Jump to content

Ponnani taluk: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 11°09′09″N 75°57′24″E / 11.152610°N 75.956678°E / 11.152610; 75.956678
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m capitalization
Removed copyedit link.
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown)
Line 44: Line 44:
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
Line 53: Line 53:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Ponnani''' Taluk comes under [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Tirur revenue division]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="mlp">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Villages, Taluks, and Revenues divisions that make up Malappuram district |website=Official website of Malappuram district}}</ref> Its [[headquarters]] is the city of [[Ponnani]].<ref name="mlp"/> Ponnani Taluk contains [[Ponnani]] Municipality and nine [[gram panchayat]]s.<ref name="c2011">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref> Most of the administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station at [[Ponnani]].
'''Ponnani''' '''Taluk''' is an administrative division in the Malappuram district of Kerala, [[India]].<ref name="c2011" /> It falls under the [[Tirur]] revenue division, with its headquarters in the town of [[Ponnani]]. Ponnani Taluk includes Ponnani Municipality and nine [[Gram panchayat|gram panchayats]].<ref name="mlp" /> Most administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station in Ponnani.


==Overview==
==Overview==
Ponnani Taluk is located right in the middle of the Kerala coast.
Ponnani Taluk is situated in the central part of the Kerala coast.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Ponnani]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Ponnani]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]
Ponnani was the most populous Taluk of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] during its dissolution.<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> At that time Ponnani Taluk had eight [[revenue block]]s in it: [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Tirur]], [[Kuttippuram]], [[Ponnani]], [[Thrithala]], Andathode, [[Chavakkad]], and [[Nattika]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="1961_pkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (3) - Palakkad (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Shoranur|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf}}</ref> On 1 November 1957, the [[revenue block]]s of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Tirur]], and [[Kuttippuram]] were separated from Ponnani Taluk to form [[Tirur Taluk]], and the [[Revenue block]]s of [[Chavakkad]] and [[Nattika]] were separated to form Chavakkad Taluk.<ref name="1961_pkd"/>
Ponnani was the most populous taluk in the former [[Malabar District]] at the time of its dissolution.<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> At that time, Ponnani Taluk included eight [[revenue block]]s: [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Tirur]], [[Kuttippuram]], [[Ponnani]], [[Thrithala]], Andathode, [[Chavakkad]], and [[Nattika]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="1961_pkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (3) - Palakkad (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Shoranur|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf}}</ref> On 1 November 1957, the [[revenue block]]s of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Tirur]], and [[Kuttippuram]] were separated to form [[Tirur Taluk]], while the [[Revenue block|block]]s of [[Chavakkad]] and [[Nattika]] were separated to form Chavakkad Taluk.<ref name="1961_pkd"/>


During the formation of [[Malappuram district]] on 16th June 1969, [[Thrithala]] [[Revenue block]] was transferred from Ponnani Taluk to [[Ottapalam]] Taluk, and three villages of Andathode Block namely, [[Punnayur]], [[Punnayurkulam]], and [[Vadakkekad]], were transferred to the Chavakkad Taluk.<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref>
During the formation of [[Malappuram district]] on 16 June 1969, Ponnani Taluk was separated from [[Palakkad district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Palakkad {{!}} India |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Thrithala]] [[revenue block]] was transferred from Ponnani Taluk to [[Ottapalam]] Taluk, and three villages in the Andathode block—[[Punnayur]], [[Punnayurkulam]], and [[Vadakkekad]]—were transferred to Chavakkad Taluk.<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref>


Now, Ponnani is the smallest and least populous taluk of [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c2011"/> The current Ponnani Taluk contains only 11 villages.<ref name="c2011"/>
Currently, Ponnani is the smallest and least populous taluk in [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c2011">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> It now contains only 11 villages.<ref name="c2011"/>


== Villages ==
== Villages ==
[[File:Ponnani mini civil station.JPG|thumb|Ponnani mini civil station in 2010]]
[[File:Ponnani mini civil station.JPG|thumb|Ponnani mini civil station in 2010]]
The taluk comprises the following 11 villages:<ref name="mlp">{{Cite web |title=Villages, Taluks, and Revenues divisions that make up Malappuram district |url=https://malappuram.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |website=Official website of Malappuram district}}</ref>
There are 11 villages in this taluk:<ref name="mlp"/>
# [[Ponnani|Ponnani Nagaram]]
# [[Ponnani|Ponnani Nagaram]]
# [[Veliyankode]]
# [[Veliyankode]]
Line 85: Line 85:


==Ponnani Taluk under British Rule==
==Ponnani Taluk under British Rule==
Ponnani Taluk was created in 1860-1861 by merging Vettathunadu ([[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]) Taluk, [[Koottanad]] Taluk, and [[Chavakkad]] Taluk of erstwhile [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> [[Kuttippuram]] region of Cheranad ([[Tirurangadi]]) Taluk was also added to Ponnani taluk while it's formation.<ref name="Logan"/>
Ponnani Taluk was established in 1860–1861 by merging the former taluks of Vettathunadu ([[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]), [[Koottanad]], and [[Chavakkad]] from the [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> The [[Kuttippuram]] region of Cheranad ([[Tirurangadi]]) Taluk was also incorporated into Ponnani Taluk.<ref name="Logan"/> The Amsoms (administrative divisions) in Ponnani Taluk were organized into five divisions: Vettathunad, Cheranad, Koottanad, Chavakkad, and the Island of Chetvai. The taluk contained a total of 73 Amsoms.<ref name="Logan"/>
The ''Amsoms'' included in Ponnani Taluk was classified into five divisions- ''Vettathunad'', ''Cheranad'', ''Koottanad'', ''Chavakkad'', the ''Island of Chetvai ''. There were 73 ''Amsoms'' in the Taluk.<ref name="Logan"/>


1. '''''Vettathunad'''''
1. '''Vettathunad'''
[[File:Codacal Tile Factory.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, [[Tirunavaya]], which was a part of Ponnani Taluk at that time. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was at [[Feroke]], which was a part of [[Eranad Taluk]] then.]]
[[File:Codacal Tile Factory.jpg|left|thumbnail|The Kodakkal Tile Factory, operated by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, [[Tirunavaya]], was part of Ponnani Taluk at the time. Established in 1887, the Kodakkal Tile Factory is the second tile manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was located in [[Feroke]], which was then part of [[Eranad Taluk]].]]
[[File:Tirur Railway Station name board.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Tirur railway station]], the oldest railway station of [[Kerala]], opened in 1861.]]
[[File:Tirur Railway Station name board.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Tirur railway station]], the oldest railway station of [[Kerala]], opened in 1861.]]
[[File:Colored vettattnad.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettathunad)]]
[[File:Colored vettattnad.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettathunad)]]


''Vettathunad'', also known as the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], was a coastal city-state kingdom in the [[Malabar Coast]]. It was ruled by the ''Vettathu Raja'', who was dependent on the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. The [[Kshatriya]] family of the ''Vettathu Rajas'' became extinct with the death of the last ''Raja'' on 24 May 1793.<ref name="Logan"/> ''Vettathunad'' consisted of the following 21 ''Amsoms'':
Vettathunad, also known as the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], was a coastal city-state on the [[Malabar Coast]]. It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja, who was a vassal of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. The [[Kshatriya]] family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793.<ref name="Logan"/> Vettathunad comprised the following 21 Amsoms:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Pariyapuram]]
* [[Pariyapuram]]
Line 118: Line 117:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


2. '''''Cheranad'''''
2. '''Cheranad'''


The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of [[Tirurangadi]] which was merged with [[Eranad]] Taluk during the creation of Ponnani Taluk. ''Cheranad'' was directly ruled by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Logan"/> ''Cheranad'' was scattered in Eranad and Ponnani Taluks.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 17 ''Amsoms'' out of which 11 were merged with Eranad Taluk. The remaining 6 ''Amsoms'' of Cheranad which was merged with Ponnani Taluk are given below:<ref name="Logan"/>
The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of [[Tirurangadi]], which was merged with [[Eranad]] Taluk during the formation of Ponnani Taluk. Cheranad was directly ruled by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]<ref name="Logan"/> and was divided between Eranad and Ponnani Taluks.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of 17 Amsoms, 11 of which were merged with Eranad Taluk. The remaining 6 Amsoms, which were merged with Ponnani Taluk, are listed below:<ref name="Logan"/>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Valiyakunnu]]
* [[Valiyakunnu]]
Line 130: Line 129:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


