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Cessair^[1] or Cesair (Modern Irish: Ceasair, meaning 'sorrow, affliction') is a character from a medieval Irish origin myth, best known from the 11th-century chronicle text Lebor Gabála Érenn. According to the Lebor Gabála, she was the leader of the first inhabitants of Ireland, arriving before the Biblical flood.^[2] The tale may have been an attempt to Christianize an earlier pagan myth.^[2]

Overview

According to the Lebor Gabála, Cessair was the daughter of Noah's non-Biblical son Bith and his wife Birren.^[2] Cessair's father's name, 'Bith', is derived from the proto-Celtic Bitu-, which can mean "world", "life", or "age" (cf. Bituitus).^[3]

In some versions of the tale, Noah tells them to go to the western edge of the world to escape the coming flood. In other versions, after being denied a place on Noah's Ark, Cessair tells her people to create an idol to advise them. This idol tells them to escape the flood by sailing to Ireland. They set out in three ships and reach Ireland after a long journey. However, when they attempt to land, two of the ships are lost. The only survivors are Cessair,^[4] forty-nine other women, and three men: Fintan mac Bóchra, Bith, and Ladra.^[5]

According to the Annals of the Four Masters, they landed in Ireland at Dún na mBarc on Bantry Bay forty days before the flood, in Age of the World 2242.^[6]^[7] According to Seathrún Céitinn's chronology, they arrived in 2361 BC.

The tale continues with the women being shared evenly among the men. Each man had one woman as his primary wife: Fintán with Cessair, Bith with Bairrfhind, Ladra with Alba. Bith and Ladra soon die, and Fintán is left with all of the women. However, he is unable to cope and flees to a cave in the mountains. Fintán is the only survivor when the Flood eventually comes. He shapeshifts into a one-eyed salmon, then an eagle, and then finally a hawk. He lives for 5,500 years after the flood, becomes a man again, and recounts Ireland's history to the High King Diarmait mac Cerbaill.^[8] Fintán is thus similar to the character Tuan mac Cairill.

According to legend, Cessair died at Cúil Ceasra(ch) in Connacht and a cairn, Carn Ceasra(ch), was raised over her body. It has been speculated that this cairn is near Boyle in County Roscommon, or that it is Cnoc Meadha in County Galway.

Other versions

Archaeologist J. P. Mallory has a different version of the tale, in which there are 150 women and three men. The first man dies and is buried in Wexford. The second man then has 100 women and soon dies of exhaustion. The 150 women chase the remaining man, who saves himself by jumping into the sea and turning into a salmon.^[9]

An earlier version of the tale, allegedly found in the Cín Dromma Snechtai, says that the first woman in Ireland was Banba. She arrived with her two sisters, Fódla and Ériu, three men, and fifty women.^[10] Banba, Fódla, and Ériu were a trio of Irish land goddesses. Their husbands were Mac Cuill (son of hazel), Mac Cecht (son of the plow), and Mac Gréine (son of the Sun), respectively. It is likely that Cessair, Bairrfhind, and Alba are Christianized replacements for the three goddesses and that Fintán, Bith, and Ladra are replacements for the three gods.^[11]^[12] Fintán/Mac Cuill may also be linked to the Salmon of Knowledge, which gains all the world's knowledge after eating nine hazelnuts that fell into a well. The women who accompany Cessair appear by their names to represent the world's ancestral mothers. They included 'Alba' (British), 'German' (Germans), 'Espa' (Spanish), 'Triage' (Thracians), 'Gothiam' (Goths), and so forth. Thus "their arrival can be read as creating a microcosm of the whole world's population in Ireland". Several other companions echo the names of ancient Irish goddesses.^[12]

Seathrún Céitinn also refers to a legend in which three fishermen from Iberia—Capa, Lavigne, and Luasad—were driven to Ireland by a storm a year before the flood. They liked Ireland and returned home to collect their wives. They returned shortly before the flood and were drowned.

According to another medieval Irish legend, Cessair is also the name of the King of Gallia's daughter. She married the High King of Ireland, Úgaine Mór, in either the 5th or 6th century BC.

