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{{Short description|Oil with truffles or synthetic flavouring}}
[[File:Huile d'olive de Nyons 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Truffle oils sold in Southern France]]
[[File:Huile d'olive de Nyons 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Truffle oils sold in Southern France]]
'''Truffle oil''' is a modern culinary ingredient used to impart the flavor and aroma of [[truffle]]s to a dish. The ingredient is commonly used as a finishing oil<ref name="BA"/> in a variety of dishes, including truffle [[French fries|fries]], pasta dishes, pizzas, and puréed foods such as mashed potatoes and deviled eggs.<ref name="Saveur"/> Truffle oil is available in all seasons and relatively steady in price. It is popular with chefs, home cooks, and diners because it is significantly less expensive than fresh truffles. This has also led to a market growth in the product and an increase in the availability of truffle-flavored foods.
'''Truffle oil''' is a modern culinary ingredient used to impart the flavor and aroma of [[truffle]]s to a dish. The ingredient is commonly used as a finishing oil<ref name="BA"/> in a variety of dishes, including truffle [[French fries|fries]], pasta dishes, pizzas, and puréed foods such as mashed potatoes and deviled eggs.<ref name="Saveur"/> Truffle oil is available in all seasons and is significantly less expensive than fresh truffles. This has also led to a market growth in the product and an increase in the availability of truffle-flavored foods.


Truffle oil is controversial as a flavoring ingredient, as nearly all truffle oil is produced from [[2,4-Dithiapentane|one synthetic flavor compound]], and may lack the complex flavors and aromas of fresh truffles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://priceonomics.com/there-are-no-truffles-in-truffle-oil/|title=There Are No Truffles in Truffle Oil|website=Priceonomics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tastingtable.com/cook/national/truffle-oil-fake-no-truffles-priceonomics|title=Your Truffle Oil Contains No Real Truffles|date=September 7, 2016|website=Tasting Table}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/dining/16truf.html|title=Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles|first=Daniel|last=Patterson|date=May 16, 2007|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
Truffle oil is controversial as a flavoring ingredient, as some truffle oil is artificially produced and may lack the complex flavors and aromas of fresh truffles.


==Composition==
==Composition==
⚫
Truffle oil can be produced using any oil. Common versions use olive oil, or a more neutral flavorless oil such as [[canola]] or [[grapeseed oil]].<ref name="Auto0U-1"/>
{| class="floatright" cellpadding="3" style="margin:1 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:80%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:steelblue; white-space: nowrap;"
!colspan=2|<span align="center" style="width:100%; font-size: 1.25em; white-space: nowrap;color:white;padding:.2em;">'''''Tuber melanosporum''<br>aroma compounds'''</span>
|- style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:.2em;width:66%;text-align:left;color:black;"
| [[dimethylsulfide]]
| 7.5%
|- style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
| [[acetaldehyde]]
| 4.5%
|- align=left
| [[2-methylpropanal]]
| 5%
|- style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
| [[2-methylbutanal]]
| 4%
|- align=left
| [[ethanol]]
| 27%
|- style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
| [[2-methyl-1-propanol]]
| 21%
|- align=left
| [[2-methyl-1-butanol]]
| 17%
|- style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
| [[acetone]]
| 8%
|- align=left
| [[2-butanone]]
| 2.5%
|- style="text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
| [[1-propanol]]
| 2%
|- align=left
!colspan=2|<span style="font-size:92%;">'''Source''':''Truffe et trufficulture''<ref name="Auto0U-1"/></span>
|}
⚫
Truffle oil can be produced using any oil, like the flavorless [[canola]] or [[grapeseed oil]]s, however they are often made with olive oil.


