stock, a descendant of tribes ruling parts of the Balkans prior to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC.


⚫
Pilasters of the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, Licinius, Maximinus and Constantine are among spectacular finds. In the two mausolea on the Magura hill Romula and the founder Galerius were buried and deified.<ref name=TPS/>
⚫
Archaeological excavations on the site have unearthed the remains of a Roman compound with 2 temples, 2 palaces and a building with corridor including exceptionally fine [[mosaics]] depicting Greek gods [[Dionysos]] and [[Medusa]], figural capitals of [[Hercules]], baths and impressive gates. Several valuable hoards of Roman gold coins have been unearthed at the site, which continues to yield important Roman treasures and artifacts.


⚫
Among the most important finds from the site are portraits of Roman emperors made from [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] and coins that help to accurately date the complex. A sculpture of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the goddess of hunt, was unearthed in July 2010 by German and Serbian archeology teams, experts said that horse and a rider is missing which symbolizes victory over the barbarians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.blic.rs/In-Focus/6688/Archeologists-found-sculpture-of-Diana-Goddess-of-hunt |title=Blic Online &#124; Archeologists found sculpture of Diana, Goddess of hunt |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724015930/http://english.blic.rs/In-Focus/6688/Archeologists-found-sculpture-of-Diana-Goddess-of-hunt |archive-date=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
Pilasters of Emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, Licinius, Maximinus and Constantine are among spectacular finds. In the two mausolea on the Magura hill Romula and the founder Galerius were buried and deified.<ref name=TPS/>

⚫
Among the most important finds from the site are portraits of Roman emperors made from the [[Egypt]]ian purple stone called [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] and coins that help to accurately date the complex. A sculpture of Diana, the goddess of hunt, was unearthed in July 2010 by German and Serbian archeology teams, experts said that horse and a rider is missing which symbolizes victory over the Barbarians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.blic.rs/In-Focus/6688/Archeologists-found-sculpture-of-Diana-Goddess-of-hunt |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724015930/http://english.blic.rs/In-Focus/6688/Archeologists-found-sculpture-of-Diana-Goddess-of-hunt |archive-date=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Alongside the Latin inscriptions throughout the complex, several Greek inscriptions are found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=14|title=Epigraphy of Upper Danube|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509151310/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=14|archive-date=9 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Alongside the Latin inscriptions throughout the complex, several Greek inscriptions are found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=14|title=Epigraphy of Upper Danube|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509151310/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=14|archive-date=9 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Line 92: Line 88:


==Preservation and tourism==
==Preservation and tourism==
During the 31st Session of the [[Unesco World Heritage]] Committee in [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] from the 23rd of June to the second of July 2007, The World Heritage Committee decided to place Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius on the World Heritage List.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701093650/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D38732%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html]
During the 31st Session of the [[Unesco World Heritage]] Committee in [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]], from the 23rd of June to the second of July 2007, The World Heritage Committee decided to place Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius on the World Heritage List.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701093650/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D38732%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html]


Felix Romuliana is a popular tourist stop on the [[Roman Emperors Route|Roman Emperors' trail]] which links the birthplaces of over 17 Roman Emperors born on the territory of modern [[Serbia]].
Felix Romuliana is a popular tourist stop on the [[Roman Emperors Route|Roman Emperors' trail]] which links the birthplaces of over 17 Roman Emperors born on the territory of modern [[Serbia]].

==Roman emperors==
Three Roman emperors were born in this municipality (modern [[Zaječar]], [[Serbia]]):

*[[Galerius]] ruled 293-311
*[[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] ruled 305-312
*[[Licinius]] ruled 308-324


