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{{Infobox publisher
The '''Goražde printing house''' ({{lang-sr|Горажданска штампарија or ''Goraždanska štamparija''}}) was one of the earliest [[printing house]]s among the [[Serbs]],<ref name=biggins>Biggins & Crayne 2000, pp. 85–86</ref><ref name=fotic>Fotić 2005, p. 66</ref> and the first such facility in the territory of present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name=be145>Benac & Lovrenović 1980, p. 145</ref><ref name=ka155>Kajmaković 1982, pp. 155–58</ref> It was established in 1519 in [[Venice]], to be soon relocated to the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] [[Church of Saint George, Sopotnica|Church of Saint George]] in the village of [[Sopotnica (Novo Goražde)|Sopotnica]] near [[Goražde]],<ref name=bar41>Barać 2008, pp. 41–44</ref> which was then part of the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]], a district of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Barać 2008, p. 31</ref> It was founded and run by Božidar Ljubavić, also known as Božidar Goraždanin, who was a prominent merchant from Goražde. His son Teodor Ljubavić, a [[hieromonk]] of the [[Mileševa Monastery]], managed the work of the printing house. It worked until the end of 1523,<ref name=ka155/><ref name=bar41/> producing three books, which are counted among the better accomplishments of early Serb printers.<ref name=bar46>Barać 2008, pp. 46–47</ref>
| name =Goražde printing house
| image = [[File:Goražde Psalter (1521), 137v.jpg|200px]]
| caption = A page of the [[Goražde Psalter]] (1521)
| parent =
| status = Defunct (1523)
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| founded =
| founder = [[Božidar Goraždanin]]
| successor =
| country = Ottoman Empire
| headquarters = [[Church of St. George, Sopotnica|Church of St. George]] in the village of [[Sopotnica (Novo Goražde)|Sopotnica]] (today in [[Novo Goražde]], [[Republic of Srpska]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
| distribution =
| keypeople = Đurađ and Teodor Ljubavić
| publications = [[srbulje]]
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner = Božidar Goraždanin
| numemployees =
| url =
}}
The '''Goražde printing house''' ({{langx|sr|Горажданска штампарија}} or {{lang|sr-Latn|Goraždanska štamparija}}) was one of the earliest [[printing house]]s among the [[Serbs]],<ref name=biggins>Biggins & Crayne 2000, pp. 85–86</ref><ref name=fotic>{{harvnb|Fotić|2005|p=66}}</ref> and the first in the territory of present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]).<ref name=be145>Benac & Lovrenović 1980, p. 145</ref><ref name=ka155>Kajmaković 1982, pp. 155–58</ref> Established in 1519 in [[Venice]], it was soon relocated to the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] [[Church of Saint George, Sopotnica|Church of Saint George]] in the village of [[Sopotnica (Novo Goražde)|Sopotnica]] near [[Goražde]],<ref name=bar41>Barać 2008, pp. 41–44</ref> in the Ottoman [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barać|2008|p=31}}</ref> It was founded and run by [[Božidar Ljubavić]], also known as Božidar Goraždanin, who was a prominent merchant from Goražde. His son Teodor Ljubavić, a [[hieromonk]] of the [[Mileševa Monastery]], managed the work of the printing house. It worked until 1523,<ref name=ka155/><ref name=bar41/> producing three books, which are counted among the better accomplishments of early Serb printers.<ref name=bar46>Barać 2008, pp. 46–47</ref>