Some truffle oils are made with truffle residues incurred during collection or preparation for sale. Many truffle oils sold in retail markets are not made from truffles,<ref name="BA"/> but instead use manufactured aromatic compounds including [[2,4-dithiapentane]] (an aroma active compound that can be found in some truffle varietals) with an oil base. There are no regulations regarding the labeling of 2,4-dithiapentane, and it can legally be called ''truffle aroma'', ''truffle flavor'', ''truffle concentrate'' or other similar terms even though it is not extracted from truffles. In the United States, the ingredient may use the modifiers "organic" or "natural" as long as the components meet the federal requirements for those terms. Truffle oils range from clear to cloudy, and yellow to green, depending on the base oil used. Some include a piece of truffle in the bottle.<ref name="Saveur"/> These pieces can be from any of over 200 different [[List of Tuber (fungus) species|truffle species]], and may be listed as "black truffle" or "white truffle" even if not one of prized culinary varietals such as the [[Tuber melanosporum|black Périgord]] or [[Tuber magnatum|white Alba]] truffle.
Some truffle oils are made with the residue of truffles collected or prepared for sale. Many truffle oils are not made from truffles,<ref name="BA"/> but instead use manufactured aromatic compounds including [[2,4-dithiapentane]] (one of many aroma active compounds that can be found in some truffle varietals) with an oil base. There are no regulations regarding the labeling of 2,4-dithiapentane and it can legally be called ''truffle aroma'', ''truffle flavor'', ''truffle concentrate'' or other similar terms, even though it is not extracted from truffles. In the United States, the ingredient may use the modifiers "organic" or "natural" as long as the components meet the federal requirements for those terms.
The appearance of truffle oils is determined by the base oil, ranging from clear to cloudy and yellow to green. Some include a piece of truffle in the bottle.<ref name="Saveur" /> These pieces can be from any of over 200 different [[List of Tuber (fungus) species|truffle species]] and may be listed as "black truffle" or "white truffle" even if not actually containing prized culinary varietals such as the [[Tuber melanosporum|black Périgord]] or [[Tuber magnatum|white Alba]] truffle.


==History==
==History==
Line 49: Line 16:


===In foraging===
===In foraging===
Truffle oil is frequently used as a bait for truffle-hunting dogs and pigs. Modern Italians often use a strufion, a ball of rags scented with truffle oil.<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=87}} Truffle oil has been used for this purpose since at least 1756, made by boiling truffles in olive oil and given to hunting dogs.<ref name="Travels"/>
Truffle oil is frequently used to train truffle-hunting dogs and pigs. Modern Italians often use a ''strufion'', a ball of rags scented with truffle oil.<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=87}} Truffle oil made by infusing olive oil with truffles has been used for this purpose since at least 1756.<ref name="Travels"/>


==Reception==
==Reception==
Truffle oil has a mixed reception among chefs and food critics. In a ''[[New York Times]]'' opinion piece, chef [[Daniel Patterson (chef)|Daniel Patterson]] wrote, "[truffle oil's] one-dimensional flavor is also changing common understanding of how a truffle should taste."<ref name="Auto0U-3"/> [[Anthony Bourdain]] said, "Let it be stated here, unto forever and eternity, truffle oil is not food."<ref name="Auto0U-4"/> He is also known for describing it as the "tomato ketchup of the middle class".<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=21}} [[Martha Stewart]] expressed her dislike of truffle oil in a 2014 post on [[Reddit]], stating "I think truffle oil is one of the few ingredients that doesn't belong in anyone's kitchen. It's ruinous of most recipes."<ref name="Auto0U-5"/> Restaurateur [[Joe Bastianich]] said, "It's made by perfumists. It's garbage olive oil with perfume added to it, and it's very difficult to digest. It's bad for you. It's bad for New Yorkers. It's bad for the American people. So, stop it."<ref name="Auto0U-6"/>
Truffle oil has received a mixed response from chefs and food critics. In a ''[[New York Times]]'' opinion piece, chef [[Daniel Patterson (chef)|Daniel Patterson]] wrote, "[truffle oil's] one-dimensional flavor is also changing common understanding of how a truffle should taste."<ref name="Auto0U-3"/> [[Anthony Bourdain]] said, "Let it be stated here, unto forever and eternity, truffle oil is not food."<ref name="Auto0U-4"/> He is also known for describing it as the "tomato ketchup of the middle class".<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=21}} Celebrity chef [[Martha Stewart]] expressed her dislike of truffle oil in a 2014 post on [[Reddit]], stating "I think truffle oil is one of the few ingredients that doesn't belong in anyone's kitchen. It's ruinous of most recipes."<ref name="Auto0U-5"/> Restaurateur [[Joe Bastianich]] said, "It's made by perfumists. It's garbage olive oil with perfume added to it, and it's very difficult to digest. It's bad for you. It's bad for New Yorkers. It's bad for the American people. So, stop it."<ref name="Auto0U-6"/>


In 2009, [[Gordon Ramsay]] referred to truffle oil as "a chef's dream",<ref name="Auto0U-7"/> yet in 2011 on the show ''[[MasterChef (U.S. TV series)|MasterChef]]'' he called it "one of the most pungent, ridiculous ingredients ever known to [a] chef."<ref name="Auto0U-8"/>
In 2009, celebrity chef [[Gordon Ramsay]] referred to natural truffle oil as "a chef's dream."<ref name="Auto0U-7"/> In 2011, on the show ''[[MasterChef (U.S. TV series)|MasterChef]]'', he called the artificial truffle oil "one of the most pungent, ridiculous ingredients ever known to [a] chef."<ref name="Auto0U-8"/>


