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Coordinates: 59°54′13″N 30°13′28″E / 59.90361°N 30.22444°E / 59.90361; 30.22444
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{{Infobox tunnel
{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Kanonersky Tunnel
|name = Kanonersky Tunnel
|image = Kanonerskiy tunnel.jpg
|image = Kanonersky tunnel.jpg
|caption = Underwater part of a tunnel
|caption = Island's entrance
|location = [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
|location = [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
|coordinates = {{coord|59|54|13|N|30|13|28|E|display=inline, title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|59|54|13|N|30|13|28|E|display=inline, title}}
Line 11: Line 11:
|startwork = 1970<ref name="spbgid.ru">{{cite news|url=http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php?news=2536|script-title=ru:Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года|date=2001-08-16|publisher=[http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php Saint Petersburg Business Guide]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
|startwork = 1970<ref name="spbgid.ru">{{cite news|url=http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php?news=2536|script-title=ru:Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года|date=2001-08-16|publisher=[http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php Saint Petersburg Business Guide]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
|opened = 29 July 1983<ref name="Lengiprotrans">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenmgt.ru/object/|title=Lengiprotrans: objects|publisher=[[Lengiprotrans]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=Russia}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|opened = 29 July 1983<ref name="Lengiprotrans">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenmgt.ru/object/|title=Lengiprotrans: objects|publisher=[[Lengiprotrans]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=Russia}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|closed = 1983 (three months)
|closed =
|owner = [[Saint Petersburg City Administration]]
|owner = [[Saint Petersburg City Administration]]
|operator = [[SUE "Mostotrest"]]<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|operator = [[SUE "Mostotrest"]]<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
Line 18: Line 18:
|toll =
|toll =
|vpd = 1500<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|vpd = 1500<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|construction = 1970-1983<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|construction = 1975-1983<ref name="spbgid.ru" />
|length = {{Convert|927|m|ft}},<ref name="Addresses">{{cite journal|last=Kelner|first=Irina|author2=Alexei Kuznetsov|year=2004|journal=Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg]|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]|trans-title=Kanonersky Island|script-title=ru:Часть города / Канонерский остров|url=http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|accessdate=2009-11-04|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082432/http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|archive-date=2011-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|{{Convert|647|m|ft}} (between portals)}}
|length = {{Convert|927|m|ft}},<ref name="Addresses">{{cite journal|last=Kelner|first=Irina|author2=Alexei Kuznetsov|year=2004|journal=Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg]|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]|trans-title=Kanonersky Island|script-title=ru:Часть города / Канонерский остров|url=http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|accessdate=2009-11-04|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082432/http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|archive-date=2011-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|{{Convert|647|m|ft}} (between portals)}}
|lanes = One in each part
|lanes = One in each part
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|hielevation =
|hielevation =
|lowelevation =
|lowelevation =
|height = {{Convert|9.05|m|ft}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://undergroundexpert.info/issledovaniya-i-tehnologii/tehnologii/stroitelstvo-kanonerskogo-tonnelya/|title=Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений|website=undergroundexpert.info}}</ref>
|height =
|width = {{Convert|8.5|m|ft}} (roadway)
|width = {{Convert|13.3|m|ft}}<ref name="auto"/>
|grade =
|grade =
}}[[File:Kanonerskiy tunnel.jpg|thumb|Underwater part]]
}}
⚫
'''Kanonersky Tunnel''' ({{Langx|ru|Канонерский тоннель}})<ref>(an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures)</ref> is a [[tunnel]] under the [[:ru:Морской канал (Санкт-Петербург)|Sea Canal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanonersky Tunnel|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> in the [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint Petersburg]]. The tunnel provides a link between [[Kanonersky island|Kanonersky Island]] and [[Dvinskaya street|Dvinskaya Street]] on [[Gutuevsky island|Gutuevsky Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/Russia-12Dec2017-Road-tunnel-under-the-Neva-in-St-Petersburg.php|title=Road tunnel under the Neva for St Petersburg|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref>
{{Cleanup-translation|Russian}}
⚫
'''Kanonersky Tunnel''' ({{Lang-ru|Канонерский тоннель}}<ref>This is an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures</ref>) is a [[tunnel]] under the [[:ru:Морской канал (Санкт-Петербург)|Sea Canal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanonersky Tunnel|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> in the [[Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg|Kirovsky District]] of [[Saint-Petersburg]]. The tunnel provides a link between [[Kanonersky island|Kanonersky Island]] and [[Dvinskaya street|Dvinskaya Street]] on [[Gutuevsky island|Gutuevsky Island]].


