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'''Sauganash Hotel''' (originally '''Eagle Exchange Tavern''') was a hotel regarded as the first hotel in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. Built in 1831, |
'''Sauganash Hotel''' (originally '''Eagle Exchange Tavern''') was a hotel regarded as the first hotel in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. Built in 1831, the hotel was located at [[Wolf Point, Chicago|Wolf Point]] in the present-day [[Loop, Chicago|Loop]] [[Community areas of Chicago|community area]] at the intersection of the north, south and main branches of the [[Chicago River]]. The location at West Lake Street and North [[Wacker Drive]] (formerly Market Street) was designated a [[Chicago Landmark]] on November 6, 2002.<ref name="CL" /> The hotel changed proprietors often in its twenty-year existence and briefly served as Chicago's first theater. It was named after [[Billy Caldwell|Sauganash]], an interpreter in the British Indian Department. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] trim of the new hotel contrasted with the other eleven buildings of Chicago. The symmetry of its facade was typical to contemporary Greek Revival practiced on the East Coast. [[Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie|Juliette Kinzie]], who came to Chicago from [[Connecticut]] in 1831, described it as "a pretentios{{spelling?|date=April 2024}} white two-story building, with bright blue wood shutters, the admiration of all the little circle at Wolf Point".<ref name=KEA/> The hostelry's clientele transcended race, with natives and settlers enjoying each other's company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vowell, Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC9YM2p_KykC&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA100 |title=Take the cannoli: stories from the New World |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-7432-0540-5 |page=100}}</ref> |
The [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] trim of the new hotel contrasted with the other eleven buildings of Chicago. The symmetry of its facade was typical to contemporary Greek Revival practiced on the East Coast. [[Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie|Juliette Kinzie]], who came to Chicago from [[Connecticut]] in 1831, described it as "a pretentios{{spelling?|date=April 2024}} white two-story building, with bright blue wood shutters, the admiration of all the little circle at Wolf Point".<ref name=KEA/> The hostelry's clientele transcended race, with natives and settlers enjoying each other's company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vowell, Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC9YM2p_KykC&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA100 |title=Take the cannoli: stories from the New World |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-7432-0540-5 |page=100}}</ref> |
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The flow of travelers and settlers intensified with the end of the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832.<ref name="KEA">Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4L9ELpUAW1cC Chicagoland: city and suburbs in the railroad age]''. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-42882-6}}. pp. 39–40.</ref> In 1833 the hotel housed election of the first town trustees of the newly formed Town of Chicago.<ref name="CL" /> Beaubien kept the Hotel until 1834 and during his ownership he regularly entertained guests with his [[violin]].<ref name=HOC633/> On August 18, 1835, two years after the [[Potawatomi]] natives signed the treaty agreeing to be moved to a [[Indian reservation|reservation]] beyond the [[Mississippi River]] in northwestern Missouri, they selected 800 braves to perform their last [[war dance]] parade on a path that passed in front of the hotel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=William W. Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8HUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA647 |title=National magazine: a monthly journal of American history |last2=James Harrison Kennedy |year=1890 |volume=12 |page=647 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirkland, Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpMUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA8 |title=Chicago yesterdays: a sheaf of reminiscences |publisher=[[Nabu Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-149-32245-1 |page=7 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Caton, John Dean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfErAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA142 |title=Miscellanies |year=1879 |page=142 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref> |
The flow of travelers and settlers intensified with the end of the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832.<ref name="KEA">Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4L9ELpUAW1cC Chicagoland: city and suburbs in the railroad age]''. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-42882-6}}. pp. 39–40.</ref> In 1833 the hotel housed the election of the first town trustees of the newly formed Town of Chicago.<ref name="CL" /> Beaubien kept the Hotel until 1834 and during his ownership he regularly entertained guests with his [[violin]].<ref name=HOC633/> On August 18, 1835, two years after the [[Potawatomi]] natives signed the treaty agreeing to be moved to a [[Indian reservation|reservation]] beyond the [[Mississippi River]] in northwestern Missouri, they selected 800 braves to perform their last [[war dance]] parade on a path that passed in front of the hotel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=William W. Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8HUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA647 |title=National magazine: a monthly journal of American history |last2=James Harrison Kennedy |year=1890 |volume=12 |page=647 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirkland, Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpMUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA8 |title=Chicago yesterdays: a sheaf of reminiscences |publisher=[[Nabu Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-149-32245-1 |page=7 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Caton, John Dean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfErAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA142 |title=Miscellanies |year=1879 |page=142 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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In 1835, a Mr. Davis assumed control of the hotel, which subsequently had a series of proprietors.<ref name=HOC633/> The building briefly served as Chicago's first [[theatre (structure)|theater]],<ref name="CL" /> and hosted the first Chicago Theatre |