Gareth Renowden, truffle grower and author of ''The Truffle Book'', wrote that "truffle oil and the many truffle-flavored products that have come on to the market in the last few years are not necessarily bad, but they can lead to unrealistic expectations when you encounter the real thing. They offer a consistent experience, one you can guarantee to taste in the dish...they offer a simplified picture, a sort of cartoon version - bright and colourful but ultimately false".<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=21}}
Gareth Renowden, truffle grower and author of ''The Truffle Book'', wrote that "truffle oil and the many truffle-flavored products that have come on to the market in the last few years are not necessarily bad, but they can lead to unrealistic expectations when you encounter the real thing. They offer a consistent experience, one you can guarantee to taste in the dish...they offer a simplified picture, a sort of cartoon version — bright and colourful but ultimately false".<ref name="TBook"/>{{rp|page=21}}


The annual Australian Food Awards, awarded by the [[Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria]], bans the use of 2,4-dithiapentane in entries for truffle-related categories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Food Awards: 2017 Entry Booklet|publisher=The Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria Limited|url=http://www.rasv.com.au/Events/RMFF_Home/RMFF_Entries/RMFF_Publications/AFA_2017_EntryBooklet|date=2017|accessdate=November 8, 2017}}</ref>
The annual Australian Food Awards, awarded by the [[Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria]], bans the use of 2,4-dithiapentane in entries for truffle-related categories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Food Awards: 2017 Entry Booklet|publisher=The Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria Limited|url=http://www.rasv.com.au/Events/RMFF_Home/RMFF_Entries/RMFF_Publications/AFA_2017_EntryBooklet|date=2017|access-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017, a [[class action]] lawsuit was brought against Sabatino North America LLC, the largest truffle product manufacturer in the United States, alleging that the company used deceptive labeling implying to consumers that their truffle oils contained black or white truffles, although a DNA analysis confirmed that "Sabatino Truffle Oil does not contain any truffle whatsoever".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabatino Class Action Says Truffle Oil is Artificially Flavored|publisher=Top Class Actions|url=https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/670518-sabatino-class-action-says-truffle-oil-artifically-flavored/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=QUIROZ V. SABATINO TRUFFLES NEW YORK, AMENDED COMPLAINT |publisher=Food Litigation News|url=https://www.foodlitigationnews.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/10/Quiroz-v.-Sabatino-Truffles-NY-Amended-Complaint.pdf}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|refs=
⚫
{{Commons category|Truffle oil}}
<ref name="BA">{{cite web|title=Truffle Oil|publisher=Bon Appetit|url=http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/truffle-oil|date=November 27, 2007|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
⚫
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="BA">{{cite web|title=Truffle Oil|publisher=Bon Appetit|url=http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/truffle-oil|date=November 27, 2007|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Saveur">{{cite web|first=Leah|last=Koenig|title=Truffle Oil|publisher=Saveur|url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/Truffle-Oil|date=March 9, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Saveur">{{cite web|first=Leah|last=Koenig|title=Truffle Oil|publisher=Saveur|url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/Truffle-Oil|date=March 9, 2009|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-1">{{cite book|author=JM Olivier |author2=P. Sourzat |author3=JC Savignac |title=Truffe et trufficulture|publisher=Editions Fanlac|date=2002|isbn=978-2-86577-228-5}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-1">{{cite book|authors=JM Olivier, P. Sourzat, JC Savignac|title=Truffe et trufficulture|publisher=Editions Fanlac|date=2002|isbn=978-2865772285}}</ref>
<ref name="TBook">{{cite book|last=Renowden|first=Gareth|title=The Truffle Book|publisher=Limestone Hills Publishing|location=[[New Zealand]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiXReAFODowC|date=2005|access-date=September 3, 2016|isbn=0-473-10242-0}}</ref>
<ref name="TBook">{{cite book|last=Renowden|first=Gareth|title=The Truffle Book|publisher=Limestone Hills Publishing|location=[[New Zealand]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiXReAFODowC|date=2005|accessdate=September 3, 2016|isbn=0-473-10242-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-2">{{cite web|last=Mayyasi|first=Alex|title=The Truffle Oil Shuffle|publisher=Priceonomics|url=https://priceonomics.com/the-truffle-oil-shuffle/|date=July 30, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-2">{{cite web|last=Mayyasi|first=Alex|title=The Truffle Oil Shuffle|publisher=Priceonomics|url=https://priceonomics.com/the-truffle-oil-shuffle/|date=July 30, 2014|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Travels">{{cite book|last=Keyßler|first=Johann Georg|author-link=Johann Georg Keyßler|title=Travels Through Germany...|publisher=A. Linde|location=[[London]]|volume=1|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYh4icyJWWEC|date=1756|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Travels">{{cite book|last=Keyßler|first=Johann Georg|author-link=Johann Georg Keyßler|title=Travels Through Germany...|publisher=A. Linde|location=[[London]]|volume=1|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYh4icyJWWEC|date=1756|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-3">{{cite news|last=Patterson|first=Daniel|title=Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/dining/16truf.html|date=May 16, 2007|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-3">{{cite news|last=Patterson|first=Daniel|title=Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/dining/16truf.html|date=May 16, 2007|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-4">"Guilty Pleasures". ''The Taste''. Season 2, Episode 3. January 16, 2014. [[American Broadcasting Company]].</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-4">"Guilty Pleasures". ''The Taste''. Season 2, Episode 3. January 16, 2014. [[American Broadcasting Company]].</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-5">{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1zqn4d/im_martha_stewart_ask_me_almost_anything_its_a/cfw1y8b|title=I’m Martha Stewart. Ask me almost anything! It’s a good thing.|publisher=[[Reddit]]|date=March 6, 2014|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-5">{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1zqn4d/im_martha_stewart_ask_me_almost_anything_its_a/cfw1y8b|title=I'm Martha Stewart. Ask me almost anything! It's a good thing.|publisher=[[Reddit]]|date=March 6, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-6">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/31/eataly-joe-bastianich-truffle-oil_n_6084560.html|title=Eataly Founder Joe Bastianich Tells Us How He Really Feels About Truffle Oil|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|date=October 31, 2014|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-6">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/31/eataly-joe-bastianich-truffle-oil_n_6084560.html|title=Eataly Founder Joe Bastianich Tells Us How He Really Feels About Truffle Oil|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|date=October 31, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-7">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezfs_vQkfwk|title=Gordon Ramsay - Truffled cream cheese|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=October 17, 2009|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-7">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezfs_vQkfwk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Ezfs_vQkfwk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Gordon Ramsay - Truffled cream cheese|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=October 17, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-8">{{cite web|last=Lynch|first=Rene|title=Chef Gordon Ramsay on the one ingredient you should NOT have in your pantry|work=Daily Dish|publisher=Los Angeles Times|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2011/06/chef-gordon-ramsay-on-the-one-ingredient-you-should-not-have-in-your-pantry.html|date=June 7, 2011|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto0U-8">{{cite web|last=Lynch|first=Rene|title=Chef Gordon Ramsay on the one ingredient you should NOT have in your pantry|work=Daily Dish|publisher=Los Angeles Times|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2011/06/chef-gordon-ramsay-on-the-one-ingredient-you-should-not-have-in-your-pantry.html|date=June 7, 2011|access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref>
}}
}}

