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{{Infobox school
{{Infobox school
| name = National Public School
| name = Lycée Esteqlal
| image =
| image =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto =
| established = 1922
| established = 1922
| opened =
| opened =
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
⚫
| district =
| type_label = School
⚫
| students = 5,700<ref>[http://ambafrance-af.org/france_afghanistan/spip.php?article290#Soutien-aux-lycees-Esteqlal-et Soutien aux lycées Esteqlal et Malalaï, French Embassy in Afghanistan]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
⚫
| district =
| teaching_staff = 300
⚫
| students = 5,700<ref>[http://ambafrance-af.org/france_afghanistan/spip.php?article290#Soutien-aux-lycees-Esteqlal-et Soutien aux lycées Esteqlal et Malalaï, French Embassy in Afghanistan]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| teaching_staff = 300
| principal =
| location = District 2, [[Kabul]]
| principal =
| country = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| country = [[Afghanistan]]
| coordinates =
| coordinates =
| website = {{URL|https://nps.com}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
| website = [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org/topic/index.html&title=%5B1%5D http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org]
http://lycee.kaboul.free.fr
}}
}}
The '''Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan''' ('''CEFA''') consists of two [[France|Franco]]-[[Afghanistan|Afghan]] schools in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], together educating around 6,000 Afghan students.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20051017185309/http://www.aefe.diplomatie.fr/aefe/Agence.nsf/d561f99593097368412564f9005e459c/b1ca65c2541b4befc1256b5e003ec197?OpenDocument Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan (CEFA)]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YJ13IjEX?url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017185309/http://www.aefe.diplomatie.fr/aefe/Agence.nsf/d561f99593097368412564f9005e459c/b1ca65c2541b4befc1256b5e003ec197?OpenDocument Archive]). [[AEFE]]. October 17, 2005. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.</ref>
The '''Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan''' ('''CEFA''') consists of two [[France|Franco]]-[[Afghanistan|Afghan]] schools in the center of [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], together educating around 6,000 Afghan students.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20051017185309/http://www.aefe.diplomatie.fr/aefe/Agence.nsf/d561f99593097368412564f9005e459c/b1ca65c2541b4befc1256b5e003ec197?OpenDocument Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan (CEFA)]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20051017185309/http://www.aefe.diplomatie.fr/aefe/Agence.nsf/d561f99593097368412564f9005e459c/b1ca65c2541b4befc1256b5e003ec197?OpenDocument Archive]). [[AEFE]]. October 17, 2005. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.</ref>


The '''''Lycée Esteqlal''''' ({{lang-fa|لیسه استقلال}} [[English language|English]]: Esteqlal High School) is a [[France|Franco]]-[[Afghanistan|Afghan]] school in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. It is the second oldest school (after ''[[Habibia High School]]'') in Kabul, and was recognized as one of the prestigious schools in the country.
The '''''National Public School''''' is a school in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. It is the second oldest school (after ''[[Habibia High School]]'') in Kabul, and is recognized as the most prestigious school in the country.


Lycée Esteqlal is a [[Public school (government funded)|public school]], administered by the [[Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)|Afghan Ministry of Education]], and is currently under the contract of [[Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger|AEFE]], an educational agency of the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Foreign Ministry]]. The French Cultural Center (CCF) is also located inside the Lycée Esteqlal compound.
National Public School is a private school administered by the [[Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)|Afghan Ministry of Education]], and is currently under the contract of [[Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger|AEFE]],{{fact|date=June 2023}} an educational agency of the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Foreign Ministry]]. The French Cultural Center (CCF) is also located inside the National Public School compound.


==Further information==
==Further information==
Created under the impulse of King [[Amanullah Khan|Amanullah]] in 1922 as ''Amaniya School'', it was renamed in 1931 to ''Lycée Esteqlal'' (meaning "independence" in Persian). In 1968, French Prime Minister [[Georges Pompidou]] laid the first brick of modern buildings, and the new site was inaugurated in 1974. The curriculum was entirely in the [[French language]] until 1985 when diplomatic relations between France and Afghanistan were suspended under the communist regime. Since 2002, only a few subjects, such as French language, [[mathematics]] and [[physics]], are taught in French, and the rest in [[Persian language|Dari]].
Created under the impulse of King [[Amanullah Khan|Amanullah]] in 1922 as ''Amaniya School'', it was renamed in 1931 to ''Lycée Esteqlal'' (meaning "independence" in Persian). In 1968, French Prime Minister [[Georges Pompidou]] laid the first brick of modern buildings, and the new site was inaugurated in 1974. The curriculum was entirely in the [[French language]] until 1985 when diplomatic relations between France and Afghanistan were suspended under the communist regime. Since 2002, only a few subjects, such as French language, [[mathematics]] and [[physics]], are taught in French, and the rest in Persian.


