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{{Short description|Italian statesman, novelist, and painter (1798–1866)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Other uses|D'Azeglio (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Taparelli d'Azeglio|text=for other uses, see [[Luigi Taparelli]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Grace (style)|Grace]]
| name = Massimo d'Azeglio
| name = Massimo d'Azeglio
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|OSML]], [[Military Order of Savoy|MOS]], [[Civil Order of Savoy|COS]], [[Legion of Honour|LH]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|OSML]], [[Military Order of Savoy|MOS]], [[Civil Order of Savoy|COS]], [[Legion of Honour|LH]]
| image = Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Massimo d’Azeglio.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Massimo D'Azeglio portraited by [[Francesco Hayez]] (1860).
| image = Massimo d'Azeglio.jpg
| caption = '''Portrait of Massimo D'Azeglio''' by [[Francesco Hayez]] (1860)
| caption = Portrait of D'Azeglio by [[Francesco Gonin]], 1850
| office = [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senator of the Kingdom of Italy]]
| office = [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senator of the Kingdom of Italy]]
| monarch = [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]
| monarch = [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]
Line 18: Line 16:
| predecessor1 = [[Claudio Gabriele de Launay]]
| predecessor1 = [[Claudio Gabriele de Launay]]
| successor1 = [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour|The Count of Cavour]]
| successor1 = [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour|The Count of Cavour]]
| office2 = [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)|Member of the Sardinian Chamber of Deputies]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)|Chamber of Deputies<br>of the Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| term_start2 = 8 May 1848
| term_start2 = 8 May 1848
| term_end2 = 20 October 1853
| term_end2 = 20 October 1853
| constituency2 = [[Strambino]]
| constituency2 = [[Strambino]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1798|10|24}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1798|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Turin]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| birth_place = [[Turin]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1866|1|15|1798|10|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1866|1|15|1798|10|24}}
| death_place = Turin, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| death_place = Turin, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| party = [[Historical Right]]
| party = [[Historical Right]]
Line 38: Line 36:
| battles = [[First Italian War of Independence|1st Italian War of Independence]]
| battles = [[First Italian War of Independence|1st Italian War of Independence]]
}}
}}
'''Massimo Taparelli, Marquess of Azeglio''' (24 October 1798 – 15 January 1866), commonly called '''Massimo d'Azeglio''' ({{IPA-it|ˈmassimo tapaˈrɛlli dadˈdzeʎʎo|lang}}), was a [[Piedmont]]ese-Italian [[Diplomat|statesman]], novelist and painter. He was [[List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia|Prime Minister of Sardinia]] for almost three years, until his rival [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] succeeded him. D'Azeglio was a [[Moderate Party (Italy)|moderate]] liberal who hoped for a [[Federal republic|federal]] union between Italian states.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapport |first1=Michael |title=Nineteenth-Century Europe |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |page=165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Matsumoto-Best |first1=Saho |title=Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution, 1846–1851 |date=2003 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Romani |first1=Roberto |title=Sensibilities of the Risorgimento: Reason and Passions in Political Thought |date=2018 |publisher=BRILL |page=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marrone |first1=Gaetana |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J |date=2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=573}}</ref> As Prime Minister, he consolidated the parliamentary system, getting the young king to accept his constitutional status, and worked hard for a peace treaty with Austria. Although himself a Roman Catholic, he introduced freedom of worship, supported public education, and sought to reduce the power of the clergy in local political affairs. As senator, following the annexation of the [[United Provinces of Central Italy]], Azeglio attempted to [[Roman Question|reconcile the Vatican with the new Italian Kingdom]]. His brother [[Luigi Taparelli|Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio]] was a Jesuit priest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letteraturaitaliana.net/pdf/Volume_8/t207.pdf|title=I miei ricordi}}</ref>
'''Massimo Taparelli, Marquess of Azeglio''' (24 October 1798 – 15 January 1866), commonly called '''Massimo d'Azeglio''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmassimo tapaˈrɛlli dadˈdzeʎʎo|lang}}), was a Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist, and painter. He was [[Prime Minister of Sardinia]] for almost three years until succeeded by his rival [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]]. D'Azeglio was a moderate [[Liberalism|liberal]] and member of the [[Moderate Party (Italy)|Moderate Party]] associated with the [[Historical Right]]. He hoped for a [[federal union]] between Italian states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rapport |first=Michael |title=Nineteenth-Century Europe |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |page=165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matsumoto-Best |first=Saho |title=Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution, 1846–1851 |date=2003 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Romani |first=Roberto |title=Sensibilities of the Risorgimento: Reason and Passions in Political Thought |date=2018 |publisher=BRILL |page=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marrone |first=Gaetana |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J |date=2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=573}}</ref>
As Prime Minister, d'Azeglio consolidated the parliamentary system, getting the young King [[Victor Emmanuel II]] to accept his constitutional status, and worked hard for a peace treaty with [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. Although himself a Roman Catholic, he introduced freedom of worship, supported public education, and sought to reduce the power of the clergy in local political affairs. As a senator, following the annexation of the [[United Provinces of Central Italy]], Azeglio attempted to solve the [[Roman Question]] through reconciliation between the Vatican and the new Italian Kingdom. His brother was a Jesuit priest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letteraturaitaliana.net/pdf/Volume_8/t207.pdf|title=I miei ricordi|website=Letteratura Italiana|language=it|access-date=24 April 2024}}{{dead link|date=April 2024}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Massimo Taparelli, Marquis d'Azeglio, was born in [[Turin]] on 24 October 1798.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massimo-taparelli-d-azeglio_(Dizionario-Biografico) |title=AZEGLIO, Massimo Taparelli d' |first=Walter |last=Maturi |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=4 |year=1962}}</ref> He was descended from an ancient and noble [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]]ese family. His father, Cesare d'Azeglio, an officer in the Piedmontese army, held a high position at court. On the return of [[Pope Pius VII]] to Rome after the fall of Napoleon, Cesare was sent as special envoy to the [[Holy See]] and took his son, then sixteen years of age, with him as an extra attaché. Young Massimo was given a commission in a [[cavalry]] regiment, which he soon relinquished on account of his health. During his residence in Rome, Massimo acquired a love for art and music and decided to become a painter, to the horror of his conservative, aristocratic family. His father reluctantly consented, and Massimo settled in Rome, devoting himself to art.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Massimo Taparelli, Marquis d'Azeglio, was born in [[Turin]] on 24 October 1798.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massimo-taparelli-d-azeglio_(Dizionario-Biografico) |title=AZEGLIO, Massimo Taparelli d' |first=Walter |last=Maturi |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=4 |year=1962}}</ref> He was descended from an ancient and noble [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmontese]] family. His father, [[Cesare d'Azeglio]], an officer in the [[Royal Sardinian Army]], held a high position at court. On the return of [[Pope Pius VII]] to Rome after the abdication of [[Napoleon]], Cesare was sent as special envoy to the [[Holy See]] and took his son, then sixteen years of age, with him as an extra attaché. Young Massimo was given a commission in a [[cavalry]] regiment, which he soon relinquished on account of his health. During his residence in [[Rome]], Massimo acquired a love for art and music and decided to become a painter, to the horror of his conservative, aristocratic family. His father reluctantly consented, and Massimo settled in Rome, devoting himself to art.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


