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Coordinates: 18°17′43″N 77°41′43″W / 18.2952094°N 77.6953125°W / 18.2952094; -77.6953125
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{{short description|Rugged area of Jamaica}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Jamaican English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use Jamaican English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Cockpit Country
| name = Cockpit Country
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Geographical Region
| settlement_type = Geographical Region
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}}
}}


'''Cockpit Country''' is an area in [[Trelawny Parish|Trelawny]] and [[Saint Elizabeth Parish|Saint Elizabeth]] parishes in [[Jamaica]]. The land is marked by steep-sided hollows, as much as {{convert|120|m|ft}} deep in places, which are separated by conical hills and ridges. [[Maroon (people)|Maroon]]s who had escaped from plantations used the difficult territory for its natural defenses to develop communities outside the control of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] . or [[British Empire|British]] [[colonialism|colonists]].
'''Cockpit Country''' is an area in [[Trelawny Parish|Trelawny]] and [[Saint Elizabeth Parish|Saint Elizabeth]], [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica|Saint James]], [[Saint Ann Parish|Saint Ann]], [[Manchester Parish|Manchester]] and the northern tip of [[Clarendon Parish, Jamaica|Clarendon]] parishes, mostly within the west-central side, of [[Jamaica]]. The land is marked by lush, montane forests and steep-sided valleys and [[Valley|hollows]], as deep as {{convert|120|m|ft}} in places, separated by [[Conical hill|conical hills]] and [[Ridge|ridges]].

During the [[16th century|16th]] and [[17th century|17th centuries]], [[maroons]]—the escapee former [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slaves]] (and their descendants) of the island's [[Colony of Santiago|Spanish]] and [[Colony of Jamaica|British]]-operated [[Sugarcane|sugarcane plantations]]—used this rugged terrain to their benefit, carving out an existence on their own, away from the violent slavers and colonial powers of the lowlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=The Jamaican Maroon Wars: Liberated Slaves vs. British |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1v_ZOeNmoW0 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=History Dose ([[YouTube]])}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
⚫
In the late seventeenth century, the Cockpit Country was a place of refuge for [[Jamaican Maroons]] fleeing slavery. During the course of the [[First Maroon War]], there were two Leeward Maroon communities - [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] and [[Accompong Town]]. Cudjoe's Town was located in the mountains in the southern extremities of [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica]], close to the border of [[Westmoreland Parish]]. Accompong is situated just to the south of Cudjoe's Town, on the border between Westmoreland and [[Saint Elizabeth Parish]].<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publication-place=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>


In the late seventeenth century, the Cockpit Country was a place of refuge for [[Jamaican Maroons]] fleeing slavery. During the course of the [[First Maroon War]], there were two Leeward Maroon communities - [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] and [[Accompong Town]]. Cudjoe's Town was located in the mountains in the southern extremities of [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica]], close to the border of [[Westmoreland Parish]]. Accompong is situated just to the south of Cudjoe's Town, on the border between Westmoreland and [[Saint Elizabeth Parish]].<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publicationplace=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>
When the Leeward Maroons signed a peace treaty in 1740, they assisted the colonial authorities in pursuing runaway slaves who sought refuge in the Cockpit Country. However, these runaways allied with Trelawny Town during the [[Second Maroon War]]. When the Maroons of Trelawny Town were deported in 1796, the Maroons of Accompong had difficulty policing the Cockpit Country, and several communities of runaway slaves established themselves there. After the removal of the Trelawny Maroons, the colonial militia built a barracks at their village, which they renamed [[Maroon Town, Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publication-place=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>