== Background ==
After the [[printing press]] was invented around 1450 by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in [[Mainz]], Germany, the art of book printing was soon introduced in other parts of Europe. By the end of the 15th century, [[Venice]] had become a major centre of printing. In 1493, [[Đurađ Crnojević]], the ruler of the [[Principality of Zeta]] (in present-day [[Montenegro]]), sent [[Hieromonk Makarije]] to Venice to buy a press and learn the art of printing. At [[Cetinje]], the capital of Zeta, Makarije printed in 1494 [[Oktoih|an octoechos]], the first [[incunable]] written in the Serbian recension of [[Church Slavonic]]. The [[Crnojević printing house]] worked until 1496, when Zeta fell to the Ottomans.<ref name=biggins/><ref name=bar27>Barać 2008, pp. 27–29</ref> In 1518, Božidar Ljubavić resided at the Mileševa Monastery,<ref name=bar41/> the see of a Serbian Orthodox diocese which had been part of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] since 1373.<ref>Fine 1994, pp. 392–93, 484</ref> Mileševa and other parts of its diocese, including the town of Goražde,<ref name=bar27/> were located in the region of [[Old Herzegovina|Herzegovina]],<ref>Fine 1994, p. 578</ref> which was gradually conquered by the Ottomans between 1465 and 1481.<ref>Fine 1994, p. 585</ref>


After the [[printing press]] was invented around 1450 by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in [[Mainz]], Germany, the art of book printing was soon introduced in other parts of Europe. By the end of the 15th century, [[Venice]] had become a major centre of printing. In 1493, [[Đurađ Crnojević]], the ruler of the [[Principality of Zeta]] (in present-day [[Montenegro]]), sent [[Hieromonk Makarije]] to Venice to buy a press and learn the art of printing. At [[Cetinje]], the capital of Zeta, Makarije printed in 1494 the [[Cetinje Octoechos]], the first [[incunable]] written in the Serbian recension of [[Church Slavonic]]. The [[Crnojević printing house]] worked until 1496, when Zeta fell to the Ottomans.<ref name=biggins/><ref name=bar27>Barać 2008, pp. 27–29</ref> In 1518, Božidar Ljubavić resided at the Mileševa Monastery,<ref name=bar41/> the see of a Serbian Orthodox diocese which had been part of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] since 1373.<ref>Fine 1994, pp. 392–93, 484</ref> Mileševa and other parts of its diocese, including the town of Goražde,<ref name=bar27/> were located in the region of [[Old Herzegovina|Herzegovina]],<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=578}}</ref> which was gradually conquered by the Ottomans between 1465 and 1481.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=585}}</ref>
[[File:Goražde Psalter (1521), 137v.jpg|thumb|A page of the [[Goražde Psalter]]]]
In the second half of 1518, Božidar Ljubavić sent his sons, Đurađ and hieromonk Teodor, to Venice to buy a printing press and to learn the art of printing. The Ljubavić brothers procured a press and began printing a [[missal]], whose copies had been completed by 1&nbsp;July 1519 either in Venice or at the Church of Saint George near Goražde. After Đurađ Ljubavić died in Venice on 2&nbsp;March 1519, it is unclear whether his brother transported the press to Goražde before or after finishing the work on the missal. At the Church of Saint George, Teodor organised the Goražde printing house, which produced, beside the missal, two more books in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension: a [[psalter]] in 1521, and a [[euchologion]] in 1523.<ref name=bar41/> The [[Goražde Psalter]], containing 352 leaves, is the biggest of the three books.<ref name=ka155/> They were not [[Bookbinding|bound]] at the printing house, as this job was a responsibility of book vendors.<ref name=bar46/> Trade was well developed in Goražde, as the town was built at the junction of three important roads, which connected it with [[Dubrovnik]], Vrhbosna ([[Sarajevo]]), and [[Kosovo (region)|Kosovo]].<ref>Barać 2008, p. 38</ref>