Until 1985, Lycée Esteqlal did not only receive Afghan students, but also several French nationals who were related to the French Embassy's diplomatic staff. Lycée Esteqlal along with '''Lycée [[Malalaï]]''' ({{lang-fa|لیسه ملالی}}), which is the other Franco-Afghan school for girls in Kabul were rebuilt and reopened at the beginning of 2003, and currently they are under the contract of [[Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger]].
Until 1985, Lycée Esteqlal did not only receive Afghan students, but also several French nationals who were related to the French Embassy's diplomatic staff. Lycée Esteqlal along with '''Lycée [[Malalaï]]''' ({{langx|fa|لیسه ملالی}}), which is the other Franco-Afghan school for girls in Kabul, were rebuilt and reopened at the beginning of 2003, and currently are under the contract of [[Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger|Agency for French Education Abroad (Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger)]].


King Amanullah, who was progressive and democratic also oversaw the opening of the first girls school, ''Masturat'', in 1921. ''Masturat'' was closed between 1928 and 1932, then reopened in 1932 through the efforts of the new King [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] and became a girls secondary school in 1939, led by a French teacher. Seven hours a week of [[French language|French]] was taught from the primary year upwards. In 1942, the school moved to a new building and took the name of ''Lycée [[Malalai Anaa|Malalai]]'', from the name of a famous Afghan woman who fought in the resistance against the invading English in 1880 during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/dossiers/2002/lycees_kaboul/reportage_themes.php|title=Plus de soixante années de coopération franco-afghane|last=Chaussé|first=Caroline|date=December 2001 - January–February 2002|publisher=[[France Culture]]|language=French|accessdate=2009-11-06|location=Paris}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lycee.kaboul.free.fr/histo_f.htm|title=Lycées français de Kaboul - Historique|publisher=website of the French Lycées in Kabul|language=French|accessdate=2009-11-06|location=Kabul}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=D’Afghanistan|first=Leylâ|year=2003|title=La genèse du droit de la femme en Afghanistan|journal=Les Cahiers du Cremoc|publisher=CREMOC (Centre de recherche sur l'Europe et le monde contemporain)|location=Paris|issue=nr. 36|language=French|url=http://www.cremoc.org/articles/afgfem.pdf|accessdate=2009-11-06|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518084800/http://www.cremoc.org/articles/afgfem.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-18|df=}}</ref>
King Amanullah, who was progressive and democratic, also oversaw the opening of the first girls school, ''Masturat'', in 1921. ''Masturat'' was closed from 1928 to 1932, then reopened in 1932 through the efforts of the new King [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] and became a girls secondary school in 1939, led by a French teacher. Seven hours a week of [[French language|French]] was taught from the primary year upwards. In 1942, the school moved to a new building and took the name of ''Lycée [[Malalai Anaa|Malalai]]'', from the name of a famous Afghan woman who fought in the resistance against the invading English in 1880 during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/dossiers/2002/lycees_kaboul/reportage_themes.php|title=Plus de soixante années de coopération franco-afghane|last=Chaussé|first=Caroline|date=December 2001 – February 2002|publisher=[[France Culture]]|language=French|access-date=2009-11-06|location=Paris|archive-date=2010-02-11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100211145728/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/dossiers/2002/lycees_kaboul/reportage_themes.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lycee.kaboul.free.fr/histo_f.htm|title=Lycées français de Kaboul - Historique|publisher=website of the French Lycées in Kabul|language=French|access-date=2009-11-06|location=Kabul}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=D'Afghanistan|first=Leylâ|year=2003|title=La genèse du droit de la femme en Afghanistan|journal=Les Cahiers du Cremoc|publisher=CREMOC (Centre de recherche sur l'Europe et le monde contemporain)|location=Paris|issue=36|language=fr|url=http://www.cremoc.org/articles/afgfem.pdf|access-date=2009-11-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518084800/http://www.cremoc.org/articles/afgfem.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-18}}</ref>