When the Leeward Maroons signed a peace treaty in 1740, they assisted the colonial authorities in pursuing runaway slaves who sought refuge in the Cockpit Country. However, these runaways allied with Trelawny Town during the [[Second Maroon War]]. When the Maroons of Trelawny Town were deported in 1796, the Maroons of Accompong had difficulty policing the Cockpit Country, and several communities of runaway slaves established themselves there. After the removal of the Trelawny Maroons, the colonial militia built a barracks at their village, which they renamed [[Maroon Town, Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publicationplace=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>
At the start of the nineteenth century, [[Cuffee (Jamaica)|Cuffee]] established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country, and resisted attempts by the colonial authorities and the Maroons of Accompong Town to rout them. Then, in the second and third decades of the century, another group of runaway slaves from [[Trelawny Parish]] set up a community in the Cockpit Country at [[Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come]]. They also succeeded in resisting attempts by the colonial militias and Accompong Town to rout them. During the [[Baptist War]] of 1831–2, more slaves ran away and found freedom in the Cockpit Country.<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publication-place=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>

⚫
At the start of the nineteenth century, [[Cuffee (Jamaica)]] established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country, and resisted attempts by the colonial authorities and the Maroons of Accompong Town to rout them. Then, in the second and third decades of the century, another group of runaway slaves from [[Trelawny Parish]] set up a community in the Cockpit Country at [[Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come]]. They also succeeded in resisting attempts by the colonial militias and Accompong Town to rout them. During the [[Baptist War]] of 1831-2, more slaves ran away and found freedom in the Cockpit Country.<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |publicationplace=Southampton |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>


Accompong Town is an indigenous Maroon community that still has a certain recognized autonomy under the independent Jamaican government.
Accompong Town is an indigenous Maroon community that still has a certain recognized autonomy under the independent Jamaican government.


==Geography==
==Geography==
On the north, the main defining feature is the fault-based "Escarpment", a long ridge that extends from Flagstaff in the west, through Windsor in the centre, to Campbells and the start of the Barbecue Bottom Road (B10). The Barbecue Bottom Road, which runs north-south, high along the side of a deep, fault-based valley in the east, is the only drivable route across the Cockpit Country. Walkers and riders can use two old, historical trails cross further west, the Troy Trail, and the Quick Step Trail. As of 2006 they are seldom used and difficult to find.
On the north, the main defining feature is the fault-based "Escarpment", a long ridge that extends from Flagstaff in the west, through Windsor in the centre, to Campbells and the start of the Barbecue Bottom Road (B10). The Barbecue Bottom Road, which runs north–south, high along the side of a deep, fault-based valley in the east, is the only drivable route across the Cockpit Country. Walkers and riders can use two old, historical trails cross further west, the Troy Trail, and the Quick Step Trail. As of 2006 they are seldom used and difficult to find.


In the southwest, near Quick Step, is the district known as the "Land of Look Behind." It was so named because Spanish horsemen venturing into this region of hostile escaped slaves were said to have ridden two to a mount, one rider facing to the rear to keep a precautionary watch against ambush.
In the southwest, near Quick Step, is the district known as the "Land of Look Behind." It was so named because Spanish horsemen venturing into this region of hostile escaped slaves were said to have ridden two to a mount, one rider facing to the rear to keep a precautionary watch against ambush.
Line 83: Line 85:
Where the ridges between sinkholes in the plateau area have dissolved, flat-bottomed basins or valleys have been formed that are filled with [[terra rossa (soil)|terra rosa]] soils, some of the most productive on the island. The largest basin is the Vale of Clarendon, {{convert|80|km|mi}} long and {{convert|32|km|mi}} wide. Queen of Spains Valley, [[Nassau Valley]], and Cave Valley were formed by the same process.
Where the ridges between sinkholes in the plateau area have dissolved, flat-bottomed basins or valleys have been formed that are filled with [[terra rossa (soil)|terra rosa]] soils, some of the most productive on the island. The largest basin is the Vale of Clarendon, {{convert|80|km|mi}} long and {{convert|32|km|mi}} wide. Queen of Spains Valley, [[Nassau Valley]], and Cave Valley were formed by the same process.


