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{{enzyme
{{infobox enzyme
| Name = amidase
| Name = amidase
| EC_number = 3.5.1.4
| EC_number = 3.5.1.4
| CAS_number = 9012-56-0
| CAS_number = 9012-56-0
| GO_code = 0004040
| IUBMB_EC_number = 3/5/1/4
| GO_code = 0004040
| image =
| image =
| width =
| width =
| caption =
| caption =
}}
}}
{{Infobox protein family
{{Infobox protein family
Line 14: Line 13:
| image = PDB 1m22 EBI.jpg
| image = PDB 1m22 EBI.jpg
| width =
| width =
| caption = x-ray structure of native peptide amidase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia at 1.4 a
| caption = X-ray structure of native peptide amidase from ''[[Stenotrophomonas maltophilia]]'' at 1.4 [[Angstrom|Å]]
| Pfam = PF01425
| Pfam = PF01425
| Pfam_clan =
| Pfam_clan =
Line 23: Line 22:
| SCOP = 1ocm
| SCOP = 1ocm
| TCDB =
| TCDB =
| OPM family = 72
| OPM family = 55
| OPM protein = 1mt5
| OPM protein = 1mt5
| CAZy =
| CAZy =
| CDD =
| CDD =
| Membranome superfamily = 325
}}
}}
In [[enzymology]], an '''amidase''' ({{EC number|3.5.1.4}}, ''acylamidase'', ''acylase (misleading)'', ''amidohydrolase (ambiguous)'', ''deaminase (ambiguous)'', ''fatty acylamidase'', ''N-acetylaminohydrolase (ambiguous)'') is an [[enzyme]] that [[catalysis|catalyzes]] the [[hydrolysis]] of an amide:
In [[enzymology]], an '''amidase''' ({{EC number|3.5.1.4}}, ''acylamidase'', ''acylase (misleading)'', ''amidohydrolase (ambiguous)'', ''deaminase (ambiguous)'', ''fatty acylamidase'', ''N-acetylaminohydrolase (ambiguous)'') is an [[enzyme]] that [[catalysis|catalyzes]] the [[hydrolysis]] of an amide. In this way, the two [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]] of this enzyme are an [[amide]] and [[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]], whereas its two [[product (chemistry)|products]] are monocarboxylate and [[ammonia|NH<sub>3</sub>]].


[[File:Amide hydrolysis Amidase.png|400px]]
[[File:Amide hydrolysis Amidase.png|400px]]

Thus, the two [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]] of this enzyme are [[monocarboxylic acid amide]] and [[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]], whereas its two [[product (chemistry)|products]] are [[monocarboxylate]] and [[ammonia|NH<sub>3</sub>]].


This enzyme belongs to the family of [[hydrolase]]s, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The [[List of enzymes|systematic name]] of this enzyme class is '''acylamide amidohydrolase'''. Other names in common use include '''acylamidase''', '''acylase''', '''amidohydrolase''', '''deaminase''', '''fatty acylamidase''', and '''N-acetylaminohydrolase'''. This enzyme participates in 6 [[metabolism|metabolic pathways]]: [[urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups]], [[phenylalanine metabolism]], [[tryptophan metabolism]], [[cyanoamino acid metabolism]], [[benzoate degradation via coa ligation]], and [[styrene degradation]].
This enzyme belongs to the family of [[hydrolase]]s, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The [[List of enzymes|systematic name]] of this enzyme class is '''acylamide amidohydrolase'''. Other names in common use include '''acylamidase''', '''acylase''', '''amidohydrolase''', '''deaminase''', '''fatty acylamidase''', and '''N-acetylaminohydrolase'''. This enzyme participates in 6 [[metabolism|metabolic pathways]]: [[urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups]], [[phenylalanine metabolism]], [[tryptophan metabolism]], [[cyanoamino acid metabolism]], [[benzoate degradation via coa ligation]], and [[styrene degradation]].