==Early political career==
==Early political career==
[[File:D'AZEGLIO-Vita di lago con barca.jpg|thumb|left|M. d'Azeglio:''Life on the lake with a boat''.]]
[[File:D'AZEGLIO-Vita di lago con barca.jpg|thumb|left|D'Azeglio in ''Life on the Lake with a Boat'']]
He led an abstemious life in Rome, maintaining himself by painting [[Romanticism|Romantic]] landscapes which frequently included historical subjects. He also painted scenes for a self-composed opera.<ref>*{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Bryan|year=1889|title=''Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical'' (Volume II L-Z)|editor=Walter Armstrong & Robert Edmund Graves|pages=551|publisher=George Bell and Sons|location=York St. No. 4, Covent Garden, London; Original from Fogg Library, Digitized 18 May 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2cCAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-lMAQAAMAAJ ''Modern Italian Painters''], article by JM, The Westminster Review, 1841, Volume 35, page 387.</ref> In 1830 he returned to Turin and, after his father's death in 1831, moved to [[Milan]]. He resided in Milan for twelve years, moving in the city's literary and artistic circles and, in 1834, helped to organise the ''Salotto Maffei'' [[salon (gathering)|salon]], hosted by [[Clara Maffei]]. He became an intimate of [[Alessandro Manzoni]] the novelist, whose daughter he married. At that point, literature instead of art became his chief occupation; he produced two historical novels, ''Niccolò dei Lapi'' and ''[[Ettore Fieramosca (novel)|Ettore Fieramosca]]'', in imitation of [[Walter Scott]]. The novels had a strong political context, with d'Azeglio aiming to illustrate the evils of foreign domination in Italy and to reawaken national feeling.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
He led an abstemious life in Rome, maintaining himself by painting [[Romanticism|Romantic]] landscapes which frequently included historical subjects. He also painted scenes for a self-composed opera.<ref>*{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Bryan|year=1889|title=Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical |volume=II L-Z |editor=Walter Armstrong |editor2=Robert Edmund Graves |page=551 |publisher=George Bell and Sons|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2cCAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-lMAQAAMAAJ ''Modern Italian Painters''], article by JM, The Westminster Review, 1841, Volume 35, page 387.</ref> In 1830 he returned to Turin and, after his father's death in 1831, moved to [[Milan]]. He resided in Milan for twelve years, moving in the city's literary and artistic circles and, in 1834, helped to organise the ''Salotto Maffei'' [[salon (gathering)|salon]], hosted by [[Clara Maffei]]. He became an intimate of [[Alessandro Manzoni]] the novelist, whose daughter he married. At that point, literature instead of art became his chief occupation; he produced two historical novels, ''Niccolò dei Lapi'' and ''[[Ettore Fieramosca (novel)|Ettore Fieramosca]]'', in imitation of [[Walter Scott]]. The novels had a strong political context, with d'Azeglio aiming to illustrate the evils of foreign domination in Italy and to reawaken national feeling.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


