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Akira Makino (牧野明, Makino Akira) (November 1922 – May 2007) was a former medic in the Imperial Japanese Navy who, in 2006, became the first Japanese ex-soldier to admit to the experiments conducted on human beings in the Philippines during World War II.

Early life

Makino was born in 1922, in a small town in Osaka Prefecture. At the start of World War II, he was assigned to the navy's No. 33 patrol. In August 1944, at the age of 22, he was transferred to an air base in Zamboanga on Mindanao Island, in the Philippines.

Human experiments

According to Makino, experimentation on about 30 prisoners was carried out between December 1944 and February 1945. The prisoners were mostly Moro Muslims,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] and included women and children, as well as two Filipino men suspected of spying for the United States.^[6] Makino performed operations on these prisoners including amputations, abdominal vivisections and other experiments. In his interview with the Kyodo News Agency, he described, in particular, his experience with the two Filipino men suspected of spying. He said he sedated the men by placing ether-soaked cloth over their mouths, and then was instructed to study their livers after making an incision with a surgical knife.^[7] Makino stated that, at the time, he thought it was a "horrible" thing that he was doing, but that he was too scared to refuse orders because he would have been killed for disobedience.^[7]

Revelation

After remaining silent for decades, Makino revealed details to the public in 2006. Makino's account is one of only a few from Japanese veterans concerning human experimentation in Southeast Asia during World War II.^[6] Initially he faced severe opposition from his wartime friends. In his revelation, Makino said, "We should not repeat such miseries again. I want to tell the truth about the war, even if it is to only one person or two."^[6]

References

^ AFP A life haunted by WWII surgical killings 2007. Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ AFP Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings 2007.
^ Ozawa Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines 2007.
^ Parry, "The Australian" Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be disobeyed 2007.
^ "Parry, "The Times" Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed 2007". The Times. Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Japanese doctor admits POW abuse", BBC News, 26-11-2006. Retrieved on 07-02-2007.
^ ^a ^b "Japanese veteran admits vivisection tests on PoWs", Guardian Unlimited, 27-11-2006. Retrieved on 07-02-2007.

AFP (October 31, 2007). "A life haunted by WWII surgical killings". THE BRUNEI TIMES. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
AFP (Oct 28, 2007). "Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings". AFP. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Ozawa, Harumi (Nov 6, 2007). "Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines". TAIPEI TIMES. p. 9. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
PARRY, RICHARD LLOYD (February 26, 2007). "Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be di". THE AUSTRALIAN. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Parry, Richard Lloyd (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Parry, Richard Lloyd (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Richard Lloyd Parry (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2009.

External links

Act and Unite to Stop the War, Osaka (A&U大阪) (in Japanese)

[1] AFP A life haunted by WWII surgical killings 2007. Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine

[2] AFP Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings 2007.

[3] Ozawa Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines 2007.

[4] Parry, "The Australian" Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be disobeyed 2007.

[5] "Parry, "The Times" Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed 2007". The Times. Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.

[BBCNovember2006-6] "Japanese doctor admits POW abuse", BBC News, 26-11-2006. Retrieved on 07-02-2007.

