Jump to content

Kanonersky Tunnel: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 59°54′13″N 30°13′28″E / 59.90361°N 30.22444°E / 59.90361; 30.22444
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Isida2017 (talk | contribs)
67 edits
→History: enhanced translation
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);
 
(37 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox tunnel
{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Kanonersky Tunnel
|name = Kanonersky Tunnel
|image = Kanonerskiy tunnel.jpg
|image = Kanonersky tunnel.jpg
|caption = Underwater part of a tunnel
|caption = Island's entrance
|location = [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
|location = [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
|coordinates = {{coord|59|54|13|N|30|13|28|E|display=inline, title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|59|54|13|N|30|13|28|E|display=inline, title}}
Line 10: Line 10:
|end = [[Kanonersky Island]]
|end = [[Kanonersky Island]]
|startwork = 1970<ref name="spbgid.ru">{{cite news|url=http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php?news=2536|script-title=ru:Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года|date=2001-08-16|publisher=[http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php Saint Petersburg Business Guide]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
|startwork = 1970<ref name="spbgid.ru">{{cite news|url=http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php?news=2536|script-title=ru:Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года|date=2001-08-16|publisher=[http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php Saint Petersburg Business Guide]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
|open = 29 July 1983<ref name="Lengiprotrans">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenmgt.ru/object/|title=Lengiprotrans: objects|publisher=[[Lengiprotrans]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=Russia}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|opened = 29 July 1983<ref name="Lengiprotrans">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenmgt.ru/object/|title=Lengiprotrans: objects|publisher=[[Lengiprotrans]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=Russia}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|close = 1983 (three months)
|closed =
|owner = [[Saint Petersburg City Administration]]
|owner = [[Saint Petersburg City Administration]]
|operator = [[SUE "Mostotrest"]]<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|operator = [[SUE "Mostotrest"]]<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
Line 18: Line 18:
|toll =
|toll =
|vpd = 1500<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|vpd = 1500<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|construction = 1970-1983<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|construction = 1975-1983<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|length = {{Convert|927|m|ft}},<ref name="Addresses">{{cite journal|last=Kelner|first=Irina|author2=Alexei Kuznetsov|year=2004|journal=Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg]|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]|trans_title=Kanonersky Island |script-title=ru:Часть города / Канонерский остров|url=http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|accessdate=2009-11-04|language=Russian}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|{{Convert|647|m|ft}} (between portals)}}
|length = {{Convert|927|m|ft}},<ref name="Addresses">{{cite journal|last=Kelner|first=Irina|author2=Alexei Kuznetsov|year=2004|journal=Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg]|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]|trans-title=Kanonersky Island|script-title=ru:Часть города / Канонерский остров|url=http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|accessdate=2009-11-04|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082432/http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|archive-date=2011-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|{{Convert|647|m|ft}} (between portals)}}
|lanes = One in each part
|lanes = One in each part
|speed = {{Convert|60|km/h|mi/h}}
|speed = {{Convert|60|km/h|mi/h}}
|hielevation =
|hielevation =
|lowelevation =
|lowelevation =
|height = {{Convert|9.05|m|ft}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://undergroundexpert.info/issledovaniya-i-tehnologii/tehnologii/stroitelstvo-kanonerskogo-tonnelya/|title=Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений|website=undergroundexpert.info}}</ref>
|height =
|width = {{Convert|8.5|m|ft}} (roadway)
|width = {{Convert|13.3|m|ft}}<ref name="auto"/>
|grade =
|grade =
}}[[File:Kanonerskiy tunnel.jpg|thumb|Underwater part]]
}}
'''Kanonersky Tunnel''' ({{Langx|ru|Канонерский тоннель}})<ref>(an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures)</ref> is a [[tunnel]] under the [[:ru:Морской канал (Санкт-Петербург)|Sea Canal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanonersky Tunnel|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> in the [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint Petersburg]]. The tunnel provides a link between [[Kanonersky island|Kanonersky Island]] and [[Dvinskaya street|Dvinskaya Street]] on [[Gutuevsky island|Gutuevsky Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/Russia-12Dec2017-Road-tunnel-under-the-Neva-in-St-Petersburg.php|title=Road tunnel under the Neva for St Petersburg|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref>
{{Cleanup-translation|Russian}}
'''Kanonersky Tunnel''' ({{Lang-ru|Канонерский тоннель}}<ref>This informal name, but it is used both inhabitants, and mass-media and state structures</ref>) is a [[tunnel]] under the sea canаl {{citation needed|date=December 2013}} in the [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]].
The tunnel provides a link between [[Kanonersky island]] and [[Dvinskaya street]] on [[Gutuevsky island]].