==Spa resort==
==Spa resort==
A modern-day spa resort, Gamzigradska Banja, is located nearby with a "special rehabilitation hospital".<ref>[http://www.visitserbia.org/english/english/destinations/by_regions/eastern_serbia/3083-gamzigrad_spa.html Gamzigrad Spa], VisitSerbia.org</ref>
A modern-day spa resort, Gamzigradska Banja, is located nearby with a "special rehabilitation hospital".<ref>[http://www.visitserbia.org/english/english/destinations/by_regions/eastern_serbia/3083-gamzigrad_spa.html Gamzigrad Spa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927160243/http://www.visitserbia.org/english/english/destinations/by_regions/eastern_serbia/3083-gamzigrad_spa.html |date=2017-09-27 }}, VisitSerbia.org</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
⚫
Felix Romuliana.jpg|The gate area
⚫
Gamzigrad.jpg|Mosaic of Greek god [[Dionysus]]
⚫
Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana (by Pudelek) 5 - East Gate.JPG|Ruins of East Gate
Romuliana Galerius head.jpg|Head of [[Galerius]], found on the site
Plan Gamzigrad-Romuliana, palais de Galère.svg|Plan
File:Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius-122721.jpg|ruins of palace with mosaic floor
Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius-122720.jpg|Detail of mosaic
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 126: Line 104:


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://muzejzajecar.org/ Official Web page]
*[http://www.gamzigrad.com Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana portal]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHLoBCaaTE8 Felix Romuliana] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHLoBCaaTE8 Felix Romuliana] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091214024022/http://zvezdan.hpage.com/felix_romuliana_45958097.html Zvezdan.hpage - Felix Romuliana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091214024022/http://zvezdan.hpage.com/felix_romuliana_45958097.html Zvezdan.hpage - Felix Romuliana]

Revision as of 17:17, 5 November 2024

Gamzigrad
Native name
Гамзиград (Serbian)
LocationZaječar, Serbia
Coordinates43°53′57″N 22°11′06″E / 43.89917°N 22.18500°E / 43.89917; 22.18500
Elevation197 m (646.3 ft)
Built298 AD
Official nameGamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, iv
Designated2007 (31st session)
Reference no.1253
RegionEurope and North America
Official nameГАМЗИГРАД
TypeArchaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance
Designated1983
Reference no.АН 40[1]
Gamzigrad is located in Serbia
Gamzigrad
Location of Gamzigrad within Serbia

Gamzigrad ([Гамзиградⓘ] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help), pronounced [ɡǎmziɡraːd]) is an archaeological site, spa resort, and UNESCO World Heritage Site of Serbia,[2] located south of the Danube river, in the city of Zaječar. It is the location of the ancient Roman complex of palaces and temples Felix Romuliana (Serbian: Феликс Ромулијана / Feliks Romulijana), built by Emperor Galerius[3][4] in Dacia Ripensis. The main area covers 10 acres (40,000 m2).[5]

The gate area.
Mosaic of Greek god Dionysus.
Ruins of East Gate.
Palace one.

History

In the vicinity of Gamzigrad lie the ruins of a huge Roman complex called Felix Romuliana, one of the most important late Roman sites in Europe. Early explorers believed the ancient ruins to have been a Roman military camp, because of their size and numerous towers. Systematic archaeological excavations conducted since 1953 revealed that the site was, in fact, an Imperial palace. It was conceived and built by one of the Tetrarchs, Emperor Galerius, a Roman emperor who had Dacian origins, the adopted son and son-in-law of the Roman Emperor Diocletian. Galerius started construction in 298 (after a victory over the Sasanian Empire that brought him admiration and glory) to mark the place of his birth. The name Felix Romuliana was given in memory of his mother Romula, who was also a priestess of a pagan Dacian cult. The complex of temples and palaces served three main purposes - a place of worship of his mother's divine personality, a monument to his deeds as emperor, and a luxurious villa for Galerius. Romuliana survived until it was plundered by the Huns in the mid 5th century. Later the site became a humble settlement of farmers and craftsmen, finally to be abandoned at the beginning of the 7th century with the arrival of the Slavs.

The structures were first evaluated in 1835 by Baron von Herder, a Saxon mine entrepreneur, in the "Bergmänische Reise in Serbie im Jahre 1835". Later the German mineralogist August Breithaupt also wrote an article about the constructions. The Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer and archaeologist Felix Philipp Kanitz (who has earned great respect in Serbia and Bulgaria through his works on the South Slavs) was especially interested in Gamzigrad and visited the ruins on two occasions, in 1860 and in 1864 when he drew the then condition of the ramparts and towers, included in his works on Serbia, printed in Vienna and Leipzig.[3]