== Printing ==
The next printing house would not appear in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the second half of the 19th century.<ref name=be145/> In 1544, the printing press was transported from Goražde to [[Târgoviște]], the capital of [[Wallachia]], thus becoming the second such facility in the territory of present-day [[Romania]]. Its relocation and reactivation was accomplished by Dimitrije Ljubavić, Božidar's grandson.<ref name=cur40>Čurčić 2008, pp. 335–36</ref> In Târgoviște, Dimitrije printed a euchologion at the beginning of 1545, and an apostolarium in 1547.<ref>Čurčić 2008, p. 339</ref> [[Božidar Vuković]] founded his printing house in Venice in 1519 or 1520, contemporaneously with the Ljubavić brothers. It worked, with interruptions, until the end of the 16th century. There were other early Serbian printing works, established in the territory of the Ottoman Empire: at the Rujan Monastery near [[Užice]] in 1529, at the [[Gračanica Monastery]] near [[Priština]] in 1539, at the Mileševa Monastery in 1546, in [[Belgrade]] in 1552, again at Mileševa in 1557, at the Mrkšina Crkva Monastery near [[Valjevo]] in 1562, and in [[Skadar]] in 1563. They were active for one to four years and produced one to three books each.<ref name=biggins/><ref name=fotic/>
[[File:Novo_Gorazde-Church_of_Saint_George,_15th_c.jpg|thumb|[[Church of St. George, Sopotnica]]]]
In the second half of 1518, Božidar Ljubavić sent his sons, Đurađ and hieromonk Teodor, to Venice to buy a printing press and to learn the art of printing. The Ljubavić brothers procured a press and began printing a [[Euchologion|hieratikon]] (priest's service book), copies of which had been completed by 1&nbsp;July 1519 either in Venice or at the Church of Saint George near Goražde. After Đurađ Ljubavić died in Venice on 2&nbsp;March 1519, it is unclear whether his brother transported the press to Goražde before or after finishing the work on the hieratikon. At the Church of Saint George, Teodor organised the Goražde printing house, which produced, beside the hieratikon, two more books in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension: a [[psalter]] in 1521, and a [[Euchologion|small euchologion]] in 1523.<ref name=bar41/> The [[Goražde Psalter]], containing 352 leaves, is the biggest of the three books.<ref name=ka155/> They were not [[Bookbinding|bound]] at the printing house, as this job was a responsibility of book vendors.<ref name=bar46/> Trade was well developed in Goražde, as the town was built at the junction of three important roads, which connected it with [[Dubrovnik]], Vrhbosna ([[Sarajevo]]), and [[Kosovo (region)|Kosovo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barać|2008|p=38}}</ref>


==Notes==
== Aftermath ==
The next printing house would not appear in Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1866, when [[Sopron's Printing House]] began its work.<ref name=be145/> In 1544, the printing press was transported from Goražde to [[Târgoviște]], the capital of [[Wallachia]], thus becoming the second such facility in the territory of present-day [[Romania]]. Its relocation and reactivation was accomplished by Dimitrije Ljubavić, Božidar's grandson.<ref name=cur40>Čurčić 2008, pp. 335–36</ref> In Târgoviște, Dimitrije printed a euchologion at the beginning of 1545, and an apostolarium in 1547.<ref>{{harvnb|Čurčić|2008|p=339}}</ref> [[Božidar Vuković]] founded his printing house in Venice in 1519 or 1520, contemporaneously with the Ljubavić brothers. It worked, with interruptions, until the end of the 16th century. There were other early Serbian printing works, established in the territory of the Ottoman Empire: at the Rujan Monastery near [[Užice]] in 1529, at the [[Gračanica Monastery]] near [[Priština]] in 1539, at the Mileševa Monastery in 1546, in [[Belgrade]] in 1552, again at Mileševa in 1557, at the [[Mrkšina crkva printing house|Mrkšina Crkva Monastery]] near [[Valjevo]] in 1562, and in [[Skadar]] in 1563. They were active for one to four years and produced one to three books each.<ref name=biggins/><ref name=fotic/>
{{reflist|3}}

==See also==
* [[Vuković printing house]]
* [[Belgrade printing house]]
* [[Mileševa printing house]]
* [[Mrkšina crkva printing house]]
* [[Rujno Monastery printing house]]
* [[Zagurović printing house]]
* [[South Slavic Bible Institute]]
* [[Božidar Vuković]]
* [[Matija Popović]]
* [[Jovan Maleševac]]