In 2014 a [[suicide bomber]] attacked a cultural centre at Istiqlal High School, killing a German national and injuring 16.<ref>"[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bomb-blast-hits-school-kabul-afghanistan-2014121113209522861.html Suicide bomber targets French school in Kabul]." ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.</ref> One of the injured was musician [[Ahmad Naser Sarmast]].<ref>"[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30431830 Kabul suicide bomber attacks French school during show]." ''[[BBC]]''. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on 6 May 2015.</ref>
In 2014 a [[suicide bomber]] attacked a cultural center at Esteqlal High School, killing a German national and injuring 16.<ref>"[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bomb-blast-hits-school-kabul-afghanistan-2014121113209522861.html Suicide bomber targets French school in Kabul]." ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]''. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.</ref> The explosion occurred during the performance of a play called 'Heartbeat: Silence After the Explosion', which was a condemnation of suicide attacks. One of the injured was musician [[Ahmad Naser Sarmast]].<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30431830 Kabul suicide bomber attacks French school during show]." ''[[BBC]]''. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on 6 May 2015.</ref>


==Notable alumni==
==Notable alumni==
⚫
Many internationally renowned Afghan personalities and figures have received part of their education or have obtained their [[bachelor's degree|baccalaureate]] in Lycée Esteqlal.
{{cleanup|section|reason=Citations needed. Shorten descriptors to bare necessity. Keep one blue link per line | date=April 2013}}
*[[Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Ahmad Shah Khan]], crown prince of Afghanistan{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
⚫
Many internationally renowned Afghan personalities and figures have received part of their education or have obtained their [[bachelor's degree|Baccalaureate]] in Lycée Esteqlal.
*[[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], the renowned Afghan anti-Soviet resistance leader, did his [[Secondary education]] in Lycée Esteqlal
*[[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], renowned Afghan anti-Soviet resistance leader<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Gall |first=Sandy |title=Afghan Napoleon: The Life of Ahmad Shah Massoud |date=2021 |publisher=Haus Publishing |isbn=978-1-913368-22-7 |location=London |page= |pages=20–21, 22 |author-link=Sandy Gall}}</ref>
*[[Amin Wardak]], mujahideen leader<ref name="Rubin1">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barnett |title=The fragmentation of Afghanistan |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-300-05963-9 |location=New Haven |pages=228–229 |authorlink=Barnett Rubin}}</ref><ref>J. Bruce Amstutz. ''[[iarchive:bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC/page/n142|<!-- pg=119 quote=farah province. --> Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation]]''. DIANE Publishing, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7881-1111-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7881-1111-2}}, p.119</ref>
*[[Ravan A. G. Farhâdi]], the former [[Ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]] for [[Afghanistan]], and a renowned writer, researcher and scholar in [[Persian literature]]. He has also been a professor at [[Sorbonne|Sorbonne University]] and at [[University of California, Berkeley]].
*[[Atiq Rahimi]], well-known French-Afghan writer<ref name="ft.com">{{cite web |title=Interview: Atiq Rahimi on language and expression in Afghanistan |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/1d4ba53a-5361-11e3-b425-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2oCZMhymH |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Border Has To Be Crossed: Alie Ataee and Atiq Rahimi in conversation with Amir Ahmadi Arian |url=https://research.nd.edu/news-and-events/events/2023/03/24/the-border-has-to-be-crossed-alie-ataee-and-atiq-rahimi-in-conversation-with-amir-ahmadi-arian/ |website=University of Notre Dame Research}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Zalmai Rassoul]], current Afghan foreign affairs minister <ref>[http://mfa.gov.af/en/page/4086] Biography, Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>
*Dr.Samir Bayat, physician, Surgeon, University Lecturer, Founder of Telemedicine Services in Afghanistan {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
⚫
*[[Zemaryalai Tarzi]], an internationally renowned [[archaeologist]], and a professor at the [[University of Strasbourg]]
*Homayun Tandar, Afghan ambassador<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9780810878150 |edition=4th |pages=412 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Atiq Rahimi]], a well-known French-Afghan writer
*Mohammed Akram, former minister of education and ambassador in France{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
*[[Amin Wardak]], mujahideen leader from Wardak province