Amidases contain a [[conserved sequence|conserved]] stretch of approximately 130 [[amino acid]]s known as the AS [[sequence (biology)|sequence]]. They are widespread, being found in both [[prokaryotes]] and [[eukaryotes]]. AS [[enzymes]] [[catalyse]] the [[hydrolysis]] of [[amide]] [[Chemical bond|bond]]s (CO-NH2), although the family has diverged widely with regard to [[Enzyme substrate|substrate]] specificity and function. Nonetheless, these enzymes maintain a core alpha/beta/alpha structure, where the topologies of the N- and C-terminal halves are similar. AS enzymes characteristically have a [[Conservation (genetics)|highly conserved]] C-terminal region rich in [[serine]] and glycine residues, but devoid of [[aspartic acid]] and [[histidine]] residues, therefore they differ from classical serine [[hydrolase]]s. These enzymes possess a unique, highly [[Conserved sequence|conserved]] Ser-Ser-Lys [[catalytic triad]] used for amide hydrolysis, although the [[catalysis|catalytic mechanism]] for acyl-enzyme [[reaction intermediate|intermediate]] formation can differ between enzymes.<ref name="pmid15595822">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valiña AL, Mazumder-Shivakumar D, Bruice TC | title = Probing the Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad mechanism of peptide amidase: computational studies of the ground state, transition state, and intermediate | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 50 | pages = 15657–72 |date=December 2004 | pmid = 15595822 | doi = 10.1021/bi049025r | url = }}</ref>
Amidases contain a [[conserved sequence|conserved]] stretch of approximately 130 [[amino acid]]s known as the AS [[sequence (biology)|sequence]]. They are widespread, being found in both [[prokaryotes]] and [[eukaryotes]]. AS [[enzymes]] [[catalyse]] the [[hydrolysis]] of [[amide]] [[Chemical bond|bond]]s (CO-NH2), although the family has diverged widely with regard to [[Enzyme substrate|substrate]] specificity and function. Nonetheless, these enzymes maintain a core alpha/beta/alpha structure, where the topologies of the N- and C-terminal halves are similar. AS enzymes characteristically have a [[Conservation (genetics)|highly conserved]] C-terminal region rich in [[serine]] and glycine residues, but devoid of [[aspartic acid]] and [[histidine]] residues, therefore they differ from classical serine [[hydrolase]]s. These enzymes possess a unique, highly [[Conserved sequence|conserved]] Ser-Ser-Lys [[catalytic triad]] used for amide hydrolysis, although the [[catalysis|catalytic mechanism]] for acyl-enzyme [[reaction intermediate|intermediate]] formation can differ between enzymes.<ref name="pmid15595822">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valiña AL, Mazumder-Shivakumar D, Bruice TC | title = Probing the Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad mechanism of peptide amidase: computational studies of the ground state, transition state, and intermediate | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 50 | pages = 15657–72 |date=December 2004 | pmid = 15595822 | doi = 10.1021/bi049025r }}</ref>


Examples of AS signature-containing enzymes include:
Examples of AS signature-containing enzymes include:


*[[Peptide]] amidase (Pam),<ref name="pmid15595822" /> which [[catalysis|catalyses]] the hydrolysis of the C-terminal amide bond of [[peptides]].
*[[Peptide]] amidase (Pam),<ref name="pmid15595822" /> which [[catalysis|catalyses]] the hydrolysis of the C-terminal amide bond of [[peptides]].
*[[Fatty acid]] amide hydrolases,<ref name="pmid17015445">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei BQ, Mikkelsen TS, McKinney MK, Lander ES, Cravatt BF | title = A second fatty acid amide hydrolase with variable distribution among placental mammals | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 281 | issue = 48 | pages = 36569–78 |date=December 2006 | pmid = 17015445 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M606646200 | url = }}</ref> which [[hydrolyse]] fatty acid amid [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]] (e.g. cannabinoid [[anandamide]] and sleep-inducing oleamide), thereby controlling the level and duration of [[cell signalling|signalling]] [[Regulation of gene expression|induced]] by this diverse [[Class (biology)|class]] of [[lipid]] transmitters.
*[[Fatty acid]] amide hydrolases,<ref name="pmid17015445">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei BQ, Mikkelsen TS, McKinney MK, Lander ES, Cravatt BF | title = A second fatty acid amide hydrolase with variable distribution among placental mammals | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 281 | issue = 48 | pages = 36569–78 |date=December 2006 | pmid = 17015445 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M606646200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> which [[hydrolyse]] fatty acid amid [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]] (e.g. cannabinoid [[anandamide]] and sleep-inducing oleamide), thereby controlling the level and duration of [[cell signalling|signalling]] [[Regulation of gene expression|induced]] by this diverse [[Class (biology)|class]] of [[lipid]] transmitters.
*Malonamidase E2,<ref name="pmid12032064">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin S, Lee TH, Ha NC, Koo HM, Kim SY, Lee HS, Kim YS, Oh BH | title = Structure of malonamidase E2 reveals a novelSer-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad in a new serine hydrolase fold that is prevalent in nature | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2509–16 |date=June 2002 | pmid = 12032064 | pmc = 126024 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2509 | url = }}</ref> which [[biocatalysis|catalyses]] the hydrolysis of malonamate into malonate and ammonia, and which is involved in the [[transport]] of fixed [[nitrogen]] from bacteroids to [[plant]] [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[nitrogen metabolism]].
*Malonamidase E2,<ref name="pmid12032064">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin S, Lee TH, Ha NC, Koo HM, Kim SY, Lee HS, Kim YS, Oh BH | title = Structure of malonamidase E2 reveals a novelSer-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad in a new serine hydrolase fold that is prevalent in nature | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2509–16 |date=June 2002 | pmid = 12032064 | pmc = 126024 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2509 }}</ref> which [[biocatalysis|catalyses]] the hydrolysis of malonamate into malonate and ammonia, and which is involved in the [[transport]] of fixed [[nitrogen]] from bacteroids to [[plant]] [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[nitrogen metabolism]].
*Subunit A of Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase,<ref name="pmid12521300">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwak JH, Shin K, Woo JS, Kim MK, Kim SI, Eom SH, Hong KW | title = Expression, purification, and crystallization of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) specific amidotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus | journal = Mol. Cells | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–81 |date=December 2002 | pmid = 12521300 | doi = | url = }}</ref> a [[heterotrimeric]] enzyme that catalyses the formation of Gln-tRNA(Gln) by the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) via amidolysis of [[glutamine]].
*Subunit A of Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase,<ref name="pmid12521300">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwak JH, Shin K, Woo JS, Kim MK, Kim SI, Eom SH, Hong KW | title = Expression, purification, and crystallization of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) specific amidotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus | journal = Mol. Cells | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–81 |date=December 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1016-8478(23)15118-1 | pmid = 12521300 | doi-access = free }}</ref> a [[heterotrimeric]] enzyme that catalyses the formation of Gln-tRNA(Gln) by the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) via amidolysis of [[glutamine]].


==Structural studies==
==Structural studies==


{{Update|section|date=May 2017}}
As of late 2007, two [[tertiary structure|structures]] have been solved for this class of enzymes, with [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] accession codes {{PDB link|2PLQ}} and {{PDB link|2UXY}}.

As of late 2018, 162 [[tertiary structure|structures]] have been solved for this family, which can be accessed at the [https://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF01425#tabview=tab9 Pfam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151751/https://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF01425#tabview=tab9 |date=2021-09-18 }}.


==References==
==References==
Line 53: Line 53:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bray HG, James SP, Raffan IM, Ryman BE, Thorpe WV | last-author-amp = yes | year = 1949 | title = The fate of certain organic acids and amides in the rabbit. 7. An amidase of rabbit liver | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 44 | pages = 618&ndash;625 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bray HG, James SP, Raffan IM, Ryman BE, Thorpe WV | year = 1949 | title = The fate of certain organic acids and amides in the rabbit. 7. An amidase of rabbit liver | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 618&ndash;625 | doi = 10.1042/bj0440618 | pmc = 1274617 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bray HG, James SP, Thorpe WV, Wasdell MR | last-author-amp = yes | year = 1950 | title = The fate of certain organic acids and amides in the rabbit. 11 Further observations on the hydrolysis of amides by tissue extracts | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 47 | pages = 294&ndash;299 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bray HG, James SP, Thorpe WV, Wasdell MR | year = 1950 | title = The fate of certain organic acids and amides in the rabbit. 11 Further observations on the hydrolysis of amides by tissue extracts | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 294&ndash;299 | doi = 10.1042/bj0470294 | pmid = 14800883 | pmc = 1275209 }}