Shallow caves, known locally as cockpits, are particularly common around the hamlet of Quick Step, reaching a density of 15 per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Jamaica Underground: The Caves, Sinkholes and Underground Rivers of the Island, by Alan Fincham (page 31). </ref> Noteworthy caves include Marta Tick Cave<ref>http://www.jamaicancaves.org/martatick.htm</ref> and Minocal's Glory Hole<ref>http://www.jamaicancaves.org/minocals_050115.htm</ref>. Ecotourism has been proposed for the hamlet of Quick Step, at the end of the road into the heart of Cockpit County.<ref>http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Quickstep.html</ref>
Shallow caves, known locally as cockpits, are particularly common around the hamlet of Quick Step, reaching a density of 15 per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Jamaica Underground: The Caves, Sinkholes and Underground Rivers of the Island, by Alan Fincham (page 31).</ref> Noteworthy caves include Marta Tick Cave<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamaicancaves.org/martatick.htm|title=Marta Tick Cave, Quick Step, Jamaica}}</ref> and Minocal's Glory Hole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamaicancaves.org/minocals_050115.htm|title=Minocal's Glory Hole - Quick Step, Jamaica}}</ref> Ecotourism has been proposed for the hamlet of Quick Step, at the end of the road into the heart of Cockpit County.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Quickstep.html|title = Quickstep}}</ref>


==Environment==
==Environment==
The Cockpit Country is Jamaica's largest remaining contiguous [[rainforest]]. In 1979 an unpublished paper proposed preserving the area as a National Park.<ref>Cotterell "The Proposed Development of the Cockpit Country." Unpublished. NRCD, Kingston, Jamaica. 1979.</ref> In 1994 the geographer [[Alan Eyre]]<ref>Eyre, ''Slow Death of a Tropical Rainforest: The Cockpit Country of Jamaica, West Indies,'' 1994</ref> proposed that the Cockpit Country be designated as a [[World Heritage Site]] to preserve its environment. A petition for protection of the area was submitted to Prime Minister [[Bruce Golding]] in 2006.
The Cockpit Country is Jamaica's largest remaining contiguous [[rainforest]]. Cockpit Country Forest Reserve was designated in 1950, and covers an area of 221.75 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>UNEP-WCMC (2020). Protected Area Profile for Cockpit Country from the World Database of Protected Areas, December 2020. Accessed 31 December 2020. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net</ref> In 1979 an unpublished paper proposed preserving the area as a National Park.<ref>Cotterell "The Proposed Development of the Cockpit Country." Unpublished. NRCD, Kingston, Jamaica. 1979.</ref> In 1994 the geographer [[Alan Eyre]]<ref>Eyre, ''Slow Death of a Tropical Rainforest: The Cockpit Country of Jamaica, West Indies,'' 1994</ref> proposed that the Cockpit Country be designated as a [[World Heritage Site]] to preserve its environment. A petition for protection of the area was submitted to Prime Minister [[Bruce Golding]] in 2006. As of April 2013, public consultations have begun on the definition of the boundary proposed in a recently released study by Mitchell, Miller, Ganapathy, and Spence of the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI).


===Wildlife===
As of April 2013, public consultations have begun on the definition of the boundary proposed in a recently released study by Mitchell, Miller, Ganapathy, and Spence of the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI).
⚫
''[[Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus]]'', a small, [[critically endangered]] frog species, is known only from the Cockpit Country.<ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Hedges, B. | author2 = Koenig, S. | author3 = Wilson, B. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus'' | volume = 2004 | page = e.T7148A12831445 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T7148A12831445.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Eleutherodactylidae/Eleutherodactylinae/Eleutherodactylus/Eleutherodactylus-sisyphodemus |title=''Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus'' Crombie, 1977 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref> Cockpit Country hosts 90% of the global population of [[black-billed amazon]], a parrot [[endemic]] to Jamaica.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Amazona agilis'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22686231A180748265 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686231A180748265.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Cockpit Country is also home to the [[Papilio homerus|Jamaican swallowtail]], the largest butterfly in the Western Hemisphere. Cockpit Country is one of the last remaining homes for the species. The area has been designated an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because it supports significant populations of many Jamaican bird species.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/cockpit-country-iba-jamaica|title= Cockpit Country|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-09-12}}</ref>

