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{{Short description|Irish writer, novelist and essayist (1874–1920)}}
'''Mary E. L. Butler''' (1874-1920) ({{lang-ga|'''Máire de Buitléir'''}}) was an Irish writer and Irish-language activist.
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Irish English|date=August 2020}}
'''Mary E. L. Butler''' (1874-1920) ({{langx|ga|'''Máire de Buitléir'''}}) was an Irish writer and Irish-language activist.
[[File:Marriage Certificate - Thomas O'Nolan and Mary Butler.pdf|thumb|Marriage Certificate - 1907]]
[[File:Marriage Certificate - Thomas O'Nolan and Mary Butler.pdf|thumb|Marriage Certificate - 1907]]
Mary Butler was the daughter of Peter Lambert Butler and the granddaughter of William Butler of Bunnahow, [[County Clare]].<ref>''Irish Peasant'', 17 March 1906 - Women members of the Coiste Gnótha (the League Executive)</ref> She was a close relative of [[Edward Carson]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://republican-news.org/archive/1999/September30/30hist.html|title=AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS|website=republican-news.org|access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref> In order to learn Irish she made several visits to the Aran Islands. According to her memoirs, which are in a Benedictine monastery in France, she was converted to the nationalist cause after reading [[John Mitchel]]'s ''Jail Journal''.
Mary Ellen Butler was the daughter of Peter Lambert Butler and the granddaughter of William Butler of Bunnahow, [[County Clare]].<ref>''Irish Peasant'', 17 March 1906 - Women members of the Coiste Gnótha (the League Executive)</ref> She was a first cousin (once removed) of [[Edward Carson]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://republican-news.org/archive/1999/September30/30hist.html|title=AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS|website=republican-news.org|access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref> In order to learn Irish she made several visits to the Aran Islands. According to her memoirs, which are in a Benedictine monastery in France, she was converted to the nationalist cause after reading [[John Mitchel]]'s ''Jail Journal''.


From 1899 to 1904 she edited a [[women's page]] and also a children's page in the ''Irish Weekly Independent''. She promoted the nationalist cause in both. She joined the [[Gaelic League]], where she met Irish-language enthusiasts such as Evelyn Donovan, [[Agnes O'Farrelly]] and [[Máire Ní Chinnéide]], and spent several years on its executive.<ref>Agnes O'Farrelly, ''Smaointe ar Árainn/Thoughts on Aran'', ed. Ríona Nic Congáil (2010), p. 15</ref>
From 1899 to 1904 she edited a [[women's page]] and also a children's page in the ''Irish Weekly Independent''. She promoted the nationalist cause in both. She joined the [[Gaelic League]], where she met Irish-language enthusiasts such as Evelyn Donovan, [[Agnes O'Farrelly]] and [[Máire Ní Chinnéide]], and spent several years on its executive.<ref>Agnes O'Farrelly, ''Smaointe ar Árainn/Thoughts on Aran'', ed. Ríona Nic Congáil (2010), p. 15</ref>


In 1907, she married Thomas O'Nolan, who died in 1913.{{cn}}
In 1907, she married Thomas O'Nolan, who died in 1913.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


She was a close friend of [[Arthur Griffith]] and in a letter of condolence which Griffith wrote to her sister from Mountjoy Jail in 1920 he states that Mary Butler was the first person to suggest to him the name [[Sinn Féin]] as the title of the new organisation which he had founded.<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Snodaigh|first1=Aengus|title=Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin|url=http://republican-news.org/archive/1999/September30/30hist.html|website=An Phoblacht/Republican News|accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
She was a close friend of [[Arthur Griffith]] and in a letter of condolence which Griffith wrote to her sister from Mountjoy Jail in 1920 he states that Mary Butler was the first person to suggest to him the name [[Sinn Féin]] as the title of the new organisation which he had founded.<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Snodaigh|first1=Aengus|title=Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin|url=http://republican-news.org/archive/1999/September30/30hist.html|website=An Phoblacht/Republican News|accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
Line 12: Line 15:


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
The Butlers of County Clare were a landowning family that had remained Catholic.<ref>Biletz, F. (2012). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler. . Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler</ref> Father Peter had been educated in France and was always at home in French as in English or Irish.<ref name="NLI" /> Mary's mother's family was purely Gaelic.<ref name="NLI" /> Mary's mother was Ellen Lambert of Castle Ellen, Co. Galway, and her younger sister Isabella, was mother of Lord (better known as Sir Edward) Carson.<ref>Clare Genealogy: The butlers of county Clare: Bunnahow; Walterstown; Kilcommon and Ballyline; Doonbeg. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/butlers/bunnahow.htm</ref> Thus Edward Carson, who became the intransigent leader of Ulster unionism <ref>Boyd, W. (2014, January 10). Edward Carson’s long shadow. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from The Irish Times, http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/edward-carson-s-long-shadow-1.1649952
The Butlers of County Clare were a landowning family that had remained Catholic, unlike other branches of the same family.<ref>Biletz, F. (2012). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler; retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler</ref> Her father, Peter, had been educated in France and was always at home in French as in English or Irish.{{fact|date=August 2020}}
</ref> was Mary's cousin.


The family of her mother, Ellen Lambert of Castle Ellen, County Galway, remained staunchly Gaelic. Her younger sister, Isabella, however, was, interestingly, the mother of Lord (better known as Sir) [[Edward Carson]].<ref>Clare Genealogy: The butlers of county Clare: Bunnahow; Walterstown; Kilcommon and Ballyline; Doonbeg; retrieved 16 November 2016, from http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/butlers/bunnahow.htm</ref>
Mary's early education was first conducted at home and the way was carefully prepared for the masters' tuition.<ref name="NLI" /> During the Land League agitation of the late 1870s and early 1880s, Butler was educated at Alexandra College, Dublin, a school attended largely by young women of Protestant background,<ref name="Biletz, F. 2002">Biletz, F. (2002). Women and Irish-Ireland: The Domestic Nationalism of Mary Butler. New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua, 6(1), 59-72.</ref> where she had the advantage of having native masters for the French, Italian, and German languages which she studied with enthusiasm.<ref name="NLI">{{cite web|title=Life of Mary E. L. Butler|url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_050629|website=National Library Ireland|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> According to "A Life of Mary Butler", a marked characteristic of her young days and one that grew with her growth, was her intense love of home ties.<ref name="NLI" /> Butler's conversion to nationalism resulted from a chance encounter with the writings of Young Ireland, and like many blossoming cultural nationalists, she immersed herself in the culture of the western part of the country, visiting the Aran Islands on several occasions.<ref>Dworkin, D.L. (Ed.). (2012). ''Ireland and Britain'', 1798-1922. USA:Hackett Publishing.</ref>
Thus, Edward Carson, who became the symbol of Ulster Unionism,<ref>Boyd, W. (10 January 2014). "Edward Carson’s long shadow"; retrieved 23 November 2016, ''The Irish Times'', http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/edward-carson-s-long-shadow-1.1649952
</ref> was a cousin of Mary Butler. Her early education was first conducted at home and the way was carefully prepared for the masters' tuition.<ref name="NLI"/>

During the Land League agitation of the late 1870s and early 1880s, Butler was educated at Alexandra College, Dublin, a school attended largely by young women of Protestant background,<ref name="Biletz, F. 2002">Biletz, F. (2002). Women and Irish-Ireland: The Domestic Nationalism of Mary Butler. New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua, 6(1), 59-72.</ref> where she had the advantage of having native masters for the French, Italian, and German languages which she studied with enthusiasm.<ref name="NLI">{{cite web|title=Life of Mary E. L. Butler|url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_050629|website=National Library Ireland|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref>

According to ''A Life of Mary Butler'', a marked characteristic of her young days and one that grew with her growth, was her intense love of home ties.<ref name="NLI" /> Butler's conversion to nationalism resulted from a chance encounter with the writings of Young Ireland, and like many blossoming cultural nationalists, she immersed herself in the culture of the western part of the country, visiting the Aran Islands on several occasions.<ref>Dworkin, D.L. (Ed.). (2012). ''Ireland and Britain'', 1798-1922. USA:Hackett Publishing.</ref>


