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The Berlin Plus agreement is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002.^[1] These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the "CJTF mechanism" (combined joint task force),^[2] and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.^[3]

Content

The Berlin Plus agreement has seven major parts:^[1]^[4]

The NATO–EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules.
Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO).
Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led CMOs, such as communication units and headquarters.
Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities.
Terms of Reference for the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe and European Command Options for NATO.
Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations.
EU–NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities.

This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by High Representative Javier Solana and the then-Secretary General of NATO Lord Robertson.^[4]

Practice

Procedures

The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal": NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis.^[5]
Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about Operation Concordia using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.^[6]

Operations

To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO:

2003: EUFOR Concordia in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation Allied Harmony and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe monitors overseeing the implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement.
Since 2004: EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the 2004 Istanbul summit to terminate the mission of NATO's Stabilisation Force (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, EUFOR Althea, in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and to maintain a safe and secure environment.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b NATO, Berlin Plus agreement, June 21, 2006."SHAPE Information". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
^ The Heritage Foundation report, October 4, 2004: "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Reichard, Martin (10 February 2004). "Some Legal Issues Concerning the EU-NATO Berlin Plus Agreement". Nordic Journal of International Law. 73 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1163/15718107-07301003. ISSN 0902-7351.
^ ^a ^b WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 1996, "World Security Institute Brussels". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
^ The Heritage Foundation report, March 24, 2008. [1] Archived 2010-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bram Boxhoorn, Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands, 21-09-2005, "Article". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
^ Rittimann, Olivier (25 January 2021). "Operation Althea and the virtues of the Berlin Plus Agreement". NATO Defense College.

[NATO1-1] NATO, Berlin Plus agreement, June 21, 2006."SHAPE Information". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

[2] The Heritage Foundation report, October 4, 2004: "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

[3] Reichard, Martin (10 February 2004). "Some Legal Issues Concerning the EU-NATO Berlin Plus Agreement". Nordic Journal of International Law. 73 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1163/15718107-07301003. ISSN 0902-7351.

[WSIB-4] WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 1996, "World Security Institute Brussels". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

[5] The Heritage Foundation report, March 24, 2008. [1] Archived 2010-02-17 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Bram Boxhoorn, Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands, 21-09-2005, "Article". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