[GuardianNovember2006-7] "Japanese veteran admits vivisection tests on PoWs", Guardian Unlimited, 27-11-2006. Retrieved on 07-02-2007.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Imperial Japanese medic}}
-{{nihongo|'''Akira Makino'''|牧野 明|''Makino Akira''}} (November 1922 - May 2007) was a former medic in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] who, in 2006, became the first [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ex-soldier to admit to the [[Human experimentation|experiments conducted on human beings]] in the [[Philippines]] during [[World War II]].
+{{nihongo|'''Akira Makino'''|牧野 明|''Makino Akira''}} (November 1922 &ndash; May 2007) was a former medic in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] who, in 2006, became the first [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ex-soldier to admit to the [[Unethical human experimentation |experiments conducted on human beings]] in the [[Philippines]] during [[World War II]].
 ==Early life==
-Makino was born in 1922, in a small town in [[Osaka Prefecture]].  At the start of World War II, he was assigned to the navy's No. 33 patrol.  In August 1944, at the age of 22, he was transferred to an air base in [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] on [[Mindanao Island]], in the Philippines.
+Makino was born in 1922, in a small town in [[Osaka Prefecture]]. At the start of World War II, he was assigned to the navy's No. 33 patrol. In August 1944, at the age of 22, he was transferred to an air base in [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] on [[Mindanao Island]], in the Philippines.
 ==Human experiments==
-According to Makino, experimentation on about 30 prisoners was carried out between December 1944 and February 1945.  The prisoners were mostly [[Moro people|Moro Muslims]],<ref>[http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings AFP ''A life haunted by WWII surgical killings'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140317024425/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ht5P8U54dLa7dH9mqjKyurq0zQMw?hl=en AFP ''Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/11/06/2003386494 Ozawa ''Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dissect-them-alive-chilling-imperial-that-order-could-not-be-di/story-e6frg6so-1111113061584 Parry, "The Australian" ''Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be disobeyed'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2606909.ece  Parry, "The Times" ''Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed'' 2007.]</ref> and included women and children, as well as two [[Filipino people|Filipino]] men suspected of spying for the [[United States]].<ref name="BBCNovember2006">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6185442.stm "Japanese doctor admits POW abuse"], BBC News, 26-11-2006.  Retrieved on 07-02-2007.</ref>  On these prisoners, Makino performed operations including [[amputation]]s, abdominal [[dissection]]s and other experiments.  In his interview with the [[Kyodo News Agency]], he described, in particular, his experience with the two Filipino men suspected of spying.  He said he had sedated the men by placing [[ether]]-soaked cloth over their mouths, and then was instructed to study their livers after making an incision with a [[surgical knife]].<ref name="GuardianNovember2006">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/japan/story/0,,1958158,00.html "Japanese veteran admits vivisection tests on PoWs"], Guardian Unlimited, 27-11-2006.  Retrieved on 07-02-2007.</ref>  Makino stated that, at the time, he thought it was a "horrible" thing that he was doing, but that he was too scared to refuse orders because he would have been killed for disobeying.<ref name="GuardianNovember2006" />
+According to Makino, experimentation on about 30 prisoners was carried out between December 1944 and February 1945. The prisoners were mostly [[Moro people|Moro Muslims]],<ref>[http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings AFP ''A life haunted by WWII surgical killings'' 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021214/http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings |date=2014-12-13 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140317024425/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ht5P8U54dLa7dH9mqjKyurq0zQMw?hl=en AFP ''Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/11/06/2003386494 Ozawa ''Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines'' 2007.]</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dissect-them-alive-chilling-imperial-that-order-could-not-be-di/story-e6frg6so-1111113061584 Parry, "The Australian" ''Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be disobeyed'' 2007.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2606909.ece |title=Parry, "The Times" ''Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed'' 2007. |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2007-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228095300/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> and included women and children, as well as two [[Filipino people|Filipino]] men suspected of spying for the [[United States]].<ref name="BBCNovember2006">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6185442.stm "Japanese doctor admits POW abuse"], BBC News, 26-11-2006.  Retrieved on 07-02-2007.</ref> Makino performed operations on these prisoners including [[amputation]]s, abdominal [[vivisection]]s and other experiments. In his interview with the [[Kyodo News Agency]], he described, in particular, his experience with the two Filipino men suspected of spying. He said he sedated the men by placing [[diethyl ether|ether]]-soaked cloth over their mouths, and then was instructed to study their livers after making an incision with a [[surgical knife]].<ref name="GuardianNovember2006">[https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,,1958158,00.html "Japanese veteran admits vivisection tests on PoWs"], Guardian Unlimited, 27-11-2006.  Retrieved on 07-02-2007.</ref> Makino stated that, at the time, he thought it was a "horrible" thing that he was doing, but that he was too scared to refuse orders because he would have been killed for disobedience.<ref name="GuardianNovember2006" />
 ==Revelation==