Preceded by none	Mythical settlers of Ireland AFM 2958 BC [1] FFE 2361 BC [2]	Succeeded by Partholón

References

Citations

^ "Cessair". Nameberry. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cesair 1," A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. James McKillop. Oxford University Press, 1998.
^ "Old Irish Online".
^ "Cessair".
^ "Cessair, Her Name". www-leland.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Annal 2242 [the Annals do not attempt to ascribe BC dates to these events]
^ Oosten, Jarich G. (5 March 2015). The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-55583-4.
^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 224
^ Mallory, J. P. The Origins of the Irish. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. ch. 7. ISBN 9780500051757
^ Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 165
^ Carey, John. The Irish National Origin-Legend: Synthetic Pseudohistory Archived 2021-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge, 1994. p. 21
^ ^a ^b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 85

Sources

John O'Donovan (ed) (1848–1851), Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters Vol 1
D. Comyn & P. S. Dineen (eds) (1902–1914), The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating
James MacKillop (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
The Kirwans of Castlehacket, Co. Galway:History, folklore, and mythology in an Irish horseracing family, Ronan Lynch, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2006. ISBN 1-84682-028-6

This page or section lists people that share the same given name.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

[1] "Cessair". Nameberry. Retrieved 7 November 2018.

[DCM-2] "Cesair 1," A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. James McKillop. Oxford University Press, 1998.

[3] "Old Irish Online".

[4] "Cessair".

[5] "Cessair, Her Name". www-leland.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2 June 2020.

[6] Annal 2242 [the Annals do not attempt to ascribe BC dates to these events]

[7] Oosten, Jarich G. (5 March 2015). The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-55583-4.

[8] Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 224

[9] Mallory, J. P. The Origins of the Irish. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. ch. 7. ISBN 9780500051757

[10] Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 165

[11] Carey, John. The Irish National Origin-Legend: Synthetic Pseudohistory Archived 2021-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge, 1994. p. 21