In 1845 d'Azeglio visited [[Romagna]] as an unauthorized political envoy, to report on its conditions and the troubles which he foresaw would break out on the death of [[Pope Gregory XVI]]. The following year he published his famous pamphlet ''Degli ultimi casi di Romagna'' at [[Florence]]; as a consequence of this he was expelled from [[Tuscany]]. He spent the next few months in Rome, sharing the general enthusiasm over the supposed liberalism of the new pope, [[pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]; like [[Vincenzo Gioberti]] he believed in an Italian confederation under papal auspices and was opposed to the Radical wing of the Liberal party. His political activity increased and he wrote various other pamphlets, among which was ''I lutti di Lombardia'' (1848).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
In 1845, d'Azeglio visited [[Romagna]] as an unauthorized political envoy, to report on its conditions and the troubles which he foresaw would break out on the death of [[Pope Gregory XVI]]. The following year he published his famous pamphlet ''Degli ultimi casi di Romagna'' at [[Florence]]; as a consequence of this he was expelled from [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]]. He spent the next few months in Rome, sharing the general enthusiasm over the supposed liberalism of the new pope, [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]; like [[Vincenzo Gioberti]] he believed in an Italian confederation under papal auspices and was opposed to the Radical wing of the Liberal party. His political activity increased and he wrote various other pamphlets, among which was ''I lutti di Lombardia'' (1848).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


On the outbreak of the first war of independence, d'Azeglio donned the papal uniform and took part under General Durando in the defence of [[Vicenza]], where he was severely wounded. He retired to Florence to recover, but as he opposed the ruling democrats he was expelled from Tuscany a second time. He was now a famous man, and early in 1849 [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert, king of Sardinia]], invited him to form a cabinet. Realizing how impossible it was to renew the campaign, but "not having the heart to sign, in such wretched internal and external conditions, a treaty of peace with Austria" (''{{lang|fr|Correspondance politique}}'', by E Rendu), he refused.<!-- This last sentence is not clear -->{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
On the outbreak of the [[First Italian War of Independence]], d'Azeglio donned the Papal uniform and took part under General [[Giovanni Durando]] in the defence of [[Vicenza]], where he was severely wounded. He retired to Florence to recover, but as he opposed the ruling democrats he was expelled from Tuscany a second time. He was now a famous man, and early in 1849 King [[Charles Albert of Sardinia]], invited him to form a cabinet. Realizing how impossible it was to renew the campaign, but "not having the heart to sign, in such wretched internal and external conditions, a treaty of peace with Austria" (''{{lang|fr|Correspondance politique}}'', by E Rendu), he refused.<!-- This last sentence is not clear -->{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


==Prime Minister of Sardinia==
==Prime Minister of Sardinia==
[[File:Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Massimo d’Azeglio.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Massimo D'Azeglio portraited by [[Francesco Hayez]] (1860).]]
[[File:Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Massimo d’Azeglio.jpg|left|180px|thumb|D'Azeglio portraited by [[Francesco Hayez]], 1860)]]
After the defeat at the [[Battle of Novara (1849)|Battle of Novara]] (23 March 1849), Charles Albert abdicated and was succeeded by [[Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia|Victor Emmanuel II]]. D'Azeglio was again called on to form a cabinet; this time, although the situation was even more difficult, he accepted, concluded a peace treaty, dissolved the Chamber and summoned a new one to ratify it. The treaty was accepted and d'Azeglio continued in office for the next three years. While all the rest of Italy was a prey to despotism, in Piedmont the king maintained the constitution intact in the face of a general wave of reaction. D'Azeglio conducted the country's affairs with tact and ability, and improved its diplomatic relations.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} With his top aide Cavour taking the lead legislation passed weakening the powers of the Church to own land, control the schools and supervise marriage laws. When the bishops protested they were punished or exiled, inspiring liberal anticlerical elements across Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Hearder|title=Cavour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYyrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|pages=62–65|isbn=9781317901402}}</ref>
After the defeat at the [[Battle of Novara (1849)|Battle of Novara]] (23 March 1849), Charles Albert abdicated and was succeeded by [[Victor Emmanuel II]]. D'Azeglio was again called on to form a cabinet; this time, although the situation was even more difficult, he accepted, concluded a peace treaty, dissolved the [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)|Chamber]] and summoned a new one to ratify it. The treaty was accepted and d'Azeglio continued in office for the next three years. While all the rest of Italy was prey to despotism, in Piedmont, the king maintained the constitution intact in the face of a general wave of reaction. D'Azeglio conducted the country's affairs with tact and ability, and improved its diplomatic relations.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} With his top aide Cavour taking the lead legislation passed weakening the powers of the Church to own land, control the schools and supervise marriage laws. When the bishops protested they were punished or exiled, inspiring liberal anticlerical elements across Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Hearder|title=Cavour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYyrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|pages=62–65|isbn=9781317901402}}</ref>


He invited [[Camillo Benso conte di Cavour|Count Camillo Cavour]], then a rising young politician, to enter the ministry in 1850. Cavour and [[Luigi Carlo Farini|Farini]], also a member of the cabinet, made certain declarations in the Chamber (May 1852) which led the ministry in the direction of an alliance with [[Urbano Rattazzi|Rattazzi]] and the Left. D'Azeglio disapproved of this and resigned office, but on the king's request formed a new ministry, excluding both Cavour and Farini. In October, however, owing to ill health and dissatisfaction with some of his colleagues, and for other reasons not quite clear, he resigned once more and retired, suggesting to the king that Cavour should be his successor.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
D'Azeglio invited [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], then a rising young politician, to enter the ministry in 1850. Cavour and [[Luigi Carlo Farini]], also a member of the cabinet, made certain declarations in the Chamber (May 1852) which led the ministry in the direction of an alliance with [[Urbano Rattazzi]] and the Left. D'Azeglio disapproved of this and resigned office, but on the king's request formed a new ministry, excluding both Cavour and Farini. In October, however, owing to ill health and dissatisfaction with some of his colleagues, and for other reasons not quite clear, he resigned once more and retired, suggesting to the king that Cavour should be his successor.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