==External links==
⚫
* {{Commons category-inline|Truffle oil}}


[[Category:Flavors]]
[[Category:Flavors]]

Latest revision as of 00:37, 7 November 2024

Truffle oils sold in Southern France

Truffle oil is a modern culinary ingredient used to impart the flavor and aroma of truffles to a dish. The ingredient is commonly used as a finishing oil[1] in a variety of dishes, including truffle fries, pasta dishes, pizzas, and puréed foods such as mashed potatoes and deviled eggs.[2] Truffle oil is available in all seasons and is significantly less expensive than fresh truffles. This has also led to a market growth in the product and an increase in the availability of truffle-flavored foods.

Truffle oil is controversial as a flavoring ingredient, as nearly all truffle oil is produced from one synthetic flavor compound, and may lack the complex flavors and aromas of fresh truffles.[3][4][5]

Composition

[edit]

Truffle oil can be produced using any oil. Common versions use olive oil, or a more neutral flavorless oil such as canola or grapeseed oil.[6]

Some truffle oils are made with the residue of truffles collected or prepared for sale. Many truffle oils are not made from truffles,[1] but instead use manufactured aromatic compounds including 2,4-dithiapentane (one of many aroma active compounds that can be found in some truffle varietals) with an oil base. There are no regulations regarding the labeling of 2,4-dithiapentane and it can legally be called truffle aroma, truffle flavor, truffle concentrate or other similar terms, even though it is not extracted from truffles. In the United States, the ingredient may use the modifiers "organic" or "natural" as long as the components meet the federal requirements for those terms.

The appearance of truffle oils is determined by the base oil, ranging from clear to cloudy and yellow to green. Some include a piece of truffle in the bottle.[2] These pieces can be from any of over 200 different truffle species and may be listed as "black truffle" or "white truffle" even if not actually containing prized culinary varietals such as the black Périgord or white Alba truffle.

