Prostitution in Tunisia: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Overview of the legality and practice of prostitution in Tunisia}} |
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'''Prostitution in Tunisia''' is regulated<ref name="reveal">{{cite web |
'''Prostitution in Tunisia''' is regulated<ref name="reveal">{{cite web |
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| url = https://en.qantara.de/content/prostitution-in-tunisia-the-big-reveal |
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==History== |
==History== |
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During the [[Ottoman Tunisia|Ottoman period in Tunisia]], prostitutes were taxed according to appearance; the better looking the woman, the more she had to pay.{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=201}} |
During the [[Ottoman Tunisia|Ottoman period in Tunisia]], prostitutes were taxed according to appearance; the better looking the woman, the more she had to pay.{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=201}} |
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Prostitution was also connected to [[slavery in Tunisia]]. The [[Islamic Law]] formally prohibited prostitution. However, since the principle of [[concubinage in Islam]] in [[Islamic Law]] allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution in the Islamic world was commonly practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who was then allowed to have sex with her as her new owner; the client would then cancel his purchase and return the slave to her pimp on the pretext of discontent, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world.<ref>B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56</ref> |
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Slavery was nominally abolished in 1846. |
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Due to the destitute state of former female slaves and the lack of professions for women in Tunisian society, many former female slaves turned to prostitution after manumission; and several decades later, many prostitutes were of slave descent.<ref>Scaglioni, M. (2020). Becoming the ‘Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia. Italien: Ledizioni.</ref> The majority of slaves being Black, Blackness came to be associated with hypersexuality and Black prostitutes in high demand.<ref>Scaglioni, M. (2020). Becoming the ‘Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia. Italien: Ledizioni.</ref> |
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Tunisia became a [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French protectorate]] in 1881. In 1883 the ''[[Conventions of La Marsa|La Marsa Convention]]'' made French law applicable in Tunisia. At that time [[brothels]] and prostitution were legal in [[France]] and therefore also in Tunisia. The first maison de tolérance (brothel) appeared in Tunis in 1882.<ref name="lee">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Daniel |title=Trafficking in Women (1924-1926) |pages=228–231 |chapter-url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/1f6b8a39-en.pdf?expires=1531640417&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=367F0DD07439B3F5DE9BF27E441576E7 |via=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |publisher=University of Sheffield, UK |access-date=15 July 2018 |language=en |doi=10.18356/1f6b8a39-en |date=19 July 2017|series=United Nations Historical Series |isbn=9789210601566 |chapter=Prostitution in Tunis }}</ref> In 1889, a regularity system was introduced,<ref name="lee" /> and biweekly medical examinations for prostitutes were made mandatory to try to stop the spread of [[syphilis]].{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=202}} |
Tunisia became a [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French protectorate]] in 1881. In 1883 the ''[[Conventions of La Marsa|La Marsa Convention]]'' made French law applicable in Tunisia. At that time [[brothels]] and prostitution were legal in [[France]] and therefore also in Tunisia. The first maison de tolérance (brothel) appeared in Tunis in 1882.<ref name="lee">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Daniel |title=Trafficking in Women (1924-1926) |pages=228–231 |chapter-url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/1f6b8a39-en.pdf?expires=1531640417&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=367F0DD07439B3F5DE9BF27E441576E7 |via=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |publisher=University of Sheffield, UK |access-date=15 July 2018 |language=en |doi=10.18356/1f6b8a39-en |date=19 July 2017|series=United Nations Historical Series |isbn=9789210601566 |chapter=Prostitution in Tunis }}</ref> In 1889, a regularity system was introduced,<ref name="lee" /> and biweekly medical examinations for prostitutes were made mandatory to try to stop the spread of [[syphilis]].{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=202}} |
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During the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]] in WWII, the [[Vichy Government]] was pressured into further regulating prostitution to try to prevent the spread of [[Sexually transmitted infection|STI]]s amongst German troops.<ref>{{cite web |