==Retirement==
==Retirement==
[[File:Azeglio - Miei ricordi, 1899 - 5984882 RAV0160019 00335.tif|thumb|Massimo d'Azeglio (''Museo Civico di Torino'').]]
[[File:Azeglio - Miei ricordi, 1899 - 5984882 RAV0160019 00335.tif|thumb|D'Azeglio at Museo Civico di Torino]]
For the next four years he lived modestly at Turin, devoting himself once more to art, although he also continued to take an active interest in politics. Cavour continued to consult him. In 1855 d'Azeglio was appointed director of the Turin art gallery. In 1859 he was given various political missions, including one to Paris and London to prepare the basis for a general congress of the powers on Italian affairs. When war between Piedmont and Austria appeared inevitable, he returned to Italy and was sent by Cavour as royal commissioner to Romagna, whence the papal troops had been expelled.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
For the next four years he lived modestly at Turin, devoting himself once more to art, although he also continued to take an active interest in politics. Cavour continued to consult him. In 1855 d'Azeglio was appointed director of the [[Galleria Sabauda]]. In 1859 he was given various political missions, including one to Paris and London to prepare the basis for a general congress of the powers on Italian affairs. When war between Piedmont and Austria appeared inevitable, he returned to Italy and was sent by Cavour as royal commissioner to Romagna, whence the papal troops had been expelled.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


After the [[peace of Villafranca]], d'Azeglio was recalled with orders to withdraw the Piedmontese garrisons, but saw the danger of allowing papal troops to reoccupy the province, and after a severe struggle left [[Bologna]] without the troops and interviewed the king. The latter approved of his action and said that his orders had not been accurately expressed; thus Romagna was saved. That same year d'Azeglio published a pamphlet in French entitled ''De la Politique et du droit chrétien au point de vue de la question italienne'', with the object of inducing [[Napoleon III]] to continue his pro-Italian policy. Early in 1860 Cavour appointed him governor of [[Milan]], evacuated by the Austrians after the [[battle of Magenta]], a position which he held with great ability. However, disapproving of the government's policy with regard to [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]]'s Sicilian campaign and regarding the occupation by Piedmont of the kingdom of Naples as inopportune, he resigned office.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
After the [[Armistice of Villafranca]], d'Azeglio was recalled with orders to withdraw the Piedmontese garrisons, but saw the danger of allowing papal troops to reoccupy the province, and after a severe struggle left [[Bologna]] without the troops and interviewed the king. The latter approved of his action and said that his orders had not been accurately expressed; thus Romagna was saved. That same year d'Azeglio published a pamphlet in French entitled ''De la Politique et du droit chrétien au point de vue de la question italienne'', with the object of inducing [[Napoleon III]] to continue his pro-Italian policy. Early in 1860, Cavour appointed him governor of [[Milan]], evacuated by the Austrians after the [[Battle of Magenta]], a position which he held with great ability. However, disapproving of the government's policy with regard to [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]]'s [[Expedition of the Thousand]] and regarding the occupation by Piedmont of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] as inopportune, he resigned office.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


The deaths of his two brothers in 1862 and of Cavour in 1861 caused d'Azeglio great grief; he subsequently led a comparatively retired life, but continued to take part in politics, both as deputy and writer, his two chief subjects of interest being the Roman question and the relations of Piedmont (now the kingdom of Italy) with Mazzini and the other revolutionaries. In his opinion Italy needed to be unified by means of the Franco-Piedmontese army alone, avoiding any connection with the other armies. He continued to hold that the pope should enjoy nominal sovereignty over Rome with full spiritual independence, with the capital of Italy being established elsewhere but the Romans being Italian citizens. He strongly disapproved of the convention of 1864 between the Italian government and the pope. The last few years of d'Azeglio's life were spent chiefly at his villa of [[Cannero Riviera|Cannero]], where he wrote his own memoirs. He died of fever in Turin on 15 January 1866.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
The deaths of his two brothers in 1862 and of Cavour in 1861 caused d'Azeglio great grief; he subsequently led a comparatively retired life, but continued to take part in politics, both as deputy and writer, his two chief subjects of interest being the Roman question and the relations of Piedmont (now the [[Kingdom of Italy]]) with Mazzini and the other revolutionaries. In his opinion Italy needed to be unified using the Franco-Piedmontese army alone, avoiding any connection with the other armies. He continued to hold that the pope should enjoy nominal sovereignty over Rome with full spiritual independence, with the capital of Italy being established elsewhere but the Romans being Italian citizens. He strongly disapproved of the [[September Convention]] of 1864 between the Italian government and the pope. The last few years of d'Azeglio's life were spent chiefly at his villa of [[Cannero Riviera|Cannero]], where he wrote his memoirs. He died of fever in Turin on 15 January 1866.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