⚫
''[[Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus]]'', a small, [[critically endangered]] frog species, is known only from the Cockpit Country.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hedges, B. | author2 = Koenig, S. | author3 = Wilson, B. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2004 | page = e.T7148A12831445 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/7148/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T7148A12831445.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Eleutherodactylidae/Eleutherodactylinae/Eleutherodactylus/Eleutherodactylus-sisyphodemus |title=''Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus'' Crombie, 1977 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> Cockpit Country hosts 90% of the global population of [[black-billed amazon]], a parrot [[endemic]] to Jamaica.<ref>{{IUCN|id=22686231 |title=''Amazona agilis'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>

Cockpit Country is also home to the [[Papilio homerus|Jamaican Swallowtail]], the largest butterfly in the Western hemisphere. Cockpit Country is one of the last remaining homes for the species.


==See also==
==See also==
[[Geography of Jamaica]]
* [[Geography of Jamaica]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:Jamaican Maroons]]
[[Category:Jamaican Maroons]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Geography of Trelawny Parish]]
[[Category:Geography of Trelawny Parish]]


{{Jamaica-geo-stub}}
{{Africandiaspora-stub}}

Latest revision as of 19:38, 5 November 2024

Cockpit Country
Geographical Region
Cockpit Country is located in Jamaica
Cockpit Country
Cockpit Country
Coordinates: 18°17′43″N 77°41′43″W / 18.295209°N 77.695313°W / 18.295209; -77.695313
CountryJamaica
ParishTrelawny
Named forTopology reminiscent of the shape of cock fighting dens.
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)

Cockpit Country is an area in Trelawny and Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Ann, Manchester and the northern tip of Clarendon parishes, mostly within the west-central side, of Jamaica. The land is marked by lush, montane forests and steep-sided valleys and hollows, as deep as 120 metres (390 ft) in places, separated by conical hills and ridges.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, maroons—the escapee former slaves (and their descendants) of the island's Spanish and British-operated sugarcane plantations—used this rugged terrain to their benefit, carving out an existence on their own, away from the violent slavers and colonial powers of the lowlands.[1]

History

[edit]

In the late seventeenth century, the Cockpit Country was a place of refuge for Jamaican Maroons fleeing slavery. During the course of the First Maroon War, there were two Leeward Maroon communities - Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) and Accompong Town. Cudjoe's Town was located in the mountains in the southern extremities of Saint James Parish, Jamaica, close to the border of Westmoreland Parish. Accompong is situated just to the south of Cudjoe's Town, on the border between Westmoreland and Saint Elizabeth Parish.[2]

When the Leeward Maroons signed a peace treaty in 1740, they assisted the colonial authorities in pursuing runaway slaves who sought refuge in the Cockpit Country. However, these runaways allied with Trelawny Town during the Second Maroon War. When the Maroons of Trelawny Town were deported in 1796, the Maroons of Accompong had difficulty policing the Cockpit Country, and several communities of runaway slaves established themselves there. After the removal of the Trelawny Maroons, the colonial militia built a barracks at their village, which they renamed Maroon Town, Jamaica.[3]

At the start of the nineteenth century, Cuffee established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country, and resisted attempts by the colonial authorities and the Maroons of Accompong Town to rout them. Then, in the second and third decades of the century, another group of runaway slaves from Trelawny Parish set up a community in the Cockpit Country at Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come. They also succeeded in resisting attempts by the colonial militias and Accompong Town to rout them. During the Baptist War of 1831–2, more slaves ran away and found freedom in the Cockpit Country.[4]

Accompong Town is an indigenous Maroon community that still has a certain recognized autonomy under the independent Jamaican government.