The tunnel was constructed in 1983 by using [[Immersed tube|Immersed tube method]].
⚫
== History ==
Before 1983 the only possible way to get on the island was by ferry (it was the last ferry line of Saint Petersburg) or a private boat,<ref name="Addresses" /> daily across the sea canаl which was a crossing for more than 2 million people.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2804025557| script-title=ru:Речные переправы :: Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга| language=Russian| accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref>
Constantly operating the crossing was also necessary for transportation of cargoes from [[Big port Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
Because of that on the Sea channel movement of courts sea-gauge to {{Convert|10|m|ft}} and width to {{Convert|40|m|ft}}, [[bridge building]] was refused. The decision to build a tunnel was accepted.


⚫
== History and backgrounds ==
The project was prepared by [[Lengiprotrans]],<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> and the building work carried out by [[Giprostroymost]].<ref name="Giprostroymost">{{cite web|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|script-title=ru:Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге|work=Projects: Tunnels|publisher=[[Giprostroymost]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
Kanonersky Island is an [[artificial island]] in [[Saint-Petersburg]]. It was built as consequence of building [[:ru:Морской канал (Санкт-Петербург)|Sea Canal]] to further deepening of [[Neva Bay]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.nashtransport.ru/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F)|title=Тоннель на Канонерский остров (статья) — Энциклопедия нашего транспорта|website=wiki.nashtransport.ru}}</ref> By expansion of industrial area of St. Petersburg, it became home to large shipbuilding enterprises. Transport consisted of ferries or private boats using icebreakers during winter. Thus connecting this industrial island to the mainland was suggested either by bridge or tunnel, and a tunnel was preferred.
Geodetic maintenance of the building is carried out by [[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgups.ru/portal/page/portal/group_for_pgups/chairs/15?code=15&parent_code=03|script-title=ru:Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия"|publisher=[[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
The Tunnel was built using a method of buried sections: in the preliminary dug trench five identical sections were laid, each of which had a length of {{Convert|75|m|ft}} and weighed about {{Convert|8000|t|ST}}.
This method was applied for the first time in the [[Soviet Union]] .{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The length of the site dipping sections totalled {{Convert|375|m|ft}}.


== Construction ==
For the building of the sections on the bank of the sea canal, the original [[Drydock|dock-sluice]] was constructed.
For the construction of Kanonersky Tunnel, several scientific institutes were involved for design and feasibility studies such as [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]], LENMORNIIPROEKT, SKB Glavmostostroy, [[:ru:Научно-исследовательский институт транспортного строительства|Research Institute of Transport Construction]], [[St. Petersburg State Transport University|PGUPS]], [[Moscow State University of Railway Engineering|MIIT]], [[:ru:Научно-исследовательский институт транспортного строительства|Metrogiprotrans]], [[:ru:Московский государственный университет природообустройства|Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering]]. The tunnel project was prepared by [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]]<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> while the building work was carried out by Giprostroymost.<ref name="Giprostroymost">{{cite web|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|script-title=ru:Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге|work=Projects: Tunnels|publisher=[[Giprostroymost]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref> Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the [[St. Petersburg State Transport University|PGUPS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgups.ru/portal/page/portal/group_for_pgups/chairs/15?code=15&parent_code=03|script-title=ru:Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия"|publisher=[[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
After [[Sluice|sluicing]] the created sections, with the end faces closed by metal partitions, they were counterbalanced by water and transported along the sea canal to the place of immersion.
It fell onto tackles that were joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design.
For the control of the immersion, [[Surface supplied diving|divers]] worked underwater.<ref name="Giprostroymost" />


The Tunnel was built using a sunken tube or [[immersed tube]] method. The main part consists of five identical [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] reinforced concrete sections.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Each length is {{Convert|75|m|ft}}, width {{Convert|13.3|m|ft}}, height {{Convert|8.05|m|ft}}, weight about {{Convert|8000|t|ST}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений|url=https://undergroundexpert.info/issledovaniya-i-tehnologii/tehnologii/stroitelstvo-kanonerskogo-tonnelya/|access-date=2020-07-17|website=undergroundexpert.info|language=ru}}</ref> The structure is made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of the tray, walls and floors of 0.93 m of buried sections – The length of the site dipping sections totalled {{Convert|375|m|ft}}.
After packing of designs from them have pumped out water and have built underground tunnels and portals; the full length of a tunnel was {{Convert|927|m|ft}}.<ref name="Addresses" />
⚫
The tunnel has two lanes (on one in each part) and a footpath. Along with cables for electrical supply and communication; water supply and central heating pipes connect Kanonersky Island with the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lawmix.ru/articles.php?id=782|script-title=ru:К владычице морской как уплыл за границу канонерский завод|last=Tumakova|first=Irina|publisher=Lawmix.ru|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>