==Role as politician==
==Role as politician==
He played a significant role in the rehabilitation of Piedmont after the chaos of the 1848–49 revolutions. He had a low opinion of the people of Italy, who, he declared, "were 20 percent stupid rascally and bold, 80 percent stupid, honest and timid, and such a people has the government it deserves."<ref>David Gilmour, ''The Pursuit of Italy'' (2011) p 177</ref> He became Prime Minister in 1849, despite a lack of experience or enthusiasm. Bored by debates in Parliament, he had unexpected strengths: He was honest and clear-sighted, widely admired both at home and abroad, displaying wisdom and moderation that were crucial for consolidating the parliamentary system in his kingdom. He convinced the king to accept constitutional government, with the proviso the King could control military and foreign policy without parliamentary interference.<ref>Gilmour, ''The Pursuit of Italy'' (2011) p 177</ref>
D'Azeglio played a significant role in the rehabilitation of Piedmont after the chaos of the 1848–49 revolutions. He had a low opinion of the people of Italy, who, he declared "were 20 per cent stupid rascally and bold, 80 per cent stupid, honest and timid, and such a people has the government it deserves."<ref>David Gilmour, ''[[The Pursuit of Italy]]'' (2011) p 177</ref> He became Prime Minister in 1849, despite a lack of experience or enthusiasm. Bored by debates in Parliament, he had unexpected strengths: He was honest and clear-sighted, widely admired both at home and abroad, displaying wisdom and moderation that were crucial for consolidating the parliamentary system in his kingdom. He convinced the king to accept constitutional government, with the proviso the King could control military and foreign policy without parliamentary interference.<ref>Gilmour, ''The Pursuit of Italy'' (2011) p 177</ref>


==Writings and publications==
==Writings and publications==
Besides a variety of newspaper articles and pamphlets, d'Azeglio's chief works are the two novels ''Ettore Fieramosca'' (1833) and ''Niccolò dei Lapi'' (1841), as well as a volume of autobiographical memoirs entitled ''I Miei Ricordi'' (D'Azeglio Memoirs – p.&nbsp;1867), a work published after his death, in 1866, but unfortunately incomplete. A quote from his memoirs is "''L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani''", translated colloquially as "''We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians''."<ref name="Charles L. Killinger 2002 1">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Killinger|title=The History of Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofitaly00kill|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofitaly00kill/page/n26 1]}}</ref>
Besides a variety of newspaper articles and pamphlets, d'Azeglio's chief works are the two novels ''Ettore Fieramosca'' (1833) and ''Niccolò dei Lapi'' (1841), as well as a volume of autobiographical memoirs entitled ''I Miei Ricordi'' (D'Azeglio Memoirs – p.&nbsp;1867), a work published after his death, in 1866, but unfortunately incomplete. A quote from his memoirs is "''L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani''", translated colloquially as "We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians."<ref name="Charles L. Killinger 2002 1">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Killinger|title=The History of Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofitaly00kill|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofitaly00kill/page/n26 1]|isbn=9780313314834 }}</ref> His landscape paintings influenced [[Salvatore Mazza]] and [[Luigi Riccardi]].<ref>*{{cite book|first=Antonio|last=Caimi|year=1862|title=''Delle arti del designo e degli artisti nelle provincie di Lombardia dal 1777–1862''|pages=94–96|publisher=Presso Luigi di Giacomo Pirola|location=Milan, Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_FYAAAAYAAJ&q=Antonio+Caimi}}</ref>

His landscape paintings influenced [[Salvatore Mazza]] and [[Luigi Riccardi]].<ref>*{{cite book|first=Antonio|last=Caimi|year=1862|title=''Delle arti del designo e degli artisti nelle provincie di Lombardia dal 1777–1862''|pages=94–96|publisher=Presso Luigi di Giacomo Pirola|location=Milan, Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_FYAAAAYAAJ&q=Antonio+Caimi}}</ref>


==Memory==
==Memory==
A prestigious ''[[Liceo classico]]'' founded in 1831 in his hometown of [[Turin]] was later renamed in his honour.<ref name="Storia">"[https://www.liceomassimodazeglio.it/storia.html Storia]." Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio. Retrieved on 1 August 2017.</ref> The [[Liceo classico Massimo d'Azeglio]] has a notable place in Italian history as the alma mater of author [[Primo Levi]], novelist [[Cesare Pavese]], screenwriter [[Tullio Pinelli]], and [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] intellectuals such as publisher [[Giulio Einaudi]] (son of future President [[Luigi Einaudi]]), [[Norberto Bobbio]], and writer and teacher [[Leone Ginzburg]].<ref name="Storia" /> [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus Football Club]] was founded by its students in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicajuventus.com/storia_juventus.php|title=Storia della Juventus Football Club|work=magicajuventus.com|language=it|access-date=8 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121010508/http://www.magicajuventus.com/storia_juventus.php|archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref>
A prestigious ''[[Liceo classico]]'' founded in 1831 in his hometown of [[Turin]] was later renamed in his honour.<ref name="Storia">"[https://www.liceomassimodazeglio.it/storia.html Storia]." Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio. Retrieved on 1 August 2017.</ref> The [[Liceo classico Massimo d'Azeglio]] has a notable place in Italian history as the alma mater of author [[Primo Levi]], novelist [[Cesare Pavese]], screenwriter [[Tullio Pinelli]], and [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] intellectuals such as publisher [[Giulio Einaudi]] (son of future President [[Luigi Einaudi]]), [[Norberto Bobbio]], and writer and teacher [[Leone Ginzburg]].<ref name="Storia" /> [[Juventus FC|Juventus Football Club]] was founded by its students in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicajuventus.com/storia_juventus.php|title=Storia della Juventus Football Club|work=magicajuventus.com|language=it|access-date=8 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121010508/http://www.magicajuventus.com/storia_juventus.php|archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> There is a poetry contest organized by a cultural organization in Puglia (Italian region) named after D'Azeglio.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}


== Honours ==
There is a poetry contest organized by a cultural organization in Puglia (Italian region) named after D'Azeglio.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
* Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], 1851.<ref>RD of 7 dec 1831.</ref>
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]].