Geography

[edit]

On the north, the main defining feature is the fault-based "Escarpment", a long ridge that extends from Flagstaff in the west, through Windsor in the centre, to Campbells and the start of the Barbecue Bottom Road (B10). The Barbecue Bottom Road, which runs north–south, high along the side of a deep, fault-based valley in the east, is the only drivable route across the Cockpit Country. Walkers and riders can use two old, historical trails cross further west, the Troy Trail, and the Quick Step Trail. As of 2006 they are seldom used and difficult to find.

In the southwest, near Quick Step, is the district known as the "Land of Look Behind." It was so named because Spanish horsemen venturing into this region of hostile escaped slaves were said to have ridden two to a mount, one rider facing to the rear to keep a precautionary watch against ambush.

Where the ridges between sinkholes in the plateau area have dissolved, flat-bottomed basins or valleys have been formed that are filled with terra rosa soils, some of the most productive on the island. The largest basin is the Vale of Clarendon, 80 kilometres (50 mi) long and 32 kilometres (20 mi) wide. Queen of Spains Valley, Nassau Valley, and Cave Valley were formed by the same process.

Shallow caves, known locally as cockpits, are particularly common around the hamlet of Quick Step, reaching a density of 15 per km2.[5] Noteworthy caves include Marta Tick Cave[6] and Minocal's Glory Hole.[7] Ecotourism has been proposed for the hamlet of Quick Step, at the end of the road into the heart of Cockpit County.[8]

Environment

[edit]

The Cockpit Country is Jamaica's largest remaining contiguous rainforest. Cockpit Country Forest Reserve was designated in 1950, and covers an area of 221.75 km2.[9] In 1979 an unpublished paper proposed preserving the area as a National Park.[10] In 1994 the geographer Alan Eyre[11] proposed that the Cockpit Country be designated as a World Heritage Site to preserve its environment. A petition for protection of the area was submitted to Prime Minister Bruce Golding in 2006. As of April 2013, public consultations have begun on the definition of the boundary proposed in a recently released study by Mitchell, Miller, Ganapathy, and Spence of the University of the West Indies (UWI).

Wildlife

[edit]

Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus, a small, critically endangered frog species, is known only from the Cockpit Country.[12][13] Cockpit Country hosts 90% of the global population of black-billed amazon, a parrot endemic to Jamaica.[14] Cockpit Country is also home to the Jamaican swallowtail, the largest butterfly in the Western Hemisphere. Cockpit Country is one of the last remaining homes for the species. The area has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of many Jamaican bird species.[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Jamaican Maroon Wars: Liberated Slaves vs. British". History Dose (YouTube). 23 October 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  2. ^ Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
  3. ^ Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
  4. ^ Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
  5. ^ Jamaica Underground: The Caves, Sinkholes and Underground Rivers of the Island, by Alan Fincham (page 31).
  6. ^ "Marta Tick Cave, Quick Step, Jamaica".
  7. ^ "Minocal's Glory Hole - Quick Step, Jamaica".
  8. ^ "Quickstep".
  9. ^ UNEP-WCMC (2020). Protected Area Profile for Cockpit Country from the World Database of Protected Areas, December 2020. Accessed 31 December 2020. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net
  10. ^ Cotterell "The Proposed Development of the Cockpit Country." Unpublished. NRCD, Kingston, Jamaica. 1979.
  11. ^ Eyre, Slow Death of a Tropical Rainforest: The Cockpit Country of Jamaica, West Indies, 1994
  12. ^ Hedges, B.; Koenig, S. & Wilson, B. (2004). "Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T7148A12831445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T7148A12831445.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  13. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus Crombie, 1977". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Amazona agilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22686231A180748265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686231A180748265.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Cockpit Country". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
[edit]
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18°17′43″N 77°41′43″W / 18.2952094°N 77.6953125°W / 18.2952094; -77.6953125

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