⚫
3. '''Koottanad'''


⚫
The second residence of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was Thrikkavil Kovilakam in [[Ponnani]], located in Koottanad. The Zamorin had control over Koottanad.<ref name="Logan"/> It comprised the following 24 Amsoms:
⚫
3. '''''Koottanad'''''

⚫
The second home of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was ''Thrikkavil Kovilakam'' at [[Ponnani]] in ''Koottanad''. The Zamorin had control over the ''Koottanad''.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 24 ''Amsoms'':
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Thavanur]]
* [[Thavanur]]
Line 161: Line 159:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


4. '''''Chavakkad'''''
4. '''Chavakkad'''


''Chavakkad'' had been under the suzerainity of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]].<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 14 ''Amsoms'':
Chavakkad was under the suzerainty of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]].<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Veliyankode]]
* [[Veliyankode]]
Line 181: Line 179:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


5. '''''The Island of Chetvai'''''
5. '''The Island of Chetvai'''


The ''Island of Chetvai'' had been earlier under the suzerainity of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]], but it came under the possession of the Dutch in 1717.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 7 ''Amsoms'':
The Island of Chetvai was initially under the suzerainty of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] but came under Dutch possession in 1717.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Vadanappally]]
* [[Vadanappally]]
Line 197: Line 195:
[[File:മലപ്പുറം ജില്ലയിൽ പൊന്നാനിയിലെ ഹാർബർ (1930-37).jpg|300px|thumbnail|[[Ponnani]] harbour in mid-1930s]]
[[File:മലപ്പുറം ജില്ലയിൽ പൊന്നാനിയിലെ ഹാർബർ (1930-37).jpg|300px|thumbnail|[[Ponnani]] harbour in mid-1930s]]


Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from [[Ponnani]] to [[Tirur railway station]]. Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by [[Basel Mission]] employees at Codacal.<ref>[http://www.ineszupanov.com Website of Ines Zupanov]</ref>
The Ponnani Canal was constructed to facilitate the transportation of goods from [[Ponnani]] to the [[Tirur railway station]]. Below is a description of the Ponnani Canal by [[Basel Mission]] employees at Codacal.<ref>[http://www.ineszupanov.com Website of Ines Zupanov]</ref>


{{cquote|''...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...''}}
{{cquote|''...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...''}}


==Historical maps==
==Historic maps==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Malabar 1854.jpg|[[Malabar District]] in 1854
Image:Malabar 1854.jpg|employees at Codacal.854
Image:58 B 01 Malabar District (1912).jpg|An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
Image:58 B 01 Malabar District (1912).jpg|An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
Image:58 B 02 Malabar District (1912).jpg|Another area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
Image:58 B 02 Malabar District (1912).jpg|Another area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
Line 210: Line 208:
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See Also ==
== See also ==
* [[List of villages in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of villages in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district]]

Latest revision as of 13:36, 6 November 2024

This article is about the Taluka in Kerala. For other uses, see Ponnani (disambiguation).

Ponnani Taluk
Taluk
Location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India
Location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India
Coordinates: 11°09′09″N 75°57′24″E / 11.152610°N 75.956678°E / 11.152610; 75.956678
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictMalappuram
HeadquartersPonnani
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Vehicle registrationKL-54
Websitetalukofficeponnani-net.webnode.com

Ponnani Taluk is an administrative division in the Malappuram district of Kerala, India.[1] It falls under the Tirur revenue division, with its headquarters in the town of Ponnani. Ponnani Taluk includes Ponnani Municipality and nine gram panchayats.[2] Most administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station in Ponnani.

Overview

[edit]

Ponnani Taluk is situated in the central part of the Kerala coast.