The tunnel was constructed in 1983 by using [[Immersed tube|Immersed tube method]].
A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north-south corridor over the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parameters WHSD|url=Большой порт Санкт-Петербург,|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref>


== History ==
== History and backgrounds ==
Kanonersky Island is an [[artificial island]] in [[Saint-Petersburg]]. It was built as consequence of building [[:ru:Морской канал (Санкт-Петербург)|Sea Canal]] to further deepening of [[Neva Bay]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.nashtransport.ru/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F)|title=Тоннель на Канонерский остров (статья) — Энциклопедия нашего транспорта|website=wiki.nashtransport.ru}}</ref> By expansion of industrial area of St. Petersburg, it became home to large shipbuilding enterprises. Transport consisted of ferries or private boats using icebreakers during winter. Thus connecting this industrial island to the mainland was suggested either by bridge or tunnel, and a tunnel was preferred.
Kanonersky Island is an industrial area of St. Petersburg, home mostly to large shipbuilding enterprises. Before 1983, the only way to get to this location was through a ferry ride across the Morskoy Sea Canal (it was the last ferry line of Saint Petersburg) or a private boat. The crossing was also necessary for the transportation of cargo from [[Big port Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Part of the City/Gunboat Island|url=http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|accessdate=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429191854/http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_10/10_017/10_17.htm|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Construction ==
The tunnel project was prepared by [[Lengiprotrans]]<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> while the building work was carried out by [[Giprostroymost]].<ref name="Giprostroymost">{{cite web|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|script-title=ru:Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге|work=Projects: Tunnels|publisher=[[Giprostroymost]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref> Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the [[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgups.ru/portal/page/portal/group_for_pgups/chairs/15?code=15&parent_code=03|script-title=ru:Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия"|publisher=[[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
For the construction of Kanonersky Tunnel, several scientific institutes were involved for design and feasibility studies such as [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]], LENMORNIIPROEKT, SKB Glavmostostroy, [[:ru:Научно-исследовательский институт транспортного строительства|Research Institute of Transport Construction]], [[St. Petersburg State Transport University|PGUPS]], [[Moscow State University of Railway Engineering|MIIT]], [[:ru:Научно-исследовательский институт транспортного строительства|Metrogiprotrans]], [[:ru:Московский государственный университет природообустройства|Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering]]. The tunnel project was prepared by [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]]<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> while the building work was carried out by Giprostroymost.<ref name="Giprostroymost">{{cite web|url=http://gpsm.narod.ru/Projects/Kanonersky.htm|script-title=ru:Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге|work=Projects: Tunnels|publisher=[[Giprostroymost]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref> Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the [[St. Petersburg State Transport University|PGUPS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgups.ru/portal/page/portal/group_for_pgups/chairs/15?code=15&parent_code=03|script-title=ru:Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия"|publisher=[[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


The Tunnel was built using a sunken tube or [[immersed tube]] method. The main part consists of five identical [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] reinforced concrete sections.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Each length is {{Convert|75|m|ft}}, width {{Convert|13.3|m|ft}}, height {{Convert|8.05|m|ft}}, weight about {{Convert|8000|t|ST}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений|url=https://undergroundexpert.info/issledovaniya-i-tehnologii/tehnologii/stroitelstvo-kanonerskogo-tonnelya/|access-date=2020-07-17|website=undergroundexpert.info|language=ru}}</ref> The structure is made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of the tray, walls and floors of 0.93 m of buried sections – The length of the site dipping sections totalled {{Convert|375|m|ft}}.
The Tunnel was built using a method of buried sections: in the preliminary trench five identical sections were laid, each of which had a length of {{Convert|75|m|ft}} and weighed about {{Convert|8000|t|ST}}. The length of the site dipping sections totalled {{Convert|375|m|ft}}.