-After remaining silent for decades, Makino decided to reveal everything to the public in 2006.  Makino's account is one of only a few Japanese veterans to come forward concerning human experimentation in [[Southeast Asia]] during World War II.<ref name="BBCNovember2006" />  Initially he faced severe opposition from his wartime friends, but he decided to come forward with it anyway.  In his controversial revelation, Makino said, "''We should not repeat such miseries again.  I want to tell the truth about the war, even if it is to only one person or two.''"<ref name="BBCNovember2006" />
+After remaining silent for decades, Makino revealed details to the public in 2006. Makino's account is one of only a few from Japanese veterans concerning human experimentation in [[Southeast Asia]] during World War II.<ref name="BBCNovember2006" /> Initially he faced severe opposition from his wartime friends. In his revelation, Makino said, "We should not repeat such miseries again. I want to tell the truth about the war, even if it is to only one person or two."<ref name="BBCNovember2006" />
 ==See also==
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-*{{cite news |author= AFP |date= October 31, 2007 |title= A life haunted by WWII surgical killings |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings |newspaper= THE BRUNEI TIMES|location= |publisher= |page = |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news|author=AFP |date=October 31, 2007 |title=A life haunted by WWII surgical killings |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings |newspaper=THE BRUNEI TIMES |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021214/http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2007/10/31/a_life_haunted_by_wwii_surgical_killings |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}
-*{{cite news |last= |first= |author= AFP |date= Oct 28, 2007 |title= Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317024425/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ht5P8U54dLa7dH9mqjKyurq0zQMw?hl=en |newspaper=AFP |location= |publisher= |page = |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news|author=AFP |date=Oct 28, 2007 |title=Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ht5P8U54dLa7dH9mqjKyurq0zQMw?hl=en |newspaper=AFP |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317024425/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ht5P8U54dLa7dH9mqjKyurq0zQMw?hl=en |archive-date=March 17, 2014 }}
-*{{cite news |last= Ozawa |first= Harumi | date= Nov 6, 2007 |title=Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines  |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/11/06/2003386494 |newspaper=TAIPEI TIMES |location= |publisher= |page = 9|accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news |last= Ozawa |first= Harumi | date= Nov 6, 2007 |title=Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines  |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/11/06/2003386494 |newspaper=TAIPEI TIMES |page = 9|access-date= 16 May 2014}}
-*{{cite news |last=PARRY |first= RICHARD LLOYD   |date= February 26, 2007  |title=Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be di  |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dissect-them-alive-chilling-imperial-that-order-could-not-be-di/story-e6frg6so-1111113061584 |newspaper= THE AUSTRALIAN |location= |publisher= |page = |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news |last=PARRY |first= RICHARD LLOYD   |date= February 26, 2007  |title=Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be di  |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dissect-them-alive-chilling-imperial-that-order-could-not-be-di/story-e6frg6so-1111113061584 |newspaper= THE AUSTRALIAN |access-date= 16 May 2014}}
-*{{cite news |last= Parry |first= Richard Lloyd |date= February 25, 2007 |title= Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |url=http://www.forties.net/japconfession.html |archiveurl=http://hnn.us/article/35835 | archivedate= 2007-02-26 |newspaper=Times Online |location= |publisher= |page = |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news|last=Parry |first=Richard Lloyd |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |url=http://www.forties.net/japconfession.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101040816/http://www.forties.net/japconfession.html |archive-date=2013-01-01 |newspaper=Times Online |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}
-*{{cite news |last= Parry|first= Richard Lloyd |date= February 25, 2007 |title= Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2606909.ece |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070228095300/www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece | archivedate= 28 February 2007 |newspaper= The Times |location= |publisher= |page = |accessdate= 16 May 2014}}
+*{{cite news|last=Parry |first=Richard Lloyd |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2606909.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228095300/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |archive-date=28 February 2007 |newspaper=The Times |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}
-*{{cite news |title=Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |author=Richard Lloyd Parry |publisher=Times Online |date=February 25, 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |accessdate= 10 December 2009}}
+*{{cite news |title=Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |author=Richard Lloyd Parry |publisher=Times Online |date=February 25, 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070228095300/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |access-date= 10 December 2009}}
 ==External links==
 *[http://aanduosaka.wablog.com/285.html Act and Unite to Stop the War, Osaka (A&U大阪)] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Makino, Akira
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese naval officer
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = November 1922
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
-| DATE OF DEATH     =May 2007
-| PLACE OF DEATH    =
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Makino, Akira}}
 [[Category:1922 births]]
+[[Category:2007 deaths]]
+[[Category:Japanese mass murderers]]
 [[Category:Japanese human subject research]]
-[[Category:Japanese military personnel of World War II]]
+[[Category:Imperial Japanese Navy personnel of World War II]]
+[[Category:Japanese torturers]]
+[[Category:Japanese war criminals]]
+[[Category:Japanese war crimes in the Philippines]]
 [[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
-[[Category:Military history of the Philippines during World War II]]
-[[Category:2007 deaths]]