{{Carbon-nitrogen non-peptide hydrolases}}
{{Carbon-nitrogen non-peptide hydrolases}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}
{{Portal bar|Biology|border=no}}


{{InterPro content|IPR000120}}
{{InterPro content|IPR000120}}
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{{hydrolase-stub}}
{{3.5-enzyme-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:21, 6 November 2024

amidase
Identifiers
EC no.3.5.1.4
CAS no.9012-56-0
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMCarticles
PubMedarticles
NCBIproteins
Amidase
X-ray structure of native peptide amidase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at 1.4 Å
Identifiers
SymbolAmidase
PfamPF01425
InterProIPR000120
PROSITEPDOC00494
SCOP21ocm / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily55
OPM protein1mt5
Membranome325
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

In enzymology, an amidase (EC 3.5.1.4, acylamidase, acylase (misleading), amidohydrolase (ambiguous), deaminase (ambiguous), fatty acylamidase, N-acetylaminohydrolase (ambiguous)) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an amide. In this way, the two substrates of this enzyme are an amide and H2O, whereas its two products are monocarboxylate and NH3.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acylamide amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include acylamidase, acylase, amidohydrolase, deaminase, fatty acylamidase, and N-acetylaminohydrolase. This enzyme participates in 6 metabolic pathways: urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism, benzoate degradation via coa ligation, and styrene degradation.

Amidases contain a conserved stretch of approximately 130 amino acids known as the AS sequence. They are widespread, being found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. AS enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of amide bonds (CO-NH2), although the family has diverged widely with regard to substrate specificity and function. Nonetheless, these enzymes maintain a core alpha/beta/alpha structure, where the topologies of the N- and C-terminal halves are similar. AS enzymes characteristically have a highly conserved C-terminal region rich in serine and glycine residues, but devoid of aspartic acid and histidine residues, therefore they differ from classical serine hydrolases. These enzymes possess a unique, highly conserved Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad used for amide hydrolysis, although the catalytic mechanism for acyl-enzyme intermediate formation can differ between enzymes.[1]

Examples of AS signature-containing enzymes include:

Structural studies

[edit]

As of late 2018, 162 structures have been solved for this family, which can be accessed at the Pfam Archived 2021-09-18 at the Wayback Machine.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Valiña AL, Mazumder-Shivakumar D, Bruice TC (December 2004). "Probing the Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad mechanism of peptide amidase: computational studies of the ground state, transition state, and intermediate". Biochemistry. 43 (50): 15657–72. doi:10.1021/bi049025r. PMID 15595822.
  2. ^ Wei BQ, Mikkelsen TS, McKinney MK, Lander ES, Cravatt BF (December 2006). "A second fatty acid amide hydrolase with variable distribution among placental mammals". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (48): 36569–78. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606646200. PMID 17015445.
  3. ^ Shin S, Lee TH, Ha NC, Koo HM, Kim SY, Lee HS, Kim YS, Oh BH (June 2002). "Structure of malonamidase E2 reveals a novelSer-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad in a new serine hydrolase fold that is prevalent in nature". EMBO J. 21 (11): 2509–16. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.11.2509. PMC 126024. PMID 12032064.
  4. ^ Kwak JH, Shin K, Woo JS, Kim MK, Kim SI, Eom SH, Hong KW (December 2002). "Expression, purification, and crystallization of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) specific amidotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus". Mol. Cells. 14 (3): 374–81. doi:10.1016/S1016-8478(23)15118-1. PMID 12521300.

Further reading

[edit]
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000120


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