For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original [[Drydock|dock-sluice]] was constructed. After [[Sluice|sluicing]] the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, [[Surface supplied diving|divers]] worked underwater.<ref name="Giprostroymost" />
For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original [[Drydock|dock-sluice]] was constructed. After [[Sluice|sluicing]] the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, [[Surface supplied diving|divers]] worked underwater.<ref name="Giprostroymost" />
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==Operation==
==Operation==
Periodically water gets into the tunnel because of defects in the waterproofing. After a soft opening of the tunnel, it was closed again for three months to complete major repairs.<ref name="Addresses" /> In 2004, [[Lengiprotrans]] repair work was also carried out.<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel, from it the tunnel was also damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1917.com/WM/07-05/1121928093.html|script-title=ru:Не спекулируйте, господа|last=Timofeev|first=E. P.|publisher=www.1917.com|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the drainage system needed a replacement.<ref name="Karpovka.net">{{cite news|url=http://karpovka.net/2009/06/30/6559/|script-title=ru:Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле|date=2009-06-30|work=Roads|publisher=Karpovka.net|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref>
Due to nature of [[Immersed tube|Immersed tube method]], constant monitoring and repairing has been needed.<ref name="Addresses" /> The first [[Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]] period was carried out between 1997 and 2002. [[Lighting]], [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation systems]] were replaced, and three [[drainage|drainage pumps]] were installed.<ref name="Addresses" /> In 2004, [[:ru:Ленгипротранс|Lengiprotrans]], one of the principal contractors, carried out repair work.<ref name="Lengiprotrans" /> In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel; from it the tunnel was also damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1917.com/WM/07-05/1121928093.html|script-title=ru:Не спекулируйте, господа|last=Timofeev|first=E. P.|publisher=www.1917.com|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the [[drainage|drainage systems]] needed a replacement.<ref name="Karpovka.net">{{cite news|url=http://karpovka.net/2009/06/30/6559/|script-title=ru:Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле|date=2009-06-30|work=Roads|publisher=Karpovka.net|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> The most recent [[Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]] was carried out in December 2017, at the cost of 127 million rubles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://initpro.ru/remont-tonnelya-na-kanonerskiy-ostrov-zavershitsya-po-planu-v-dekabre-etogo-goda.html|title=Ремонт тоннеля на Канонерский остров завершится по плану – в декабре этого года Тендеры на initpro.ru Инитпро тендеры|website=initpro.ru}}</ref>
Serious failures in the tunnel are rare because of low speeds. Repair of the damages can, however, take some time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2006/10/05/176278/|script-title=ru:Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто|date=2006-10-05|work=Incindents|publisher=[http://www.fontanka.ru/ fontanka.ru]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref>
[[Speed limit|Operating speed limit]] has been a key for longevity and maintenance of the tunnel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2006/10/05/176278/|script-title=ru:Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто|date=2006-10-05|work=Incindents|publisher=[http://www.fontanka.ru/ fontanka.ru]|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-11-04|location=[[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]}}</ref> A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north–south corridor over the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parameters WHSD|url=Большой порт Санкт-Петербург,|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Tunnels in Saint Petersburg}}
{{Tunnels in Saint Petersburg}}

Latest revision as of 07:11, 6 November 2024

Kanonersky Tunnel
Island's entrance
Overview
LocationKirovsky District of Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Coordinates59°54′13″N 30°13′28″E / 59.90361°N 30.22444°E / 59.90361; 30.22444
StartDvinskaya street of Gutuevsky Iseland
EndKanonersky Island
Operation
Work begun1970[1]
Constructed1975-1983[1]
Opened29 July 1983[2]
OwnerSaint Petersburg City Administration
OperatorSUE "Mostotrest"[1]
TrafficAutomotive
CharacterCity automobile movement
Vehicles per day1500[1]
Technical
Length927 metres (3,041 ft),[3]
647 metres (2,123 ft) (between portals)
No. of lanesOne in each part
Operating speed60 kilometres per hour (37 mph)
Tunnel clearance9.05 metres (29.7 ft)[4]
Width13.3 metres (44 ft)[4]
Underwater part

Kanonersky Tunnel (Russian: Канонерский тоннель)[5] is a tunnel under the Sea Canal[6] in the Kirovsky District of Saint Petersburg. The tunnel provides a link between Kanonersky Island and Dvinskaya Street on Gutuevsky Island.[7]

The tunnel was constructed in 1983 by using Immersed tube method.