==Activism==
==Activism==
Mary E.L Butler was a member of the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], serving for several years on its League Executive, but unlike other notable female members such as [[Constance Markievicz|Countess Markevich]] and [[Maud Gonne]], Mary did not seek an “assertive public role”.<ref name=":1">Biletz, F. (2016). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler. . Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler</ref> Butler was not a professed feminist.<ref name=":1" /> Mary believed that in order for women to progress in Ireland they must progress within the limits of conservative Ireland. Mary approaches much of her writings from a gender related viewpoint, making much reference to the domestic side of activism.
Butler was a member of the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], serving for several years on its League Executive, but unlike other notable female members such as [[Constance Markievicz|Countess Markevich]] and [[Maud Gonne]], Mary did not seek an "assertive public role".<ref name=":1">Biletz, F. (2016). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler. . Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler</ref>
Butler was not a professed feminist.<ref name=":1" /> She believed that in order for women to progress in Ireland they must progress within the limits of conservative Ireland. She approached much of her writings from a gender related viewpoint, making much reference to the domestic side of activism.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


She wrote articles that appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, ''[[An Claidheamh Soluis]]'', as well as in the ''[[United Irishman]]'' and in other periodicals.<ref name=":2">''United Irishman'', January 1903</ref> Some were republished as pamphlets.<ref name=":3">e.g., "Irishwomen and the Home Language" and "Two Schools: A Contrast."</ref>
She wrote articles that appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, ''[[An Claidheamh Soluis]]'', as well as in the ''[[United Irishman]]'' and in other periodicals.<ref name=":2">''United Irishman'', January 1903</ref> Some were republished as pamphlets.<ref name=":3">e.g., "Irishwomen and the Home Language" and "Two Schools: A Contrast."</ref>


Butler's overriding goal was always the achievement of securing an Irish speaking Ireland. It is no surprise then that Mary had ties to [[Arthur Griffith]]. Griffith actually credited Mary with coining the term ‘[[Sinn Féin]]’.<ref name=":0" /> Mary focused mainly in her writings on nationalism but in a domestic context and underlined in much of her texts the important role of women in maintaining and promoting nationalism in the home.
Butler's overriding goal was always the achievement of securing an Irish speaking Ireland. It is no surprise then that Mary had ties to [[Arthur Griffith]]. Griffith actually credited Mary with coining the term ‘[[Sinn Féin]]’.<ref name=":0" /> She focused mainly in her writings on nationalism but in a domestic context and underlined in much of her texts the important role of women in maintaining and promoting nationalism in the home.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


==Writing==
==Writing==
Butler was a frequent contributor to the leading periodicals of "Irish Ireland". Her articles appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis, as well as in the United Irishman and in various Irish-American periodicals. She also wrote columns in the Irish weekly independent on issues concerning children's education and women's role in the movement.<ref>MacPherson, D. A. J. (2012). Women and the Irish Nation: Gender, Culture and Irish Identity, 1890-1914. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Many of her articles got issued separately as pamphlets among some of which were: "Irish woman and the Home language",<ref>Dworkin, D. L. (Ed.). (2012). Ireland and Britain, 1798-1922. Hackett Publishing.</ref> "Two schools: A contrast", "Womanhood and Nationhood".<ref>Steele, K. M. (2007). Women, press, and politics during the Irish Revival. Syracuse University Press.</ref>

Mary E. L. Butler was a frequent contributor to the leading periodicals of “Irish Ireland”. In many of her articles there, Butler expressed her nationalism side by focusing her writings on the importance of women's role in building an independent Irish nation. She believed that activities undertaken within the boundaries of Irish people's homes are an essential step into achieving an Irish-speaking Ireland. Besides bringing up their children to speak the national language, Irish women could also teach them pride in the national history.