For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original [[Drydock|dock-sluice]] was constructed. After [[Sluice|sluicing]] the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, [[Surface supplied diving|divers]] worked underwater.<ref name="Giprostroymost" />
⚫
==Operation==
Periodically water gets into the tunnel, experts explain this is because of defects in the waterproofing.
After a solemn opening of the tunnel, it was closed again for three months to enable completion in the 1998-2002 tunnel major repairs.<ref name="Addresses" />
In 2004 [[Lengiprotrans]] again made repair work.<ref name="Lengiprotrans" />
In 2006 there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel, from it the tunnel was also damaged,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1917.com/WM/07-05/1121928093.html|script-title=ru:Не спекулируйте, господа|last=Timofeev|first=E. P.|publisher=www.1917.com|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> and at the end of June, 2009 tunnel repair was again required, with the drainage system being replaced.<ref name="Karpovka.net">{{cite news|url=http://karpovka.net/2009/06/30/6559/|script-title=ru:Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле|date=2009-06-30|work=Roads|publisher=Karpovka.net|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref>


⚫
The full length of the tunnel was {{Convert|927|m|ft}}.<ref name="Addresses" /> The tunnel has two lanes and a footpath. Along with cables for electrical supply and communication; water supply and central heating pipes connect Kanonersky Island with the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lawmix.ru/articles.php?id=782|script-title=ru:К владычице морской как уплыл за границу канонерский завод|last=Tumakova|first=Irina|publisher=Lawmix.ru|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
The tunnel is not closed for repair, but movement is essentially limited.

⚫
Failures in the tunnel occur seldom and because of low speeds do without victims. Elimination of the consequences can however occupy some hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2006/10/05/176278/|script-title=ru:Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто|date=2006-10-05|work=Incindents|publisher=[http://www.fontanka.ru/ fontanka.ru]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
⚫
==Operation==
Due to nature of [[Immersed tube|Immersed tube method]], constant monitoring and repairing has been needed.<ref name="Addresses" /> The first [[Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]] period was carried out between 1997 and 2002. [[Lighting]], [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation systems]] were replaced, and three [[drainage|drainage pumps]] were installed.<ref name="Addresses" /> In 2004, [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]], one of the principal contractors, carried out repair work.<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel; from it the tunnel was also damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1917.com/WM/07-05/1121928093.html|script-title=ru:Не спекулируйте, господа|last=Timofeev|first=E. P.|publisher=www.1917.com|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the [[drainage|drainage systems]] needed a replacement.<ref name="Karpovka.net">{{cite news|url=http://karpovka.net/2009/06/30/6559/|script-title=ru:Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле|date=2009-06-30|work=Roads|publisher=Karpovka.net|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> The most recent [[Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]] was carried out in December 2017, at the cost of 127 million rubles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://initpro.ru/remont-tonnelya-na-kanonerskiy-ostrov-zavershitsya-po-planu-v-dekabre-etogo-goda.html|title=Ремонт тоннеля на Канонерский остров завершится по плану – в декабре этого года Тендеры на initpro.ru Инитпро тендеры|website=initpro.ru}}</ref>
⚫
[[Speed limit|Operating speed limit]] has been a key for longevity and maintenance of the tunnel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2006/10/05/176278/|script-title=ru:Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто|date=2006-10-05|work=Incindents|publisher=[http://www.fontanka.ru/ fontanka.ru]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref> A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north–south corridor over the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parameters WHSD|url=Большой порт Санкт-Петербург,|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Tunnels in Saint Petersburg}}
{{Tunnels in Saint Petersburg}}

Latest revision as of 07:11, 6 November 2024

Kanonersky Tunnel
Island's entrance
Overview
LocationKirovsky District of Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Coordinates59°54′13″N 30°13′28″E / 59.90361°N 30.22444°E / 59.90361; 30.22444
StartDvinskaya street of Gutuevsky Iseland
EndKanonersky Island
Operation
Work begun1970[1]
Constructed1975-1983[1]
Opened29 July 1983[2]
OwnerSaint Petersburg City Administration
OperatorSUE "Mostotrest"[1]
TrafficAutomotive
CharacterCity automobile movement
Vehicles per day1500[1]
Technical
Length927 metres (3,041 ft),[3]
647 metres (2,123 ft) (between portals)
No. of lanesOne in each part
Operating speed60 kilometres per hour (37 mph)
Tunnel clearance9.05 metres (29.7 ft)[4]
Width13.3 metres (44 ft)[4]
Underwater part