==References==
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{Reflist|3}}

*{{Citation| last=Barać| first=Dragan| editor=Dragan Barać| year=2008| title=Горажданска штампарија 1519–1523| trans_title=The Goražde Printing House 1519–1523| chapter=Горажданска штампарија—прва међу штампаријама у Херцеговини и српским земљама 16. века| publisher=[[National Library of Serbia]]; East Sarajevo: Philosophical Faculty of the [[University of East Sarajevo]]| place=Belgrade| language=Serbian| isbn=978-86-7035-186-8| url=http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001&p=026| separator=.}}
==Sources==
*{{Citation| last1=Benac| first1=Alojz| last2=Lovrenović| first2=Ivan| year=1980| title=Bosnia and Herzegovina| publisher=Svjetlost| place=Sarajevo| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HXVpAAAAMAAJ| separator=.}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{Citation| last1=Biggins| first1=Michael| last2=Crayne| first2=Janet| year=2000| title=Publishing in Yugoslavia's Successor States| chapter=Historical Overview of Serbian Publishing| publisher=Haworth Information Press| place=New York| isbn=978-0-7890-1046-9| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0g1CIRHeO4YC| separator=.}}
*{{Citation| last=Čurčić| first=Lazar| editor=Dragan Barać| year=2008| title=Горажданска штампарија 1519–1523| trans_title=The Goražde Printing House 1519–1523| chapter=Горажданска штампарија у Трговишту у Румунији| publisher=[[National Library of Serbia]]; East Sarajevo: Philosophical Faculty of the [[University of East Sarajevo]]| place=Belgrade| language=Serbian| isbn=978-86-7035-186-8| url=http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001&p=330| separator=.}}
* {{Citation|last=Barać |first=Dragan |editor=Dragan Barać |year=2008 |script-title=sr:Горажданска штампарија 1519–1523 |trans-title=The Goražde Printing House 1519–1523 |chapter=Горажданска штампарија—прва међу штампаријама у Херцеговини и српским земљама 16. века |publisher=[[National Library of Serbia]]; East Sarajevo: Philosophical Faculty of the [[University of East Sarajevo]] |place=Belgrade |language=sr |isbn=978-86-7035-186-8 |chapter-url=http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001&p=026 |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223055/http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001%26p%3D026 |archive-date=2014-04-08 }}
*{{Citation|last=Čurčić |first=Lazar |editor=Dragan Barać |year=2008 |script-title=sr:Горажданска штампарија 1519–1523 |trans-title=The Goražde Printing House 1519–1523 |chapter=Горажданска штампарија у Трговишту у Румунији |publisher=[[National Library of Serbia]]; East Sarajevo: Philosophical Faculty of the [[University of East Sarajevo]] |place=Belgrade |language=sr |isbn=978-86-7035-186-8 |chapter-url=http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001&p=330 |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222054/http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/view/IN-gorazde-001%26p%3D330 |archive-date=2014-04-08 }}
*{{Citation| last=Fine| first=John Van Antwerp| author-link=| year=1994| title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest| publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]| place=Ann Arbor, Michigan| isbn=0-472-08260-4| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC| separator=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
*{{Citation| last=Fotić| first=Aleksandar| editor=Antonis Anastasopoulos| year=2005| chapter=Belgrade: A Muslim and Non-Muslim Cultural Centre (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries)| title=Provincial elites in the Ottoman Empire| series=Halcyon Days in Crete| volume=5| publisher=Crete University Press| place=Rethymno| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PzEMAQAAMAAJ| isbn=9789605242169| separator=.}}
*{{Citation| last=Kajmaković| first=Zdravko| author-link=Zdravko Kajmaković| editor1=[[Alija Isaković]]| editor2=Milosav Popadić| year=1982| title=Pisana riječ u Bosni i Hercegovini: od najstarijih vremena do 1918. godine| trans_title=The Written Word in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Earliest Times up to 1918| chapter=Ćirilica kod Srba i Muslimana u osmansko doba| publisher=Oslobođenje; Banja Luka: Glas| place=Sarajevo| language=Serbian| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K2RiAAAAMAAJ| separator=.}}
* {{Citation| last1=Biggins| first1=Michael| last2=Crayne| first2=Janet| year=2000| title=Publishing in Yugoslavia's Successor States| chapter=Historical Overview of Serbian Publishing| publisher=Haworth Information Press| place=New York| isbn=978-0-7890-1046-9| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g1CIRHeO4YC| mode=cs1}}
* {{Citation| last1=Benac| first1=Alojz| last2=Lovrenović| first2=Ivan| year=1980| title=Bosnia and Herzegovina| publisher=Svjetlost| place=Sarajevo| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXVpAAAAMAAJ| mode=cs1}}
{{refend}}
* {{Citation| last=Fine| first=John Van Antwerp| year=1994| title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest| publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]| place=Ann Arbor, Michigan| isbn=0-472-08260-4| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC| mode=cs1 }}
* {{Citation| last=Fotić| first=Aleksandar| editor=Antonis Anastasopoulos| year=2005| chapter=Belgrade: A Muslim and Non-Muslim Cultural Centre (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries)| title=Provincial elites in the Ottoman Empire| series=Halcyon Days in Crete| volume=5| publisher=Crete University Press| place=Rethymno| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzEMAQAAMAAJ| isbn=9789605242169| mode=cs1}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Ivić|editor-first=Pavle|editor-link=Pavle Ivić|title=The History of Serbian Culture|year=1995|location=Edgware|publisher=Porthill Publishers|isbn=9781870732314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation| last=Kajmaković| first=Zdravko| author-link=Zdravko Kajmaković| editor1=Alija Isaković| editor-link=Alija Isaković| editor2=Milosav Popadić| year=1982| title=Pisana riječ u Bosni i Hercegovini: od najstarijih vremena do 1918. godine|trans-title=The Written Word in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Earliest Times up to 1918| chapter=Ćirilica kod Srba i Muslimana u osmansko doba| publisher=Oslobođenje; Banja Luka: Glas| place=Sarajevo| language=sr| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2RiAAAAMAAJ| mode=cs1}}
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web|author1=Pavle Ivić|author2=Mitar Pešikan|title=Serbian Printing|work=The History of Serbian Culture|year=1995|publisher=Project Rastko|url=http://www.rastko.rs/isk/pivic_mpesikan-printing.html}}