Her articles appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis, as well as in the United Irishman and in various Irish-American periodicals. She also wrote columns in the Irish weekly independent on issues concerning children's education and women's role in the movement.<ref>MacPherson, D. A. J. (2012). Women and the Irish Nation: Gender, Culture and Irish Identity, 1890-1914. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Many of her articles got issued separately as pamphlets among some of which were: “Irish woman and the Home language”,<ref>Dworkin, D. L. (Ed.). (2012). Ireland and Britain, 1798-1922. Hackett Publishing.</ref> “Two schools: A contrast”, “Womanhood and Nationhood”.<ref>Steele, K. M. (2007). Women, press, and politics during the Irish Revival. Syracuse University Press.</ref>


Butler also wrote fiction, publishing a collection of stories “A Bundle of Rushes” in 1900. In 1906 her first novel “The Ring of Day” was serialized in the Irish Peasant, before being published in a book form a year later. The book focused on a young woman's conversion to the cause of Irish-Ireland and may be largely taken as a self-portrait.<ref>''The Ring of Day''. London: Hutchinson and Company, 1906</ref>
Butler also wrote fiction, publishing a collection of stories “A Bundle of Rushes” in 1900. In 1906 her first novel “The Ring of Day” was serialized in the Irish Peasant, before being published in a book form a year later. The book focused on a young woman's conversion to the cause of Irish-Ireland and may be largely taken as a self-portrait.<ref>''The Ring of Day''. London: Hutchinson and Company, 1906</ref>


==Religion and her relationship with France and Rome==
==Religion==
Butler was a devout Catholic, as shown by the fact that she was a frequent contributor to the Bulletin and other Catholic periodicals.<ref name=":4">Alter, S. (1921). Notes from Rome (on the death in Rome of Máire de Buitléir - Mrs. O'Nolan). The Catholic bulletin, Vol. XI, 19-20.</ref> Despite her views on gender equality, Butler did believe that the Church promoted domesticated idea of women, although she believed women could still do a lot of work for the Irish language revival movement from the comfort of their own homes.<ref name="Biletz, F. 2002"/>
Butler was a devout Catholic, as shown by the fact that she was a frequent contributor to the Bulletin and other Catholic periodicals.<ref name=":4">Alter, S. (1921). Notes from Rome (on the death in Rome of Máire de Buitléir - Mrs. O'Nolan). The Catholic bulletin, Vol. XI, 19-20.</ref> Despite her views on gender equality, Butler did believe that the Church promoted domesticated idea of women, although she believed women could still do a lot of work for the Irish language revival movement from the comfort of their own homes.<ref name="Biletz, F. 2002"/>


She lived in Brittany, France for a while with her mother, before moving to Rome.<ref name=":4" /> Butler was very comfortable living in Brittany, as she viewed the native Bretons as having the same Celtic roots and sharing the same Catholic beliefs and strong level of faith as the Irish.<ref name=":4" /> In her writings for the Catholic Bulletin she also continuously compares the landscape to the west coast of Ireland, constantly remarking at how similar they are. She viewed France and Italy as two very free countries and allies of Ireland and she seemed to believe that Ireland should aspire to be more like them, in terms of politics.<ref name=":4" /> She also believed that the general populations of the two countries were very interested in the Irish political affairs of the time. Furthermore, she loved her time in Rome too, as the city had such a long and strong history of being connected with Catholicism and the ground was, as she said, “soaked with the blood of martyrs”.<ref name=":4" /> She was buried in the Catholic cemetery San Lorenzo in Rome on November 29, 1920.
She lived in Brittany, France for a while with her mother, before moving to Rome.<ref name=":4" /> Butler was very comfortable living in Brittany, as she viewed the native Bretons as having the same Celtic roots and sharing the same Catholic beliefs and strong level of faith as the Irish.<ref name=":4" />
In her writings for the ''Catholic Bulletin'', she also continuously compares the landscape to the west coast of Ireland, constantly remarking at how similar they are. She viewed France and Italy as two very free countries and allies of Ireland and she seemed to believe that Ireland should aspire to be more like them, in terms of politics.<ref name=":4" />
She believed that the general populations of the two countries were very interested in the Irish political affairs of the time. Furthermore, she loved her time in Rome too, as the city had such a long and strong history of being connected with Catholicism and the ground was, as she said, "soaked with the blood of martyrs".<ref name=":4"/> She was buried in the Catholic cemetery San Lorenzo in Rome on 29 November 1920.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