During the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]] in WWII, the [[Vichy Government]] was pressured into further regulating prostitution to try to prevent the spread of [[Sexually transmitted infection|STI]]s amongst German troops.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://eserve.org.uk/tmc/occupied/gender.htm | title = Gender and the Occupation | last = McNeill | first = Tony | date=3 March 2000 | access-date = 16 April 2017 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007022125/https://eserve.org.uk/tmc/occupied/gender.htm | archive-date=7 October 2017 }}</ref> Still controlled by Vichy France, the Tunisian government legalised the status of sex workers as "''fonctionnaires''" (civil servants) in 1942.<ref name="reveal" /> Those issued with a ''fonctionnaires'' licence were subject to strict regulation.<ref name="reveal" /> Without a licence, prostitution became illegal. Clients of illegal prostitutes were also criminalised as accomplices. Regulated areas of prostitution were present in most cities.<ref name="zocalo" /> |
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| url = https://eserve.org.uk/tmc/occupied/gender.htm |
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| title = Gender and the Occupation |
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| last = McNeill |
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| first = Tony |
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| access-date = April 16, 2017 |
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}}</ref> Still controlled by Vichy France, the Tunisian government legalised the status of sex workers as "''fonctionnaires''" (civil servants) in 1942.<ref name="reveal" /> Those issued with a ''fonctionnaires'' licence were subject to strict regulation.<ref name="reveal" /> Without a licence, prostitution became illegal. Clients of illegal prostitutes were also criminalised as accomplices. Regulated areas of prostitution were present in most cities.<ref name="zocalo" /> |
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After Tunisia was [[Tunisian Campaign|occupied by Axis forces]] in WWII, as in other occupied territories, [[German military brothels in World War II|military brothels]] were set up, often using interned Jews.<ref>{{cite web |
After Tunisia was [[Tunisian Campaign|occupied by Axis forces]] in WWII, as in other occupied territories, [[German military brothels in World War II|military brothels]] were set up, often using interned Jews.<ref>{{cite web |
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===Jasmine Revolution=== |
===Jasmine Revolution=== |
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Prior to the 2011 Jasmine Revolution, there were around 300 legal sex workers in about 12 areas including Tunis, Sfax, [[Sousse]], [[Gabès]] and [[Kairouan]].{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=202}} Following the revolution, the Islamist government turned a blind eye to fundamentalist action against the red light districts.<ref name="reveal" /> Many were burnt down; in others the prostitutes were evicted and the buildings wrecked. All but those in Tunis<ref name="reveal" /> and Sfax<ref name="pri">{{cite web |
Prior to the 2011 Jasmine Revolution, there were around 300 legal sex workers in about 12 areas including Tunis, Sfax, [[Sousse]], [[Gabès]] and [[Kairouan]].{{sfn|El Feki|2013|page=202}} Following the revolution, the [[Islamist]] government turned a blind eye to [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] action against the red light districts.<ref name="reveal" /> Many were burnt down; in others the prostitutes were evicted and the buildings wrecked. All but those in Tunis<ref name="reveal" /> and Sfax<ref name="pri">{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-12-19/prostitutes-want-tunisias-red-light-districts-get-back-business |
| url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-12-19/prostitutes-want-tunisias-red-light-districts-get-back-business |
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| title = Prostitutes want Tunisia's red light districts to get back in business |
| title = Prostitutes want Tunisia's red light districts to get back in business |
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Latest revision as of 01:23, 7 November 2024
Prostitution in Tunisia is regulated[1][2][3] and confined to two small areas, one in Sfax and the other, Sidi Abdallah Guech in Tunis. Outside these two areas prostitution is illegal.[2][3][4]
Although the number of registered prostitutes is low, many work illegally, especially since the closure of most of the red-light districts as a consequence of the Jasmine Revolution in 2011.[5] UNAIDS estimate there to be around 25,000 prostitutes in the country.[6] Sex workers and NGOs report law enforcement to be abusive, inconsistent and corrupt.[5][3]
History
[edit]During the Ottoman period in Tunisia, prostitutes were taxed according to appearance; the better looking the woman, the more she had to pay.[7]
Prostitution was also connected to slavery in Tunisia. The Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since the principle of concubinage in Islam in Islamic Law allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution in the Islamic world was commonly practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who was then allowed to have sex with her as her new owner; the client would then cancel his purchase and return the slave to her pimp on the pretext of discontent, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world.[8] Slavery was nominally abolished in 1846.