*Mohammed Kassem Fazelly, lawyer, professor, ambassador to UN {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
*[[Eklil Ahmad Hakimi]], former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs<ref name="AllGov20120115">{{cite news|url=http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/ambassador-from-afghanistan-who-is-eklil-ahmad-hakimi?news=843885|first=Matt|last=Bewig|title=Ambassador from Afghanistan: Who Is Eklil Ahmad Hakimi?|work=AllGov|date=2012-01-15|accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
*[[UNESCO|Mahmoud Saikal]], former Afghan permanent representative to the UN<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social, Humanitarian & Cultural Issues (Third Committee): Chairperson of the 73rd Session |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/third/73/bio.shtml |website=General Assembly of the United Nations}}</ref>
*[[Mahmoud Saikal]], current Permanent Representative to the United Nations for Afghanistan
*Mohammed Sediq Farhang, civil servant, historian<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mir Mohammad Sidiq Farhang |url=https://www.afghan-web.com/biographies/biography-of-mir-mohammad-sidiq-farhang-2/ |website=Afghan-Web}}</ref>
*[[Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Muhammed Akbar Khan]], crown prince of Afghanistan{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
*[[Nur Ahmad Etemadi]], former Afghan prime minister{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
*[[Ravan A. G. Farhâdi]], former ambassador to the UN, renowned writer, researcher, and professor<ref name="afghanbios">{{Cite web |title=Afghan Bios: Rawan Farhadi |url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/tinc?key=2vB1wwzV&session_currentpage=index&session_mode=guest&formname=afghan_bios&session_searchcriteria=Farh%C3%A2di&session_sortby=field_3&userid=1280845708;116071;328&session_nextpage=data_edit&session_offset=50&session_start=1&session_dbkey=1255207751;119746;850_afghan_bios&dbkey=1255207751;119746;850_afghan_bios |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162813/http://www.afghan-bios.info/tinc?key=2vB1wwzV&session_currentpage=index&session_mode=guest&formname=afghan_bios&session_searchcriteria=Farh%C3%A2di&session_sortby=field_3&userid=1280845708;116071;328&session_nextpage=data_edit&session_offset=50&session_start=1&session_dbkey=1255207751;119746;850_afghan_bios&dbkey=1255207751;119746;850_afghan_bios |archive-date=2012-03-08 |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref>
*[[Tamim Ansary]], author<ref>{{cite book|last=Ansary|first=Tamim|title=West of Kabul, East of New York: An Afghan American Story|publisher=[[Picador]]|year=2002|page=90|quote=Istlaqal was the second-oldest school[...]}} - The name of the Esteqlal school is spelled "Istlaqal" in the book.</ref>
⚫
*[[Zalmai Rassoul]], former Afghan foreign affairs minister <ref>[http://mfa.gov.af/en/page/4086] Biography, Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>
⚫
*[[Zemaryalai Tarzi]], internationally renowned archaeologist and professor{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 51: Line 57:
{{portal|Afghanistan|France|Schools}}
{{portal|Afghanistan|France|Schools}}
* [http://lycee.kaboul.free.fr/ Official website of Lycée Esteqlal]
* [http://lycee.kaboul.free.fr/ Official website of Lycée Esteqlal]
* Website by the French pedagogical team for Esteqlal and Malalai schools [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org/topic/index.html&title=%5B1%5D http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org/topic/index.html]
* Website by the French pedagogical team for Esteqlal and Malalai schools [https://web.archive.org/web/20130129054926/http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org/topic/index.html http://www.esteqlal-malalai.org/topic/index.html]


{{coord|34|31|22|N|69|10|34|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}
{{coord|34|31|22|N|69|10|34|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}
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[[Category:AEFE contracted schools]]
[[Category:AEFE contracted schools]]
[[Category:International schools in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:International schools in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:French international schools]]
[[Category:French international schools in Asia]]
[[Category:Schools in Kabul]]
[[Category:Schools in Kabul]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1922]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1922]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in Afghanistan]]

Latest revision as of 17:49, 5 November 2024

National Public School
Location
Map
District 2, Kabul

Afghanistan
Information
TypePublic
Established1922
Teaching staff300
Number of students5,700[1]
Websitenps.com}}

The Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan (CEFA) consists of two Franco-Afghan schools in the center of Kabul, Afghanistan, together educating around 6,000 Afghan students.[2]

The National Public School is a school in Kabul, Afghanistan. It is the second oldest school (after Habibia High School) in Kabul, and is recognized as the most prestigious school in the country.