History

[edit]

Preserved truffles have a long history of use, as fresh truffles are seasonal, and require proper storage and careful use in order to maintain their rich flavors.[7]: 21  Artificial truffle oils have been produced since the 1980s, around when truffles became internationally popular.[8]

In foraging

[edit]

Truffle oil is frequently used to train truffle-hunting dogs and pigs. Modern Italians often use a strufion, a ball of rags scented with truffle oil.[7]: 87  Truffle oil made by infusing olive oil with truffles has been used for this purpose since at least 1756.[9]

Reception

[edit]

Truffle oil has received a mixed response from chefs and food critics. In a New York Times opinion piece, chef Daniel Patterson wrote, "[truffle oil's] one-dimensional flavor is also changing common understanding of how a truffle should taste."[10] Anthony Bourdain said, "Let it be stated here, unto forever and eternity, truffle oil is not food."[11] He is also known for describing it as the "tomato ketchup of the middle class".[7]: 21  Celebrity chef Martha Stewart expressed her dislike of truffle oil in a 2014 post on Reddit, stating "I think truffle oil is one of the few ingredients that doesn't belong in anyone's kitchen. It's ruinous of most recipes."[12] Restaurateur Joe Bastianich said, "It's made by perfumists. It's garbage olive oil with perfume added to it, and it's very difficult to digest. It's bad for you. It's bad for New Yorkers. It's bad for the American people. So, stop it."[13]

In 2009, celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay referred to natural truffle oil as "a chef's dream."[14] In 2011, on the show MasterChef, he called the artificial truffle oil "one of the most pungent, ridiculous ingredients ever known to [a] chef."[15]

Gareth Renowden, truffle grower and author of The Truffle Book, wrote that "truffle oil and the many truffle-flavored products that have come on to the market in the last few years are not necessarily bad, but they can lead to unrealistic expectations when you encounter the real thing. They offer a consistent experience, one you can guarantee to taste in the dish...they offer a simplified picture, a sort of cartoon version — bright and colourful but ultimately false".[7]: 21 

The annual Australian Food Awards, awarded by the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria, bans the use of 2,4-dithiapentane in entries for truffle-related categories.[16]

In May 2017, a class action lawsuit was brought against Sabatino North America LLC, the largest truffle product manufacturer in the United States, alleging that the company used deceptive labeling implying to consumers that their truffle oils contained black or white truffles, although a DNA analysis confirmed that "Sabatino Truffle Oil does not contain any truffle whatsoever".[17][18]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Truffle Oil". Bon Appetit. November 27, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Koenig, Leah (March 9, 2009). "Truffle Oil". Saveur. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  3. ^ "There Are No Truffles in Truffle Oil". Priceonomics.
  4. ^ "Your Truffle Oil Contains No Real Truffles". Tasting Table. September 7, 2016.
  5. ^ Patterson, Daniel (May 16, 2007). "Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles" – via NYTimes.com.
  6. ^ JM Olivier; P. Sourzat; JC Savignac (2002). Truffe et trufficulture. Editions Fanlac. ISBN 978-2-86577-228-5.
  7. ^ a b c d Renowden, Gareth (2005). The Truffle Book. New Zealand: Limestone Hills Publishing. ISBN 0-473-10242-0. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  8. ^ Mayyasi, Alex (July 30, 2014). "The Truffle Oil Shuffle". Priceonomics. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  9. ^ Keyßler, Johann Georg (1756). Travels Through Germany... Vol. 1 (2 ed.). London: A. Linde. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  10. ^ Patterson, Daniel (May 16, 2007). "Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles". The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  11. ^ "Guilty Pleasures". The Taste. Season 2, Episode 3. January 16, 2014. American Broadcasting Company.
  12. ^ "I'm Martha Stewart. Ask me almost anything! It's a good thing". Reddit. March 6, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  13. ^ "Eataly Founder Joe Bastianich Tells Us How He Really Feels About Truffle Oil". Huffington Post. October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  14. ^ "Gordon Ramsay - Truffled cream cheese". YouTube. October 17, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  15. ^ Lynch, Rene (June 7, 2011). "Chef Gordon Ramsay on the one ingredient you should NOT have in your pantry". Daily Dish. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  16. ^ "Australian Food Awards: 2017 Entry Booklet". The Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria Limited. 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  17. ^ "Sabatino Class Action Says Truffle Oil is Artificially Flavored". Top Class Actions.
  18. ^ "QUIROZ V. SABATINO TRUFFLES NEW YORK, AMENDED COMPLAINT" (PDF). Food Litigation News.
[edit]
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