[7] Rittimann, Olivier (25 January 2021). "Operation Althea and the virtues of the Berlin Plus Agreement". NATO Defense College.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|2002 agreement between NATO and the EU}}
-[[Image:EU and NATO.svg|thumb|Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO]]
+{{Other uses|Berlin Plus (disambiguation){{!}}Berlin Plus}}
-The '''Berlin Plus agreement''' is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between [[NATO]] and the [[EU]] on 16 December 2002.<ref name=NATO1>NATO, ''Berlin Plus agreement'', June 21, 2006.[http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm]</ref> These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's [[1999 Washington summit]], sometimes referred to as the ''CJTF mechanism'',<ref>[[Heritage Foundation]] report, October 4, 2004 : "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/bg1803.cfm]</ref> and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
+[[Image:EU and NATO.svg|thumb|Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO
+{{legend|#ffd617|EU member only}}
+{{legend|#000|NATO member only}}
+{{legend|#039|member of both}}]]
+The '''Berlin Plus agreement''' is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between [[NATO]] and the [[European Union|EU]] on 16 December 2002.<ref name=NATO1>NATO, ''Berlin Plus agreement'', June 21, 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |title=SHAPE Information |access-date=2007-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817094713/http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |archive-date=2007-08-17 }}</ref> These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's [[1999 Washington summit]], sometimes referred to as the "CJTF mechanism" (combined joint task force),<ref>[[The Heritage Foundation]] [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/bg1803.cfm report, October 4, 2004]: "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205165920/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/bg1803.cfm |date=2009-02-05 }}</ref> and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichard |first=Martin |date=2004-02-10 |title=Some Legal Issues Concerning the EU-NATO Berlin Plus Agreement |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nord/73/1/article-p37_3.xml |journal=Nordic Journal of International Law |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=37–67 |doi=10.1163/15718107-07301003 |issn=0902-7351}}</ref>
 ==Content==
-The Berlin Plus agreement has seven major parts:<ref name=NATO1/><ref name=WSIB>WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 2006, [http://www.wsibrussels.org/showarticle.cfm?id=191]</ref>
+The Berlin Plus agreement has seven major parts:<ref name=NATO1/><ref name=WSIB>WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 1996, {{cite web|url=http://www.wsibrussels.org/showarticle.cfm?id%3D191 |title=World Security Institute Brussels |access-date=2007-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928213909/http://www.wsibrussels.org/showarticle.cfm?id=191 |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
-#The NATO-EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules.
+#The NATO–EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules.
 #Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO).
 #Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led CMOs, such as communication units and headquarters.
 #Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities.
-#Terms Of Reference for [[DSACEUR]] and European Command Options for NATO.
+#Terms of Reference for the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe#Deputy|Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] and European Command Options for NATO.
 #Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations.
-#EU - NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities.
+#EU–NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities.
-This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy|High Representative]] [[Javier Solana]] and the then-[[Secretary General of NATO]] [[Lord Robertson]].<ref name=WSIB/>
+This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy|High Representative]] [[Javier Solana]] and the then-[[Secretary General of NATO]] [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|Lord Robertson]].<ref name=WSIB/>
 ==Practice==
 ===Procedures===
-*The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal" : NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis.<ref>[[Heritage Foundation]] report, March 24, 2008. [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/wm1863.cfm]</ref>
+* The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal": NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis.<ref>[[The Heritage Foundation]] report, March 24, 2008. [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/wm1863.cfm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217084606/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/wm1863.cfm|date=2010-02-17}}</ref>
-*Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about [[Operation Concordia]] using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'',  21-09-2005, [http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107]</ref>
+* Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about [[Operation Concordia]] using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'',  21-09-2005, {{cite web|url=http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id%3D107 |title=Article |access-date=2007-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218090444/http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107 |archive-date=2007-02-18 }}</ref>
 ===Operations===
 To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO:
-*[[Operation Concordia]] in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation [[Allied Harmony]] and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and [[OSCE]] monitors overseeing the implementation of the [[Ohrid Agreement|Ohrid Framework Agreement]].
+* 2003: [[EUFOR Concordia]] in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation [[Allied Harmony]] and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] monitors overseeing the implementation of the [[Ohrid Agreement|Ohrid Framework Agreement]].
-*[[EUFOR Althea]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the [[2004 Istanbul summit]] to terminate the mission of NATO's [[SFOR|Stabilisation Force]] (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, [[EUFOR Althea]], in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the [[Dayton Peace Agreement]] and to maintain a safe and secure environment.
+* Since 2004: [[EUFOR Althea]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the [[2004 Istanbul summit]] to terminate the mission of NATO's [[SFOR|Stabilisation Force]] (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, [[EUFOR Althea]], in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the [[Dayton Peace Agreement]] and to maintain a safe and secure environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittimann |first=Olivier |date=25 January 2021 |title=Operation Althea and the virtues of the Berlin Plus Agreement |url=https://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1521 |website=NATO Defense College}}</ref>
 ==See also==
-* [[European Security and Defense Policy]]
+* [[European Union–NATO relations]]
+* [[Common Security and Defence Policy]]
+** [[Command and control structure of the European Union]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|30em}}
+{{Common Security and Defence Policy}}
-[[Category:European Union security]]
-[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
-[[Category:NATO]]
-[[Category:21st-century treaties]]
+[[Category:Military of the European Union]]
-[[de:Berlin Plus]]
+[[Category:Treaties entered into by the European Union]]
-[[fr:Berlin plus]]
+[[Category:European Union and third organisations]]
-[[pl:Formuła Berlin Plus]]
+[[Category:NATO relations]]
+[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2002]]
+[[Category:NATO treaties]]
+[[Category:2002 in Germany]]
+[[Category:December 2002 events in Germany]]