The enthusiasm for Gamzigrad disappeared by the end of the 19th century. The real history of the complex was yet to be researched. The interest was revived in the 1950s during the period of "Neo-romanticism of Serbian archaeology". Vekoslav Popovic, Director of the Town Museum of Zajecar initiated the systematic archaeological research in 1953. The academic professor Dr. Dragoslav Srejovic was in charge of the research in 1970, he is the one regarded as positioning the monument among world archaeology.[3]

The complex was demystified in 1984, when in the south-west an archivolt with the inscription of FELIX ROMULIANA was discovered.[6]

Layout

Archaeological excavations on the site have unearthed the remains of a Roman compound with two temples, two palaces and a building with corridor including exceptionally fine mosaics depicting the Greek mythological figures Dionysos and Medusa, figural capitals of Hercules, baths and impressive gates. Several valuable hoards of Roman gold coins have been unearthed at the site, which continues to yield important Roman artifacts.

Pilasters of the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, Licinius, Maximinus and Constantine are among spectacular finds. In the two mausolea on the Magura hill Romula and the founder Galerius were buried and deified.[6]

Among the most important finds from the site are portraits of Roman emperors made from porphyry and coins that help to accurately date the complex. A sculpture of Diana, the goddess of hunt, was unearthed in July 2010 by German and Serbian archeology teams, experts said that horse and a rider is missing which symbolizes victory over the barbarians.[7]

Alongside the Latin inscriptions throughout the complex, several Greek inscriptions are found.[8]

The northwestern part was renovated; basilicas were built, during the rule of Emperor Justinian[3]

Northern part

Northern Temple

The temple is of the tetrastile prostilos type, similar to the Jupiter temple at Diocletian Palace in Split, built in 305 AD. The remains include a high podium, cross-shaped crypt, stairway and sacrificial altar. It was dedicated to goddess Libera

The architrave, doorposts, podium and pillars were made of green sandstone, frieze of white limestone while the figural capitals were made of marble.[3]

Palace One

The palace consists of an octagonal core building, three peristiles and a smaller bathroom. The vestibulum (accessory hall) is preserved with marble plate and pillars of green serpent brecha and red granite. The floor of the vestibulum is completely covered by a mosaic carpet with a labyrinth in its center and geometric motifs.

The central hall (possible throne) is ornamented with geometrics and picturesque hunting scenes.

The triclinum is ornamented with precious colorful stone tiles (opus sectile) and the entrance is ornamented with a luxurious mosaic with the image of the Greek god Dionysus. Parts of a sculpture of Galerius depicted as Pantocrator (ruler of Universe) have been found throughout the buildings, a left hand holding a globe of red porphyry was found in the triclinum, the head was found in the south-east of the complex.

The Palace walls are covered with marble, green porphyry and frescoes. The marble sculptures depicting the Greek gods are made according to 5th and 4th century BC sculptural art.

Palace Two

The second palace and a building with a corridor has only been partially researched.

A rectangular peristile in the center is surrounded by premises of different sizes and functions.[3]

Preservation and tourism

During the 31st Session of the Unesco World Heritage Committee in Christchurch, New Zealand, from the 23rd of June to the second of July 2007, The World Heritage Committee decided to place Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius on the World Heritage List.[1]

Felix Romuliana is a popular tourist stop on the Roman Emperors' trail which links the birthplaces of over 17 Roman Emperors born on the territory of modern Serbia.

Spa resort

A modern-day spa resort, Gamzigradska Banja, is located nearby with a "special rehabilitation hospital".[9]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gamzigrad.

References

  1. ^ Monuments of Culture in Serbia: "Gamzigrad" (SANU) (in Serbian and English)
  2. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Museum of Zaječar". Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  4. ^ Stojković-Pavelka, Brana (March 5, 2004). "Archaeological Site of Gamzigrad (Felix Romuliana)" (PDF). www.seecorridors.eu.
  5. ^ http://www.isprs.org/congresses/beijing2008/proceedings/5_pdf/70.pdf[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology at Google Books
  7. ^ "Blic Online | Archeologists found sculpture of Diana, Goddess of hunt". Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  8. ^ "Epigraphy of Upper Danube". Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  9. ^ Gamzigrad Spa Archived 2017-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, VisitSerbia.org
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