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Luigi Taparelli]] (1793–1862), his brother; an Italian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] scholar who coined the term [[social justice]].
*[[List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia]]
*[[Luigi Taparelli]] (1793–1862), his brother, an Italian [[Jesuit]] scholar who coined the term [[social justice]]


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*d'Azeglio, Massimo. ''Things I Remember (I miei ricordi)'' (Oxford UP, 1966).
*D'Azeglio, Massimo. ''Things I Remember (I miei ricordi)'' (Oxford UP, 1966).
*Gilmour, David.''The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples'' (2011). [https://www.amazon.com/Pursuit-Italy-History-Regions-Peoples/dp/0374533601/ excerpt]
*Gilmour, David.''The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples'' (2011). [https://www.amazon.com/Pursuit-Italy-History-Regions-Peoples/dp/0374533601/ excerpt]
*Hom, Stephanie Malia. "On the Origins of Making Italy: Massimo D’Azeglio and ‘Fatta l’Italia, bisogna fare gli Italiani’." ''Italian Culture'' 31.1 (2013): 1–16. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31078180/HOM_OriginsOfMakingItaly_2013_OFFPRINT.pdf online]
*Hom, Stephanie Malia. "On the Origins of Making Italy: Massimo D’Azeglio and ‘Fatta l’Italia, bisogna fare gli Italiani’." ''Italian Culture'' 31.1 (2013): 1–16. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31078180/HOM_OriginsOfMakingItaly_2013_OFFPRINT.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*Jenks, William Alexander. ''Francis Joseph and the Italians: 1849–1859'' (University Press of Virginia, 1978).
*Jenks, William Alexander. ''Francis Joseph and the Italians: 1849–1859'' (University Press of Virginia, 1978).
*Marshall, Ronald. ''Massimo d'Azeglio: an artist in politics, 1798–1866'' (Oxford UP, 1966).
*Marshall, Ronald. ''Massimo d'Azeglio: an artist in politics, 1798–1866'' (Oxford UP, 1966).


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Gutenberg author | id=Azeglio,+Massimo+d'}}
*{{Gutenberg author | id=41807}}
*{{Internet Archive author | sname=Massimo d’Azeglio | sopt=t}}
*{{Internet Archive author | sname=Massimo d’Azeglio | sopt=t}}
*{{Librivox author | id=9361}}
*{{Librivox author | id=9361}}


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Latest revision as of 10:04, 6 November 2024

Massimo d'Azeglio
OSML, MOS, COS, LH
Portrait of D'Azeglio by Francesco Gonin, 1850
Senator of the Kingdom of Italy
In office
20 October 1853 – 15 January 1866
MonarchVictor Emmanuel II
Prime Minister of Sardinia
In office
7 May 1849 – 4 November 1852
MonarchVictor Emmanuel II
Preceded byClaudio Gabriele de Launay
Succeeded byThe Count of Cavour
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
of the Kingdom of Sardinia
In office
8 May 1848 – 20 October 1853
ConstituencyStrambino
Personal details
Born(1798-10-24)24 October 1798
Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Died15 January 1866(1866-01-15) (aged 67)
Turin, Italy
Political partyHistorical Right
Spouse
Giulia Claudia Manzoni
​
​
(m. 1831; died 1834)​
ChildrenAlessandra Taparelli
Parent(s)Cesare Taparelli and Cristina Morozzo
Alma materUniversity of Turin
ProfessionSoldier, writer, painter
Military service
Branch/service Royal Sardinian Army
Years of service1815; 1848–1849
RankColonel
Unit2nd Cavalry Regiment
Battles/wars1st Italian War of Independence

Massimo Taparelli, Marquess of Azeglio (24 October 1798 – 15 January 1866), commonly called Massimo d'Azeglio (Italian: [ˈmassimo tapaˈrɛlli dadˈdzeʎʎo]), was a Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist, and painter. He was Prime Minister of Sardinia for almost three years until succeeded by his rival Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. D'Azeglio was a moderate liberal and member of the Moderate Party associated with the Historical Right. He hoped for a federal union between Italian states.[1][2][3][4]

As Prime Minister, d'Azeglio consolidated the parliamentary system, getting the young King Victor Emmanuel II to accept his constitutional status, and worked hard for a peace treaty with Austria. Although himself a Roman Catholic, he introduced freedom of worship, supported public education, and sought to reduce the power of the clergy in local political affairs. As a senator, following the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy, Azeglio attempted to solve the Roman Question through reconciliation between the Vatican and the new Italian Kingdom. His brother was a Jesuit priest.[5]

Early life

[edit]