* Máire De Buitléir "Bean Athbheochana" by Mairéad Ní Chinnéide (Comhar 1993)
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Ní Chinnéide |first=Mairéad |title=Máire de Buitléir: Bean Athbheochana |publisher=LeabhairComhar |date= 1993}}
{{refend}}


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}
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[[Category:Irish novelists]]
[[Category:Irish novelists]]
[[Category:People from County Clare]]
[[Category:Writers from County Clare]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Alexandra College]]
[[Category:People educated at Alexandra College]]
[[Category:Women's page journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish women writers]]

Latest revision as of 05:59, 6 November 2024

Mary E. L. Butler (1874-1920) (Irish: Máire de Buitléir) was an Irish writer and Irish-language activist.

Marriage Certificate - 1907

Mary Ellen Butler was the daughter of Peter Lambert Butler and the granddaughter of William Butler of Bunnahow, County Clare.[1] She was a first cousin (once removed) of Edward Carson[2] In order to learn Irish she made several visits to the Aran Islands. According to her memoirs, which are in a Benedictine monastery in France, she was converted to the nationalist cause after reading John Mitchel's Jail Journal.

From 1899 to 1904 she edited a women's page and also a children's page in the Irish Weekly Independent. She promoted the nationalist cause in both. She joined the Gaelic League, where she met Irish-language enthusiasts such as Evelyn Donovan, Agnes O'Farrelly and Máire Ní Chinnéide, and spent several years on its executive.[3]

In 1907, she married Thomas O'Nolan, who died in 1913.[citation needed]

She was a close friend of Arthur Griffith and in a letter of condolence which Griffith wrote to her sister from Mountjoy Jail in 1920 he states that Mary Butler was the first person to suggest to him the name Sinn Féin as the title of the new organisation which he had founded.[4]

She died in Rome in 1920 and is buried there.

Early life and education

[edit]

The Butlers of County Clare were a landowning family that had remained Catholic, unlike other branches of the same family.[5] Her father, Peter, had been educated in France and was always at home in French as in English or Irish.[citation needed]

The family of her mother, Ellen Lambert of Castle Ellen, County Galway, remained staunchly Gaelic. Her younger sister, Isabella, however, was, interestingly, the mother of Lord (better known as Sir) Edward Carson.[6] Thus, Edward Carson, who became the symbol of Ulster Unionism,[7] was a cousin of Mary Butler. Her early education was first conducted at home and the way was carefully prepared for the masters' tuition.[8]

During the Land League agitation of the late 1870s and early 1880s, Butler was educated at Alexandra College, Dublin, a school attended largely by young women of Protestant background,[9] where she had the advantage of having native masters for the French, Italian, and German languages which she studied with enthusiasm.[8]

According to A Life of Mary Butler, a marked characteristic of her young days and one that grew with her growth, was her intense love of home ties.[8] Butler's conversion to nationalism resulted from a chance encounter with the writings of Young Ireland, and like many blossoming cultural nationalists, she immersed herself in the culture of the western part of the country, visiting the Aran Islands on several occasions.[10]

Activism

[edit]

Butler was a member of the Gaelic League, serving for several years on its League Executive, but unlike other notable female members such as Countess Markevich and Maud Gonne, Mary did not seek an "assertive public role".[11]

Butler was not a professed feminist.[11] She believed that in order for women to progress in Ireland they must progress within the limits of conservative Ireland. She approached much of her writings from a gender related viewpoint, making much reference to the domestic side of activism.[citation needed]

She wrote articles that appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis, as well as in the United Irishman and in other periodicals.[12] Some were republished as pamphlets.[13]

Butler's overriding goal was always the achievement of securing an Irish speaking Ireland. It is no surprise then that Mary had ties to Arthur Griffith. Griffith actually credited Mary with coining the term ‘Sinn Féin’.[2] She focused mainly in her writings on nationalism but in a domestic context and underlined in much of her texts the important role of women in maintaining and promoting nationalism in the home.[citation needed]

Writing

[edit]

Butler was a frequent contributor to the leading periodicals of "Irish Ireland". Her articles appeared frequently in the League's newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis, as well as in the United Irishman and in various Irish-American periodicals. She also wrote columns in the Irish weekly independent on issues concerning children's education and women's role in the movement.[14] Many of her articles got issued separately as pamphlets among some of which were: "Irish woman and the Home language",[15] "Two schools: A contrast", "Womanhood and Nationhood".[16]