Due to the destitute state of former female slaves and the lack of professions for women in Tunisian society, many former female slaves turned to prostitution after manumission; and several decades later, many prostitutes were of slave descent.[9] The majority of slaves being Black, Blackness came to be associated with hypersexuality and Black prostitutes in high demand.[10]
Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881. In 1883 the La Marsa Convention made French law applicable in Tunisia. At that time brothels and prostitution were legal in France and therefore also in Tunisia. The first maison de tolérance (brothel) appeared in Tunis in 1882.[11] In 1889, a regularity system was introduced,[11] and biweekly medical examinations for prostitutes were made mandatory to try to stop the spread of syphilis.[12]
During the German occupation of France in WWII, the Vichy Government was pressured into further regulating prostitution to try to prevent the spread of STIs amongst German troops.[13] Still controlled by Vichy France, the Tunisian government legalised the status of sex workers as "fonctionnaires" (civil servants) in 1942.[1] Those issued with a fonctionnaires licence were subject to strict regulation.[1] Without a licence, prostitution became illegal. Clients of illegal prostitutes were also criminalised as accomplices. Regulated areas of prostitution were present in most cities.[2]
After Tunisia was occupied by Axis forces in WWII, as in other occupied territories, military brothels were set up, often using interned Jews.[14]
In 1977, the Tunisian Ministry of the Interior amended the 1942 decree to reflect the social and legislative developments the country had undergone.[15]
Jasmine Revolution
[edit]Prior to the 2011 Jasmine Revolution, there were around 300 legal sex workers in about 12 areas including Tunis, Sfax, Sousse, Gabès and Kairouan.[12] Following the revolution, the Islamist government turned a blind eye to fundamentalist action against the red light districts.[1] Many were burnt down; in others the prostitutes were evicted and the buildings wrecked. All but those in Tunis[1] and Sfax[16] were closed, those two being saved by the action of locals preventing the fundamentalists entering the areas until police and military arrived.
In 2014 there was a petition to the Ministry of the Interior to allow the red light district in Sousse to reopen but this was unsuccessful.[16][17]
Legislation
[edit]Regulated
[edit]Regulations for prostitution and brothels were introduced by a Ministry of the Interior decree on April 30, 1942:[1][3]
- Sex workers need to register and be licensed as fonctionnaires (civil servants)
- Prostitution can only take place in designated areas
- Prostitutes may work independently or in brothels
- Prostitutes may not leave the designated areas except by permit
- Twice weekly medical examinations for STIs are mandatory
- Taxes must be paid
- Time off is only allowed for menstruation
- Sex workers are not allowed to engage in any other occupation
- The use of condoms is compulsory
- Patronnes of brothels must be female, over 35 and have the permission of their husband
Non-Regulated
[edit]Article 231 of The Penal Code:
Except in the cases provided for by the regulations in force, women who, by gestures or words, offer themselves to passers-by or engage in prostitution even occasionally, shall be punished from 6 months to 2 years' imprisonment and 20 To 200 dinars of fine. Everyone who has had sexual intercourse with one of these women is considered as an accomplice and punished with the same penalty.