Massimo Taparelli, Marquis d'Azeglio, was born in Turin on 24 October 1798.[6] He was descended from an ancient and noble Piedmontese family. His father, Cesare d'Azeglio, an officer in the Royal Sardinian Army, held a high position at court. On the return of Pope Pius VII to Rome after the abdication of Napoleon, Cesare was sent as special envoy to the Holy See and took his son, then sixteen years of age, with him as an extra attaché. Young Massimo was given a commission in a cavalry regiment, which he soon relinquished on account of his health. During his residence in Rome, Massimo acquired a love for art and music and decided to become a painter, to the horror of his conservative, aristocratic family. His father reluctantly consented, and Massimo settled in Rome, devoting himself to art.[7]

Early political career

[edit]
D'Azeglio in Life on the Lake with a Boat

He led an abstemious life in Rome, maintaining himself by painting Romantic landscapes which frequently included historical subjects. He also painted scenes for a self-composed opera.[8][9] In 1830 he returned to Turin and, after his father's death in 1831, moved to Milan. He resided in Milan for twelve years, moving in the city's literary and artistic circles and, in 1834, helped to organise the Salotto Maffei salon, hosted by Clara Maffei. He became an intimate of Alessandro Manzoni the novelist, whose daughter he married. At that point, literature instead of art became his chief occupation; he produced two historical novels, Niccolò dei Lapi and Ettore Fieramosca, in imitation of Walter Scott. The novels had a strong political context, with d'Azeglio aiming to illustrate the evils of foreign domination in Italy and to reawaken national feeling.[7]

In 1845, d'Azeglio visited Romagna as an unauthorized political envoy, to report on its conditions and the troubles which he foresaw would break out on the death of Pope Gregory XVI. The following year he published his famous pamphlet Degli ultimi casi di Romagna at Florence; as a consequence of this he was expelled from Tuscany. He spent the next few months in Rome, sharing the general enthusiasm over the supposed liberalism of the new pope, Pius IX; like Vincenzo Gioberti he believed in an Italian confederation under papal auspices and was opposed to the Radical wing of the Liberal party. His political activity increased and he wrote various other pamphlets, among which was I lutti di Lombardia (1848).[7]

On the outbreak of the First Italian War of Independence, d'Azeglio donned the Papal uniform and took part under General Giovanni Durando in the defence of Vicenza, where he was severely wounded. He retired to Florence to recover, but as he opposed the ruling democrats he was expelled from Tuscany a second time. He was now a famous man, and early in 1849 King Charles Albert of Sardinia, invited him to form a cabinet. Realizing how impossible it was to renew the campaign, but "not having the heart to sign, in such wretched internal and external conditions, a treaty of peace with Austria" (Correspondance politique, by E Rendu), he refused.[7]

Prime Minister of Sardinia

[edit]
D'Azeglio portraited by Francesco Hayez, 1860)

After the defeat at the Battle of Novara (23 March 1849), Charles Albert abdicated and was succeeded by Victor Emmanuel II. D'Azeglio was again called on to form a cabinet; this time, although the situation was even more difficult, he accepted, concluded a peace treaty, dissolved the Chamber and summoned a new one to ratify it. The treaty was accepted and d'Azeglio continued in office for the next three years. While all the rest of Italy was prey to despotism, in Piedmont, the king maintained the constitution intact in the face of a general wave of reaction. D'Azeglio conducted the country's affairs with tact and ability, and improved its diplomatic relations.[7] With his top aide Cavour taking the lead legislation passed weakening the powers of the Church to own land, control the schools and supervise marriage laws. When the bishops protested they were punished or exiled, inspiring liberal anticlerical elements across Italy.[10]

D'Azeglio invited Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, then a rising young politician, to enter the ministry in 1850. Cavour and Luigi Carlo Farini, also a member of the cabinet, made certain declarations in the Chamber (May 1852) which led the ministry in the direction of an alliance with Urbano Rattazzi and the Left. D'Azeglio disapproved of this and resigned office, but on the king's request formed a new ministry, excluding both Cavour and Farini. In October, however, owing to ill health and dissatisfaction with some of his colleagues, and for other reasons not quite clear, he resigned once more and retired, suggesting to the king that Cavour should be his successor.[7]

Retirement

[edit]
D'Azeglio at Museo Civico di Torino

For the next four years he lived modestly at Turin, devoting himself once more to art, although he also continued to take an active interest in politics. Cavour continued to consult him. In 1855 d'Azeglio was appointed director of the Galleria Sabauda. In 1859 he was given various political missions, including one to Paris and London to prepare the basis for a general congress of the powers on Italian affairs. When war between Piedmont and Austria appeared inevitable, he returned to Italy and was sent by Cavour as royal commissioner to Romagna, whence the papal troops had been expelled.[7]

After the Armistice of Villafranca, d'Azeglio was recalled with orders to withdraw the Piedmontese garrisons, but saw the danger of allowing papal troops to reoccupy the province, and after a severe struggle left Bologna without the troops and interviewed the king. The latter approved of his action and said that his orders had not been accurately expressed; thus Romagna was saved. That same year d'Azeglio published a pamphlet in French entitled De la Politique et du droit chrétien au point de vue de la question italienne, with the object of inducing Napoleon III to continue his pro-Italian policy. Early in 1860, Cavour appointed him governor of Milan, evacuated by the Austrians after the Battle of Magenta, a position which he held with great ability. However, disapproving of the government's policy with regard to Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand and regarding the occupation by Piedmont of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as inopportune, he resigned office.[7]