{{Coord|43.683624|N|19.001799|E|type:landmark|display=title}}


{{Printed srbulje}}
{{coord|43.683624|N|19.001799|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorazde printing house}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorazde printing house}}
[[Category:Serbian printers]]
[[Category:Serbian printers]]
[[Category:Medieval Serbian literature]]
[[Category:Medieval Serbian literature]]
[[Category:Culture of Serbia]]
[[Category:History of printing]]
[[Category:History of printing]]
[[Category:History of the Serbian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Goražde]]
[[Category:Serbian Cyrillic texts]]

Latest revision as of 09:59, 6 November 2024

Goražde printing house
A page of the Goražde Psalter (1521)
StatusDefunct (1523)
FounderBožidar Goraždanin
Country of originOttoman Empire
Headquarters locationChurch of St. George in the village of Sopotnica (today in Novo Goražde, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Key peopleĐurađ and Teodor Ljubavić
Publication typessrbulje
Owner(s)Božidar Goraždanin

The Goražde printing house (Serbian: Горажданска штампарија or Goraždanska štamparija) was one of the earliest printing houses among the Serbs,[1][2] and the first in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of the Ottoman Empire).[3][4] Established in 1519 in Venice, it was soon relocated to the Serbian Orthodox Church of Saint George in the village of Sopotnica near Goražde,[5] in the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina.[6] It was founded and run by Božidar Ljubavić, also known as Božidar Goraždanin, who was a prominent merchant from Goražde. His son Teodor Ljubavić, a hieromonk of the Mileševa Monastery, managed the work of the printing house. It worked until 1523,[4][5] producing three books, which are counted among the better accomplishments of early Serb printers.[7]