[monaghan85-12] Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 85

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
-{{Multiple issues|
+'''Cessair<ref>{{cite web |title=Cessair |url=https://nameberry.com/babyname/Cessair |website=Nameberry |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref>''' or '''Cesair''' ({{langx|ga|label=[[Modern Irish]]|'''Ceasair'''}}, meaning 'sorrow, affliction') is a character from a [[medieval]] [[Ireland|Irish]] [[origin myth]], best known from the 11th-century chronicle text ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]''. According to the ''Lebor Gabála'', she was the leader of the first inhabitants of Ireland, arriving before the [[Genesis flood narrative|Biblical flood]].<ref name=DCM>"Cesair 1," A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. James McKillop. [[Oxford University Press]], 1998.</ref> The tale may have been an attempt to [[Christianisation|Christianize]] an earlier [[Paganism|pagan]] myth.<ref name=DCM/>
-{{More footnotes|date=October 2010}}
-{{Copy edit|date=May 2020}}
-}}
-'''Cessair<ref>{{cite web |title=Cessair |url=https://nameberry.com/babyname/Cessair |website=Nameberry |accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref>''' or '''Cesair''' (spelled '''Ceasair''' in modern Irish; Anglicized '''Kesair''', {{respell|KAH-seer}}, meaning sorrow, affliction) is a character from the ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'', a medieval Christian pseudohistory of Ireland. According to the ''Lebor Gabála'', Cessair was the leader of the first inhabitants of [[Ireland]], before the [[Genesis flood narrative|biblical flood]].<ref name=DCM>"Cesair 1," A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. James McKillop. [[Oxford University Press]], 1998</ref> The tale may be an attempt to [[Christianisation|Christianize]] an earlier [[Paganism|pagan]] myth,<ref name=DCM/> but may also be the product of post-conversion [[Pseudohistory#:~:text=He states that: "Pseudohistory is,the claims of the ancients|pseudohistory]].
 ==Overview==
-According to the ''Lebor Gabála'', Cessair was the daughter of [[Noah]]'s (non-Biblical) son Bith and his wife Birren.<ref name=DCM/> Cessair's father's name, Bith, is derived from the [[Proto-Celtic]] ''Bitu''-, which was a common prefix in the names of [[Gauls|Gaulish]] and [[Insular Celts|Insular]] kings, and which can be interpreted to mean "world", "life", or "age" in [[Old Irish]] (cf. [[Bituitus]]).<ref>https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol_base_form_dictionary/iriol/17</ref> In some versions of the tale, Noah tells them to go to the western edge of the world to escape the coming flood. In other versions, after being denied a place on [[Noah's Ark]], Cessair tells her people to create an [[Idolatry|idol]] to advise them. This idol tells them to escape the flood by sailing to Ireland. They set out in three ships and reach Ireland after a long journey. However, when they attempt to land, two of the ships are lost. The only survivors are Cessair<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cessair|url=http://myths.mzzhost.com/greek_cess.html?i=1|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>, forty-nine other women, and three men: [[Fintan mac Bóchra]], Bith, and Ladra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cessair, Her Name|url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~meehan/donnelly/name.html|website=www-leland.stanford.edu|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>
+According to the ''Lebor Gabála'', Cessair was the daughter of [[Noah]]'s non-Biblical son Bith and his wife Birren.<ref name=DCM/> Cessair's father's name, 'Bith', is derived from the [[proto-Celtic]] ''Bitu''-, which can mean "world", "life", or "age" (cf. [[Bituitus]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol_base_form_dictionary/iriol/17|title = Old Irish Online}}</ref>
+In some versions of the tale, Noah tells them to go to the western edge of the world to escape the coming flood. In other versions, after being denied a place on [[Noah's Ark]], Cessair tells her people to create an [[Idolatry|idol]] to advise them. This idol tells them to escape the flood by sailing to Ireland. They set out in three ships and reach Ireland after a long journey. However, when they attempt to land, two of the ships are lost. The only survivors are Cessair,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cessair|url=http://myths.mzzhost.com/greek_cess.html?i=1}}</ref> forty-nine other women, and three men: [[Fintan mac Bóchra]], Bith, and Ladra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cessair, Her Name|url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~meehan/donnelly/name.html|website=www-leland.stanford.edu|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>
-According to the [[Annals of the Four Masters]], they landed in Ireland at {{lang|gle|italic=no|Dún na mBarc}} (on [[Bantry Bay]]) forty days before the flood in Age of the World 2242<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/index.html Annal 2242] [the Annals do not attempt to ascribe [[Anno Domini|BC dates]] to these events]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oosten|first=Jarich G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw7wBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT108&ots=_qaC_t_t1z&dq=cessair%20name%20.edu&pg=PT108#v=onepage&q=cessair&f=false|title=The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology|date=2015-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-55583-4|language=en}}</ref>. According to [[Seathrún Céitinn]]'s chronology, they arrived in 2361 BC.