Butler also wrote fiction, publishing a collection of stories “A Bundle of Rushes” in 1900. In 1906 her first novel “The Ring of Day” was serialized in the Irish Peasant, before being published in a book form a year later. The book focused on a young woman's conversion to the cause of Irish-Ireland and may be largely taken as a self-portrait.[17]

Religion

[edit]

Butler was a devout Catholic, as shown by the fact that she was a frequent contributor to the Bulletin and other Catholic periodicals.[18] Despite her views on gender equality, Butler did believe that the Church promoted domesticated idea of women, although she believed women could still do a lot of work for the Irish language revival movement from the comfort of their own homes.[9]

She lived in Brittany, France for a while with her mother, before moving to Rome.[18] Butler was very comfortable living in Brittany, as she viewed the native Bretons as having the same Celtic roots and sharing the same Catholic beliefs and strong level of faith as the Irish.[18]

In her writings for the Catholic Bulletin, she also continuously compares the landscape to the west coast of Ireland, constantly remarking at how similar they are. She viewed France and Italy as two very free countries and allies of Ireland and she seemed to believe that Ireland should aspire to be more like them, in terms of politics.[18]

She believed that the general populations of the two countries were very interested in the Irish political affairs of the time. Furthermore, she loved her time in Rome too, as the city had such a long and strong history of being connected with Catholicism and the ground was, as she said, "soaked with the blood of martyrs".[18] She was buried in the Catholic cemetery San Lorenzo in Rome on 29 November 1920.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Irish Peasant, 17 March 1906 - Women members of the Coiste Gnótha (the League Executive)
  2. ^ a b "AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS". republican-news.org. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  3. ^ Agnes O'Farrelly, Smaointe ar Árainn/Thoughts on Aran, ed. Ríona Nic Congáil (2010), p. 15
  4. ^ O'Snodaigh, Aengus. "Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin". An Phoblacht/Republican News. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  5. ^ Biletz, F. (2012). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler; retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler
  6. ^ Clare Genealogy: The butlers of county Clare: Bunnahow; Walterstown; Kilcommon and Ballyline; Doonbeg; retrieved 16 November 2016, from http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/butlers/bunnahow.htm
  7. ^ Boyd, W. (10 January 2014). "Edward Carson’s long shadow"; retrieved 23 November 2016, The Irish Times, http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/edward-carson-s-long-shadow-1.1649952
  8. ^ a b c "Life of Mary E. L. Butler". National Library Ireland. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  9. ^ a b Biletz, F. (2002). Women and Irish-Ireland: The Domestic Nationalism of Mary Butler. New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua, 6(1), 59-72.
  10. ^ Dworkin, D.L. (Ed.). (2012). Ireland and Britain, 1798-1922. USA:Hackett Publishing.
  11. ^ a b Biletz, F. (2016). Women and Irish-Ireland: The domestic nationalism of Mary Butler. . Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/412151/Women_and_Irish-Ireland_The_Domestic_Nationalism_of_Mary_Butler
  12. ^ United Irishman, January 1903
  13. ^ e.g., "Irishwomen and the Home Language" and "Two Schools: A Contrast."
  14. ^ MacPherson, D. A. J. (2012). Women and the Irish Nation: Gender, Culture and Irish Identity, 1890-1914. Palgrave Macmillan.
  15. ^ Dworkin, D. L. (Ed.). (2012). Ireland and Britain, 1798-1922. Hackett Publishing.
  16. ^ Steele, K. M. (2007). Women, press, and politics during the Irish Revival. Syracuse University Press.
  17. ^ The Ring of Day. London: Hutchinson and Company, 1906
  18. ^ a b c d e Alter, S. (1921). Notes from Rome (on the death in Rome of Máire de Buitléir - Mrs. O'Nolan). The Catholic bulletin, Vol. XI, 19-20.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Ní Chinnéide, Mairéad (1993). Máire de Buitléir: Bean Athbheochana. LeabhairComhar.