National Public School is a private school administered by the Afghan Ministry of Education, and is currently under the contract of AEFE,[citation needed] an educational agency of the French Foreign Ministry. The French Cultural Center (CCF) is also located inside the National Public School compound.

Further information

[edit]

Created under the impulse of King Amanullah in 1922 as Amaniya School, it was renamed in 1931 to Lycée Esteqlal (meaning "independence" in Persian). In 1968, French Prime Minister Georges Pompidou laid the first brick of modern buildings, and the new site was inaugurated in 1974. The curriculum was entirely in the French language until 1985 when diplomatic relations between France and Afghanistan were suspended under the communist regime. Since 2002, only a few subjects, such as French language, mathematics and physics, are taught in French, and the rest in Persian.

Until 1985, Lycée Esteqlal did not only receive Afghan students, but also several French nationals who were related to the French Embassy's diplomatic staff. Lycée Esteqlal along with Lycée Malalaï (Persian: لیسه ملالی), which is the other Franco-Afghan school for girls in Kabul, were rebuilt and reopened at the beginning of 2003, and currently are under the contract of Agency for French Education Abroad (Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger).

King Amanullah, who was progressive and democratic, also oversaw the opening of the first girls school, Masturat, in 1921. Masturat was closed from 1928 to 1932, then reopened in 1932 through the efforts of the new King Nadir Shah and became a girls secondary school in 1939, led by a French teacher. Seven hours a week of French was taught from the primary year upwards. In 1942, the school moved to a new building and took the name of Lycée Malalai, from the name of a famous Afghan woman who fought in the resistance against the invading English in 1880 during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[3][4][5]

In 2014 a suicide bomber attacked a cultural center at Esteqlal High School, killing a German national and injuring 16.[6] The explosion occurred during the performance of a play called 'Heartbeat: Silence After the Explosion', which was a condemnation of suicide attacks. One of the injured was musician Ahmad Naser Sarmast.[7]

Notable alumni

[edit]

Many internationally renowned Afghan personalities and figures have received part of their education or have obtained their baccalaureate in Lycée Esteqlal.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Soutien aux lycées Esteqlal et Malalaï, French Embassy in Afghanistan[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ "Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan (CEFA)" (Archive). AEFE. October 17, 2005. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.
  3. ^ Chaussé, Caroline (December 2001 – February 2002). "Plus de soixante années de coopération franco-afghane" (in French). Paris: France Culture. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  4. ^ "Lycées français de Kaboul - Historique" (in French). Kabul: website of the French Lycées in Kabul. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  5. ^ D'Afghanistan, Leylâ (2003). "La genèse du droit de la femme en Afghanistan" (PDF). Les Cahiers du Cremoc (in French) (36). Paris: CREMOC (Centre de recherche sur l'Europe et le monde contemporain). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  6. ^ "Suicide bomber targets French school in Kabul." Al Jazeera. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.
  7. ^ "Kabul suicide bomber attacks French school during show." BBC. 11 December 2014. Retrieved on 6 May 2015.
  8. ^ Gall, Sandy (2021). Afghan Napoleon: The Life of Ahmad Shah Massoud. London: Haus Publishing. pp. 20–21, 22. ISBN 978-1-913368-22-7.
  9. ^ Rubin, Barnett (1995). The fragmentation of Afghanistan. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-300-05963-9.
  10. ^ J. Bruce Amstutz. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-7881-1111-6, ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2, p.119
  11. ^ "Interview: Atiq Rahimi on language and expression in Afghanistan". Financial Times.
  12. ^ "The Border Has To Be Crossed: Alie Ataee and Atiq Rahimi in conversation with Amir Ahmadi Arian". University of Notre Dame Research.
  13. ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan (4th ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 412. ISBN 9780810878150.
  14. ^ "Social, Humanitarian & Cultural Issues (Third Committee): Chairperson of the 73rd Session". General Assembly of the United Nations.
  15. ^ "Biography of Mir Mohammad Sidiq Farhang". Afghan-Web.
  16. ^ "Afghan Bios: Rawan Farhadi". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  17. ^ Ansary, Tamim (2002). West of Kabul, East of New York: An Afghan American Story. Picador. p. 90. Istlaqal was the second-oldest school[...] - The name of the Esteqlal school is spelled "Istlaqal" in the book.
  18. ^ [1] Biography, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
[edit]

34°31′22″N 69°10′34″E / 34.52278°N 69.17611°E / 34.52278; 69.17611

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