Kanonersky Tunnel (Russian: Канонерский тоннель)[5] is a tunnel under the Sea Canal[6] in the Kirovsky District of Saint Petersburg. The tunnel provides a link between Kanonersky Island and Dvinskaya Street on Gutuevsky Island.[7]

The tunnel was constructed in 1983 by using Immersed tube method.

History and backgrounds

[edit]

Kanonersky Island is an artificial island in Saint-Petersburg. It was built as consequence of building Sea Canal to further deepening of Neva Bay.[8] By expansion of industrial area of St. Petersburg, it became home to large shipbuilding enterprises. Transport consisted of ferries or private boats using icebreakers during winter. Thus connecting this industrial island to the mainland was suggested either by bridge or tunnel, and a tunnel was preferred.

Construction

[edit]

For the construction of Kanonersky Tunnel, several scientific institutes were involved for design and feasibility studies such as Lengiprotrans, LENMORNIIPROEKT, SKB Glavmostostroy, Research Institute of Transport Construction, PGUPS, MIIT, Metrogiprotrans, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering. The tunnel project was prepared by Lengiprotrans[2] while the building work was carried out by Giprostroymost.[9] Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the PGUPS.[10]

The Tunnel was built using a sunken tube or immersed tube method. The main part consists of five identical prefabricated reinforced concrete sections.[citation needed] Each length is 75 metres (246 ft), width 13.3 metres (44 ft), height 8.05 metres (26.4 ft), weight about 8,000 tonnes (8,800 short tons).[11] The structure is made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of the tray, walls and floors of 0.93 m of buried sections – The length of the site dipping sections totalled 375 metres (1,230 ft).

For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original dock-sluice was constructed. After sluicing the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, divers worked underwater.[9]

The full length of the tunnel was 927 metres (3,041 ft).[3] The tunnel has two lanes and a footpath. Along with cables for electrical supply and communication; water supply and central heating pipes connect Kanonersky Island with the city.[12]

Operation

[edit]

Due to nature of Immersed tube method, constant monitoring and repairing has been needed.[3] The first maintenance period was carried out between 1997 and 2002. Lighting, ventilation systems were replaced, and three drainage pumps were installed.[3] In 2004, Lengiprotrans, one of the principal contractors, carried out repair work.[2] In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel; from it the tunnel was also damaged.[13] At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the drainage systems needed a replacement.[14] The most recent maintenance was carried out in December 2017, at the cost of 127 million rubles.[15]

Operating speed limit has been a key for longevity and maintenance of the tunnel.[16] A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north–south corridor over the island.[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Saint Petersburg Business Guide. 2001-08-16. Retrieved 2009-11-04. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Lengiprotrans: objects" (in Russian). Russia: Lengiprotrans. Retrieved 2009-11-04. [dead link‍]
  3. ^ a b c d Kelner, Irina; Alexei Kuznetsov (2004). Часть города / Канонерский остров [Kanonersky Island]. Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  4. ^ a b "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info.
  5. ^ (an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures)
  6. ^ "Kanonersky Tunnel". Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Road tunnel under the Neva for St Petersburg". tunneltalk.com.
  8. ^ "Тоннель на Канонерский остров (статья) — Энциклопедия нашего транспорта". wiki.nashtransport.ru.
  9. ^ a b Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге. Projects: Tunnels (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Giprostroymost. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  10. ^ Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Petersburg State University of Means of Communication. Retrieved 2009-11-04.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  12. ^ Tumakova, Irina. К владычице морской как уплыл за границу канонерский завод (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Lawmix.ru. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  13. ^ Timofeev, E. P. Не спекулируйте, господа (in Russian). www.1917.com. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  14. ^ Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле. Roads (in Russian). Karpovka.net. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  15. ^ "Ремонт тоннеля на Канонерский остров завершится по плану – в декабре этого года Тендеры на initpro.ru Инитпро тендеры". initpro.ru.
  16. ^ Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто. Incindents (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: fontanka.ru. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2009-11-04. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ [Большой порт Санкт-Петербург, "Parameters WHSD"]. Retrieved 5 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kanonersky_Tunnel&oldid=1255708335"