Background

[edit]

After the printing press was invented around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, the art of book printing was soon introduced in other parts of Europe. By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become a major centre of printing. In 1493, Đurađ Crnojević, the ruler of the Principality of Zeta (in present-day Montenegro), sent Hieromonk Makarije to Venice to buy a press and learn the art of printing. At Cetinje, the capital of Zeta, Makarije printed in 1494 the Cetinje Octoechos, the first incunable written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. The Crnojević printing house worked until 1496, when Zeta fell to the Ottomans.[1][8] In 1518, Božidar Ljubavić resided at the Mileševa Monastery,[5] the see of a Serbian Orthodox diocese which had been part of the Kingdom of Bosnia since 1373.[9] Mileševa and other parts of its diocese, including the town of Goražde,[8] were located in the region of Herzegovina,[10] which was gradually conquered by the Ottomans between 1465 and 1481.[11]

Printing

[edit]
Church of St. George, Sopotnica

In the second half of 1518, Božidar Ljubavić sent his sons, Đurađ and hieromonk Teodor, to Venice to buy a printing press and to learn the art of printing. The Ljubavić brothers procured a press and began printing a hieratikon (priest's service book), copies of which had been completed by 1 July 1519 either in Venice or at the Church of Saint George near Goražde. After Đurađ Ljubavić died in Venice on 2 March 1519, it is unclear whether his brother transported the press to Goražde before or after finishing the work on the hieratikon. At the Church of Saint George, Teodor organised the Goražde printing house, which produced, beside the hieratikon, two more books in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension: a psalter in 1521, and a small euchologion in 1523.[5] The Goražde Psalter, containing 352 leaves, is the biggest of the three books.[4] They were not bound at the printing house, as this job was a responsibility of book vendors.[7] Trade was well developed in Goražde, as the town was built at the junction of three important roads, which connected it with Dubrovnik, Vrhbosna (Sarajevo), and Kosovo.[12]

Aftermath

[edit]

The next printing house would not appear in Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1866, when Sopron's Printing House began its work.[3] In 1544, the printing press was transported from Goražde to Târgoviște, the capital of Wallachia, thus becoming the second such facility in the territory of present-day Romania. Its relocation and reactivation was accomplished by Dimitrije Ljubavić, Božidar's grandson.[13] In Târgoviște, Dimitrije printed a euchologion at the beginning of 1545, and an apostolarium in 1547.[14] Božidar Vuković founded his printing house in Venice in 1519 or 1520, contemporaneously with the Ljubavić brothers. It worked, with interruptions, until the end of the 16th century. There were other early Serbian printing works, established in the territory of the Ottoman Empire: at the Rujan Monastery near Užice in 1529, at the Gračanica Monastery near Priština in 1539, at the Mileševa Monastery in 1546, in Belgrade in 1552, again at Mileševa in 1557, at the Mrkšina Crkva Monastery near Valjevo in 1562, and in Skadar in 1563. They were active for one to four years and produced one to three books each.[1][2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Biggins & Crayne 2000, pp. 85–86
  2. ^ a b Fotić 2005, p. 66
  3. ^ a b Benac & Lovrenović 1980, p. 145
  4. ^ a b c Kajmaković 1982, pp. 155–58
  5. ^ a b c d Barać 2008, pp. 41–44
  6. ^ Barać 2008, p. 31
  7. ^ a b Barać 2008, pp. 46–47
  8. ^ a b Barać 2008, pp. 27–29
  9. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 392–93, 484
  10. ^ Fine 1994, p. 578
  11. ^ Fine 1994, p. 585
  12. ^ Barać 2008, p. 38
  13. ^ Čurčić 2008, pp. 335–36
  14. ^ Čurčić 2008, p. 339

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Pavle Ivić; Mitar Pešikan (1995). "Serbian Printing". The History of Serbian Culture. Project Rastko.

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