+According to the [[Annals of the Four Masters]], they landed in Ireland at {{lang|ga|italic=no|Dún na mBarc}} on [[Bantry Bay]] forty days before the flood, in [[Anno Mundi|Age of the World]] 2242.<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/index.html Annal 2242] [the Annals do not attempt to ascribe [[Anno Domini|BC dates]] to these events]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oosten|first=Jarich G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw7wBgAAQBAJ&q=cessair&pg=PT108|title=The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology|date=2015-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-55583-4|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Seathrún Céitinn]]'s chronology, they arrived in 2361 BC.
-The tale continues with the women being shared evenly among the men. Each man also has one woman as his primary wife: Fintán with Cessair, Bith with Bairrfhind, Ladra with Alba. Bith and Ladra soon die and Ladra becomes the first man to be buried in Ireland. Fintán is left with all of the women, but he is unable to cope and flees. After the Flood comes, Fintán is the only survivor. He becomes a salmon then an eagle and finally a hawk. He lives for another 5,500 years after the flood, becomes a man again and recounts Ireland's history.
+The tale continues with the women being shared evenly among the men. Each man had one woman as his primary wife: Fintán with Cessair, Bith with Bairrfhind, Ladra with Alba. Bith and Ladra soon die, and Fintán is left with all of the women. However, he is unable to cope and flees to [[Fintan's Grave|a cave in the mountains]]. Fintán is the only survivor when the Flood eventually comes. He [[shapeshift]]s into a one-eyed salmon, then an eagle, and then finally a hawk. He lives for 5,500 years after the flood, becomes a man again, and recounts Ireland's history to the High King [[Diarmait mac Cerbaill]].<ref>Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition''. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.&nbsp;224</ref> Fintán is thus similar to the character [[Tuan mac Cairill]].
-According to legend, Cessair died at {{lang|gle|Cúil Ceasra(ch)}} in [[Connacht]] and a [[cairn]], {{lang|gle|Carn Ceasra(ch)}}, was raised over her body. It has been speculated that this cairn is near [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]] in [[County Roscommon]], or that it is [[Cnoc Meadha]] in [[County Galway]].
+According to legend, Cessair died at {{lang|ga|Cúil Ceasra(ch)}} in [[Connacht]] and a [[cairn]], {{lang|ga|Carn Ceasra(ch)}}, was raised over her body. It has been speculated that this cairn is near [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]] in [[County Roscommon]], or that it is [[Cnoc Meadha]] in [[County Galway]].
-Archaeologist [[J.P. Mallory]] has a different version of the tale, in which there are 150 women, and 3 men. The first man dies and is buried in Wexford. The second man then has 100 women and soon dies of exhaustion. The 150 women chase the remaining man, who saves himself by jumping into the sea and turning into a salmon.<ref>J.P. Mallory, ''The Origins of the Irish'', Thames & Hudson (2013), Chapter Seven {{ISBN|9780500051757}} </ref>
+== Other versions ==
-An earlier version of the tale, allegedly found in the [[Cín Dromma Snechtai]], says that it was [[Banba]] who first came to Ireland with her two sisters, three men and fifty women.<ref>[[John T. Koch|Koch, John T.]]. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.165</ref> Banba, [[Fódla]], and [[Ériu]] were [[Triple deity|a trio]] of land goddesses and their husbands were [[Mac Cuill]] (son of hazel), [[Mac Cecht]] (son of the plow), and [[Mac Gréine]] (son of the Sun). It is likely that Cessair, Bairrfhind, and Alba are Christianized replacements for the three goddesses and that Fintán, Bith, and Ladra are replacements for the three gods.<ref>[[John Carey (Celticist)|Carey, John]]. [http://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/JCarey_QuigginPamphletsI.pdf ''The Irish National Origin-Legend: Synthetic Pseudohistory'']. [[University of Cambridge]], 1994. p.21</ref><ref name=monaghan85>Monaghan, Patricia. ''The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore''. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.85</ref> Fintán/Mac Cuill may also be linked to the [[Salmon of Knowledge]], which gains all the world's knowledge after eating nine hazelnuts that fell into [[Connla's Well|a well]]. The women who accompany Cessair appear by their names to represent the world's ancestral mothers. They included German ([[Germans]]), Espa ([[Spaniards|Spanish]]), Alba ([[British people|British]]), Traige ([[Thracians]]), Gothiam ([[Goths]]), and so forth. Thus "their arrival can be read as creating a microcosm of the whole world's population in Ireland". Several other companions echo the names of ancient Irish goddesses.<ref name=monaghan85/>