The deaths of his two brothers in 1862 and of Cavour in 1861 caused d'Azeglio great grief; he subsequently led a comparatively retired life, but continued to take part in politics, both as deputy and writer, his two chief subjects of interest being the Roman question and the relations of Piedmont (now the Kingdom of Italy) with Mazzini and the other revolutionaries. In his opinion Italy needed to be unified using the Franco-Piedmontese army alone, avoiding any connection with the other armies. He continued to hold that the pope should enjoy nominal sovereignty over Rome with full spiritual independence, with the capital of Italy being established elsewhere but the Romans being Italian citizens. He strongly disapproved of the September Convention of 1864 between the Italian government and the pope. The last few years of d'Azeglio's life were spent chiefly at his villa of Cannero, where he wrote his memoirs. He died of fever in Turin on 15 January 1866.[7]

Role as politician

[edit]

D'Azeglio played a significant role in the rehabilitation of Piedmont after the chaos of the 1848–49 revolutions. He had a low opinion of the people of Italy, who, he declared "were 20 per cent stupid rascally and bold, 80 per cent stupid, honest and timid, and such a people has the government it deserves."[11] He became Prime Minister in 1849, despite a lack of experience or enthusiasm. Bored by debates in Parliament, he had unexpected strengths: He was honest and clear-sighted, widely admired both at home and abroad, displaying wisdom and moderation that were crucial for consolidating the parliamentary system in his kingdom. He convinced the king to accept constitutional government, with the proviso the King could control military and foreign policy without parliamentary interference.[12]

Writings and publications

[edit]

Besides a variety of newspaper articles and pamphlets, d'Azeglio's chief works are the two novels Ettore Fieramosca (1833) and Niccolò dei Lapi (1841), as well as a volume of autobiographical memoirs entitled I Miei Ricordi (D'Azeglio Memoirs – p. 1867), a work published after his death, in 1866, but unfortunately incomplete. A quote from his memoirs is "L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani", translated colloquially as "We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians."[13] His landscape paintings influenced Salvatore Mazza and Luigi Riccardi.[14]

Memory

[edit]

A prestigious Liceo classico founded in 1831 in his hometown of Turin was later renamed in his honour.[15] The Liceo classico Massimo d'Azeglio has a notable place in Italian history as the alma mater of author Primo Levi, novelist Cesare Pavese, screenwriter Tullio Pinelli, and anti-fascist intellectuals such as publisher Giulio Einaudi (son of future President Luigi Einaudi), Norberto Bobbio, and writer and teacher Leone Ginzburg.[15] Juventus Football Club was founded by its students in 1897.[16] There is a poetry contest organized by a cultural organization in Puglia (Italian region) named after D'Azeglio.[citation needed]

Honours

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rapport, Michael (2005). Nineteenth-Century Europe. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 165.
  2. ^ Matsumoto-Best, Saho (2003). Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution, 1846–1851. Boydell & Brewer. p. 23.
  3. ^ Romani, Roberto (2018). Sensibilities of the Risorgimento: Reason and Passions in Political Thought. BRILL. p. 193.
  4. ^ Marrone, Gaetana (2007). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J. Taylor & Francis. p. 573.
  5. ^ "I miei ricordi" (PDF). Letteratura Italiana (in Italian). Retrieved 24 April 2024.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ Maturi, Walter (1962). "AZEGLIO, Massimo Taparelli d'". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 4.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chisholm 1911.
  8. ^ *Bryan, Michael (1889). Walter Armstrong; Robert Edmund Graves (eds.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. Vol. II L-Z. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 551.
  9. ^ Modern Italian Painters, article by JM, The Westminster Review, 1841, Volume 35, page 387.
  10. ^ Harry Hearder (1994). Cavour. Routledge. pp. 62–65. ISBN 9781317901402.
  11. ^ David Gilmour, The Pursuit of Italy (2011) p 177
  12. ^ Gilmour, The Pursuit of Italy (2011) p 177
  13. ^ Charles L. Killinger (2002). The History of Italy. Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780313314834.
  14. ^ *Caimi, Antonio (1862). Delle arti del designo e degli artisti nelle provincie di Lombardia dal 1777–1862. Milan, Italy: Presso Luigi di Giacomo Pirola. pp. 94–96.
  15. ^ a b "Storia." Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio. Retrieved on 1 August 2017.
  16. ^ "Storia della Juventus Football Club". magicajuventus.com (in Italian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
  17. ^ RD of 7 dec 1831.
Attribution

Further reading

[edit]
  • D'Azeglio, Massimo. Things I Remember (I miei ricordi) (Oxford UP, 1966).
  • Gilmour, David.The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples (2011). excerpt
  • Hom, Stephanie Malia. "On the Origins of Making Italy: Massimo D’Azeglio and ‘Fatta l’Italia, bisogna fare gli Italiani’." Italian Culture 31.1 (2013): 1–16. online[dead link‍]
  • Jenks, William Alexander. Francis Joseph and the Italians: 1849–1859 (University Press of Virginia, 1978).
  • Marshall, Ronald. Massimo d'Azeglio: an artist in politics, 1798–1866 (Oxford UP, 1966).
[edit]
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