History and backgrounds

[edit]

Kanonersky Island is an artificial island in Saint-Petersburg. It was built as consequence of building Sea Canal to further deepening of Neva Bay.[8] By expansion of industrial area of St. Petersburg, it became home to large shipbuilding enterprises. Transport consisted of ferries or private boats using icebreakers during winter. Thus connecting this industrial island to the mainland was suggested either by bridge or tunnel, and a tunnel was preferred.

Construction

[edit]

For the construction of Kanonersky Tunnel, several scientific institutes were involved for design and feasibility studies such as Lengiprotrans, LENMORNIIPROEKT, SKB Glavmostostroy, Research Institute of Transport Construction, PGUPS, MIIT, Metrogiprotrans, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering. The tunnel project was prepared by Lengiprotrans[2] while the building work was carried out by Giprostroymost.[9] Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the PGUPS.[10]

The Tunnel was built using a sunken tube or immersed tube method. The main part consists of five identical prefabricated reinforced concrete sections.[citation needed] Each length is 75 metres (246 ft), width 13.3 metres (44 ft), height 8.05 metres (26.4 ft), weight about 8,000 tonnes (8,800 short tons).[11] The structure is made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of the tray, walls and floors of 0.93 m of buried sections – The length of the site dipping sections totalled 375 metres (1,230 ft).

For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original dock-sluice was constructed. After sluicing the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, divers worked underwater.[9]

The full length of the tunnel was 927 metres (3,041 ft).[3] The tunnel has two lanes and a footpath. Along with cables for electrical supply and communication; water supply and central heating pipes connect Kanonersky Island with the city.[12]

Operation

[edit]

Due to nature of Immersed tube method, constant monitoring and repairing has been needed.[3] The first maintenance period was carried out between 1997 and 2002. Lighting, ventilation systems were replaced, and three drainage pumps were installed.[3] In 2004, Lengiprotrans, one of the principal contractors, carried out repair work.[2] In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel; from it the tunnel was also damaged.[13] At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the drainage systems needed a replacement.[14] The most recent maintenance was carried out in December 2017, at the cost of 127 million rubles.[15]

Operating speed limit has been a key for longevity and maintenance of the tunnel.[16] A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north–south corridor over the island.[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Saint Petersburg Business Guide. 2001-08-16. Retrieved 2009-11-04. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Lengiprotrans: objects" (in Russian). Russia: Lengiprotrans. Retrieved 2009-11-04. [dead link‍]
  3. ^ a b c d Kelner, Irina; Alexei Kuznetsov (2004). Часть города / Канонерский остров [Kanonersky Island]. Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  4. ^ a b "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info.
  5. ^ (an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures)
  6. ^ "Kanonersky Tunnel". Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Road tunnel under the Neva for St Petersburg". tunneltalk.com.
  8. ^ "Тоннель на Канонерский остров (статья) — Энциклопедия нашего транспорта". wiki.nashtransport.ru.
  9. ^ a b Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге. Projects: Tunnels (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Giprostroymost. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  10. ^ Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Petersburg State University of Means of Communication. Retrieved 2009-11-04.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  12. ^ Tumakova, Irina. К владычице морской как уплыл за границу канонерский завод (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Lawmix.ru. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  13. ^ Timofeev, E. P. Не спекулируйте, господа (in Russian). www.1917.com. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  14. ^ Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле. Roads (in Russian). Karpovka.net. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  15. ^ "Ремонт тоннеля на Канонерский остров завершится по плану – в декабре этого года Тендеры на initpro.ru Инитпро тендеры". initpro.ru.
  16. ^ Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто. Incindents (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: fontanka.ru. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2009-11-04. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ [Большой порт Санкт-Петербург, "Parameters WHSD"]. Retrieved 5 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)


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