— Translation from original in French[18]
Generally clients are dealt with less severely, and usually only fined.[citation needed]
Sex trafficking
[edit]Tunisia is a source, destination, and possible transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. According to a baseline study published in 2013, Tunisian youth are subjected to various forms of trafficking. International organizations report an increased presence of street children and rural children working to support their families in Tunisia since the 2011 revolution; according to the baseline study, these children are vulnerable to sex trafficking. Tunisian women have reportedly been forced into prostitution under false promises of work both within the country and elsewhere in the region, such as Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, and Jordan. In 2016, the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) reported 22 prosecutions involving forced prostitution.[19]
The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Tunisia as a "Tier 2" country.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Omlin, Christina. "The Big Reveal". Qantara. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ a b c "What We Don't Know about Sex in the Middle East". Zocalo. 2010-10-25. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Sex Work Law". Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ "FAQ: Amnesty policy to protect the human rights of sex workers". Amnesty International. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ a b "Assaulted And Accused - Sexual And Gender-Based Violence In Tunisia" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ "Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016". www.aidsinfoonline.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ El Feki 2013, p. 201.
- ^ B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56
- ^ Scaglioni, M. (2020). Becoming the ‘Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia. Italien: Ledizioni.
- ^ Scaglioni, M. (2020). Becoming the ‘Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia. Italien: Ledizioni.
- ^ a b Lee, Daniel (19 July 2017). "Prostitution in Tunis" (PDF). Trafficking in Women (1924-1926). United Nations Historical Series. University of Sheffield, UK. pp. 228–231. doi:10.18356/1f6b8a39-en. ISBN 9789210601566. Retrieved 15 July 2018 – via www.oecd-ilibrary.org.
- ^ a b El Feki 2013, p. 202.
- ^ McNeill, Tony (3 March 2000). "Gender and the Occupation". Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ Tugend, Tom (April 13, 2007). "Wiesenthal Center honors one of Shoah's righteous Arabs". Jewish Journal. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ Chirico, Annalisa. "Prostitution as a matter of freedom" (PDF). Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Prostitutes want Tunisia's red light districts to get back in business". PRI. December 19, 2004. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ Benaziz, Ammar; Smith-Spark, Laura; Abedine, Saad (12 March 2014). "Tunisia sex workers call for brothel to reopen in resort of Sousse". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Code Pénal". Jurisite Tunisie. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
- ^ a b "Tunisia 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Further reading
[edit]- Alexandropoulos, Jacques; Cabanel, Patrick (2000). "La prostitution en Tunisie au temps de la colonisation" [Prostitution in Tunisia at the time of colonization]. La Tunisie mosaïque: Diasporas, cosmopolitisme, archéologies de l'identité (in French). Presses Universitaires du Mirail. pp. 389–413. ISBN 9782858164981.
- El Feki, Shereen (2013). Sex and the Citadel: Intimate Life in a Changing Arab World. Random House. ISBN 9781409019916.
- Kerrou, Mohamed; M'halla, Moncef (1993). "La prostitution dans la médina de Tunis au XIXe et XXe siècles AAN" [Prostitution in the medina of Tunis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries]. North Africa Yearbook, National Center for Scientific Research; Institute for Research and Studies on the Arab and Muslim World (in French): 201–221.
- Larguèche, Abdelhamid; Larguèche, Dalenda (1992). Marginales en terre d'Islam [Marginalized in the land of Islam] (in French). Cérès. ISBN 9789973700995.
- Salardenne, Roger (1932). L'Afrique galante: reportage chez les prostituées juives et mauresques [Africa galante: reportage among Jewish and Moorish prostitutes] (in French). Éditions Prima.
- Sebag, Paul; Attal, Robert (1959). L'Évolution d'un ghetto nord-africain. La hara de Tunis [The evolution of a North African ghetto. The hara of Tunis] (in French). Presses universitaires de France.
- Soupault, Ré (2001). Metzner, Manfred (ed.). Frauenportraits aus dem 'Quartier reserve' in Tunis [Portraits of Women in the Quartier Reserve in Tunis] (in German). Das Wunderhorn. ISBN 9783884231401. ASIN 3884231405.
- Taraud, Christelle (2003). La prostitution coloniale: Algérie, Tunisie, Maroc, 1830-1962 [Colonial Prostitution: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, 1830-1962] (in French). Payot. ISBN 9782228897051. ASIN 2228897051.