+Archaeologist [[J. P. Mallory]] has a different version of the tale, in which there are 150 women and three men. The first man dies and is buried in Wexford. The second man then has 100 women and soon dies of exhaustion. The 150 women chase the remaining man, who saves himself by jumping into the sea and turning into a salmon.<ref>[[J. P. Mallory|Mallory, J. P.]] ''The Origins of the Irish''. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. ch.&nbsp;7. {{ISBN|9780500051757}}</ref>
+An earlier version of the tale, allegedly found in the ''[[Cín Dromma Snechtai]]'', says that the first woman in Ireland was [[Banba]]. She arrived with her two sisters, [[Fódla]] and [[Ériu]], three men, and fifty women.<ref>[[John T. Koch|Koch, John T.]] ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.&nbsp;165</ref> Banba, Fódla, and Ériu were a [[Triple deity|trio]] of Irish land goddesses. Their husbands were [[Mac Cuill]] (son of hazel), [[Mac Cecht]] (son of the plow), and [[Mac Gréine]] (son of the Sun), respectively. It is likely that Cessair, Bairrfhind, and Alba are Christianized replacements for the three goddesses and that Fintán, Bith, and Ladra are replacements for the three gods.<ref>[[John Carey (Celticist)|Carey, John]]. [https://sulis.ucc.ie/cdi/wp-content/uploads/textarchive/Carey_QuigginPamphletsI.pdf ''The Irish National Origin-Legend: Synthetic Pseudohistory''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426123429/https://sulis.ucc.ie/cdi/wp-content/uploads/textarchive/Carey_QuigginPamphletsI.pdf |date=2021-04-26 }}. [[Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge]], 1994. p.&nbsp;21</ref><ref name=monaghan85>Monaghan, Patricia. ''The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore''. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.&nbsp;85</ref> Fintán/Mac Cuill may also be linked to the [[Salmon of Knowledge]], which gains all the world's knowledge after eating nine hazelnuts that fell into [[Connla's Well|a well]]. The women who accompany Cessair appear by their names to represent the world's ancestral mothers. They included 'Alba' ([[Celtic Britons|British]]), 'German' ([[Germans]]), 'Espa' ([[Spaniards|Spanish]]), 'Triage' ([[Thracians]]), 'Gothiam' ([[Goths]]), and so forth. Thus "their arrival can be read as creating a microcosm of the whole world's population in Ireland". Several other companions echo the names of ancient Irish goddesses.<ref name=monaghan85/>
-Seathrún Céitinn also refers to a legend in which three fishermen from [[Iberia]]—Capa, Laigne, and Luasad—were driven to Ireland by a storm a year before the flood. They liked Ireland and returned home to collect their wives. They returned shortly before the flood and were drowned.
+Seathrún Céitinn also refers to a legend in which three fishermen from [[Iberia]]—Capa, Lavigne, and Luasad—were driven to Ireland by a storm a year before the flood. They liked Ireland and returned home to collect their wives. They returned shortly before the flood and were drowned.
-==In other mythology==
-According to another medieval Irish legend, Cessair is also the name of the King of [[Gaul|Gallia's]] daughter, who married the [[High King of Ireland]], [[Úgaine Mór]], in the 6th or 5th century BC.
+According to another medieval Irish legend, Cessair is also the name of the King of [[Gaul|Gallia]]'s daughter. She married the [[High King of Ireland]], [[Úgaine Mór]], in either the 5th or 6th century BC.
 {{S-start}}
 {{s-bef|before=none}}
-{{s-ttl|title=[[Lebor Gabála Érenn|Mythical settlers of Ireland]]|years=[[Annals of the Four Masters|AFM]] 2958 BC [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100054/text010.html]<br>[[Geoffrey Keating|FFE]] 2361 BC [http://www.exclassics.com/ceitinn/for6.htm]}}
+{{s-ttl|title=[[Lebor Gabála Érenn|Mythical settlers of Ireland]]|years=[[Annals of the Four Masters|AFM]] 2958 BC [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100054/text010.html]<br />[[Geoffrey Keating|FFE]] 2361 BC [http://www.exclassics.com/ceitinn/for6.htm]}}
 {{s-aft|after=[[Partholón]]}}
 {{s-end}}
 ==References==
+===Citations===
 {{Reflist}}
+===Sources===
 *John O'Donovan (ed) (1848–1851), ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/index.html Vol 1]
 *D. Comyn & P. S. Dineen (eds) (1902–1914), [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/index.html ''The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating'']
 *James MacKillop (1998), ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology''
-*''The Kirwans of Castlehacket, Co. Galway:History, folklore and mythology in an Irish horseracing family'', Ronan Lynch, [[Four Courts Press]], [[Dublin]], 2006. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-84682-028-6|1-84682-028-6]]
+*''The Kirwans of Castlehacket, Co. Galway:History, folklore, and mythology in an Irish horseracing family'', Ronan Lynch, [[Four Courts Press]], [[Dublin]], 2006. {{ISBN|1-84682-028-6}}
 {{Celtic mythology (Mythological)}}
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 {{given name|Cessair|nocat}}
 {{Subject bar |portal1= History |portal2= Ireland}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Cessair}}
-[[Category:Mythological cycle]]
+[[Category:Mythological Cycle]]
-[[Category:Irish women]]
+[[Category:Women in Irish mythology]]
 [[Category:Flood myths]]
-[[Category:Christian folklore]]
 [[Category:Noah's Ark]]