History

[edit]
Ponnani Taluk of the erstwhile Malabar District

Ponnani was the most populous taluk in the former Malabar District at the time of its dissolution.[3] At that time, Ponnani Taluk included eight revenue blocks: Tanur, Tirur, Kuttippuram, Ponnani, Thrithala, Andathode, Chavakkad, and Nattika.[3][4] On 1 November 1957, the revenue blocks of Tanur, Tirur, and Kuttippuram were separated to form Tirur Taluk, while the blocks of Chavakkad and Nattika were separated to form Chavakkad Taluk.[4]

During the formation of Malappuram district on 16 June 1969, Ponnani Taluk was separated from Palakkad district.[5] The Thrithala revenue block was transferred from Ponnani Taluk to Ottapalam Taluk, and three villages in the Andathode block—Punnayur, Punnayurkulam, and Vadakkekad—were transferred to Chavakkad Taluk.[6]

Currently, Ponnani is the smallest and least populous taluk in Malappuram district.[1] It now contains only 11 villages.[1]

Villages

[edit]
Ponnani mini civil station in 2010

The taluk comprises the following 11 villages:[2]

  1. Ponnani Nagaram
  2. Veliyankode
  3. Maranchery
  4. Nannamukku
  5. Alamcode
  6. Vattamkulam
  7. Edappal
  8. Perumpadappa
  9. Thavanur
  10. Ezhuvathiruthy
  11. Kalady

Taluks of Malappuram

[edit]


Ponnani Taluk under British Rule

[edit]

Ponnani Taluk was established in 1860–1861 by merging the former taluks of Vettathunadu (Tanur), Koottanad, and Chavakkad from the Malabar District.[7] The Kuttippuram region of Cheranad (Tirurangadi) Taluk was also incorporated into Ponnani Taluk.[7] The Amsoms (administrative divisions) in Ponnani Taluk were organized into five divisions: Vettathunad, Cheranad, Koottanad, Chavakkad, and the Island of Chetvai. The taluk contained a total of 73 Amsoms.[7]

1. Vettathunad

The Kodakkal Tile Factory, operated by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, Tirunavaya, was part of Ponnani Taluk at the time. Established in 1887, the Kodakkal Tile Factory is the second tile manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was located in Feroke, which was then part of Eranad Taluk.
Tirur railway station, the oldest railway station of Kerala, opened in 1861.
Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunad)

Vettathunad, also known as the Kingdom of Tanur, was a coastal city-state on the Malabar Coast. It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja, who was a vassal of the Zamorin of Calicut. The Kshatriya family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793.[7] Vettathunad comprised the following 21 Amsoms:

2. Cheranad

The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of Tirurangadi, which was merged with Eranad Taluk during the formation of Ponnani Taluk. Cheranad was directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut[7] and was divided between Eranad and Ponnani Taluks.[7] It consisted of 17 Amsoms, 11 of which were merged with Eranad Taluk. The remaining 6 Amsoms, which were merged with Ponnani Taluk, are listed below:[7]

3. Koottanad

The second residence of the Zamorin of Calicut was Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani, located in Koottanad. The Zamorin had control over Koottanad.[7] It comprised the following 24 Amsoms:

4. Chavakkad

Chavakkad was under the suzerainty of the Zamorin.[7] It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms:

5. The Island of Chetvai

The Island of Chetvai was initially under the suzerainty of the Zamorin but came under Dutch possession in 1717.[7] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Ponnani Canal

[edit]
Ponnani harbour in mid-1930s

The Ponnani Canal was constructed to facilitate the transportation of goods from Ponnani to the Tirur railway station. Below is a description of the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Codacal.[8]

...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...

Historic maps

[edit]
  • employees at Codacal.854
    employees at Codacal.854
  • An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
    An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
  • Another area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
    Another area of Ponnani Taluk in 1912
  • An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1913
    An area of Ponnani Taluk in 1913
  • Malabar District in 1951
    Malabar District in 1951

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. District Census Handbook, Malappuram (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  2. ^ a b "Villages, Taluks, and Revenues divisions that make up Malappuram district". Official website of Malappuram district.
  3. ^ a b 1951 census handbook - Malabar district (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. p. 1.
  4. ^ a b Devassy, M. K. (1965). District Census Handbook (3) - Palakkad (1961) (PDF). Shoranur: Government of Kerala.
  5. ^ "History | Palakkad | India". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  6. ^ K. Narayanan (1972). District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 3.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. ISBN 9788120604476.
  8. ^ Website of Ines Zupanov
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ponnani_taluk&oldid=1255751429"