In 1835, a Mr. Davis assumed control of the hotel, which subsequently had a series of proprietors.<ref name=HOC633/> The building briefly served as Chicago's first [[theatre (structure)|theater]],<ref name="CL" /> and hosted the first Chicago Theatre Company in November 1837 in an abandoned dining room.<ref name="TH">{{Cite book |last=Adler, Tony |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1244.html |title=Theater |work=[[Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago]] |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-226-31015-9 |editor-last=Grossman, James R. |pages=815–6 |access-date=July 18, 2010 |editor-last2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor-last3=Reiff, Janice L.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcwGAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA163 |title=Harper's book of facts: a classified history of the world; embracing science |year=1895 |editor-last=Lewis, Charlton Thomas |access-date=September 25, 2010 |editor-last2=Joseph H. Willsey}}</ref> By 1839, it returned to service as a hotel,<ref name=HOC633/> but was destroyed by fire in 1851,<ref name="CL" /> and subsequently torn down.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandburg, Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nL5xCYLFs0C&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA117 |title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years |last2=Edward C. Goodman |publisher=Sterling |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4027-4288-0 |page=117 |access-date=September 25, 2010 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The [[Wigwam (Chicago)|Wigwam]] was built in its place nine years later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pacyga, Dominic A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sauganash+Hotel%22&pg=PA101 |title=Chicago: its history and its builders, a century of marvelous growth |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-64431-8 |page=101 |access-date=September 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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==Honoree== |
==Honoree== |
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[[Billy Caldwell|Billy Caldwell "Sauganash"]], who served as an [[interpreter]] for the Indian Agents,<ref name="HOC91">{{Cite book |last=Andreas, Alfred Theodore |title=History of Chicago |publisher=[[Nabu Press]] |year=1884 |isbn=1-143-91396-5 |volume=1 |page=91 |chapter=United States Indian Agents And Factors At Chicago |access-date=July 15, 2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0TAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Elijah+Wentworth%22+wolf+point&pg=PA629}}</ref> was the honoree of the hotel.<ref name=HOC633/> Born in approximately 1780, "Sauganash" was half native- |
[[Billy Caldwell|Billy Caldwell "Sauganash"]], who served as an [[interpreter]] for the Indian Agents,<ref name="HOC91">{{Cite book |last=Andreas, Alfred Theodore |title=History of Chicago |publisher=[[Nabu Press]] |year=1884 |isbn=1-143-91396-5 |volume=1 |page=91 |chapter=United States Indian Agents And Factors At Chicago |access-date=July 15, 2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0TAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Elijah+Wentworth%22+wolf+point&pg=PA629}}</ref> was the honoree of the hotel.<ref name=HOC633/> Born in approximately 1780, "Sauganash" was half native-American whose father was [[William Caldwell (ranger)|Colonel Caldwell]], an Irish officer in the [[British Army]] stationed at Detroit; his mother was a [[Pottawatomi]]. He was schooled at a [[Jesuit]] school in Detroit, where he learned English and French. Caldwell learned several Indian [[dialect]]s. Billy Caldwell's Indian Name was "Straight Tree", but he was known by "Sauganash", meaning Englishman in the [[Potawatomi language]]. As a warrior, Sauganash was under the influence of [[Tecumseh]] until he died in 1813, and he rose to the level of a Captain in the British Indian Department during the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="HOC108">{{Cite book |last=Andreas, Alfred Theodore |title=History of Chicago |publisher=[[Nabu Press]] |year=1884 |isbn=1-143-91396-5 |volume=1 |page=108 |chapter=Chicago From 1816 To 1830 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0TAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Elijah+Wentworth%22+wolf+point&pg=PA629}}</ref> |
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==Theater== |
==Theater== |
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In 1834 (three years before Chicago incorporated as a city), the hotel hosted the first professional public performance in Chicago |
In 1834 (three years before Chicago was incorporated as a city), the hotel hosted the first professional public performance in Chicago for $.50 ({{Inflation|US|0.5|1834|fmt=eq|r=2}}) for adults and $.25 ({{Inflation|US|0.25|1834|fmt=eq|r=2}}) for children. The show promised a wide variety of talents including [[ventriloquism]]. In the following two years, several traveling showmen performed at the hotel. In 1837, the Chicago Theater, which was the first local theater company, set up shop in the hotel's abandoned dining room. Co-managers Harry Isherwood and Alexander McKinzie procured an amusement license for the company from the city council, and it began performing a different billed show every night starting in late October or early November for approximately six weeks. The plays included titles ''The Idiot Witness, The Stranger'', and ''The Carpenter of Rouen''. Production of ''The Stranger'' took place in the [[dining room]] of the hotel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zietz |first=Karyl Lynn |url=https://archive.org/details/nationaltrustgui0000lynn/page/91 |title=The National Trust Guide to Great Opera Houses in America |last2=Karyl Charna Lynn |publisher=Wiley |year=1996 |isbn=0-471-14421-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationaltrustgui0000lynn/page/91 91] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Following a six-week engagement, the company went on tour until the following spring, when it returned to a different local venue.<ref name=TH/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 03:47, 7 November 2024
| Sauganash Hotel | |
|---|---|
 Sauganash Hotel, c. 1830–33 (the smaller building on the left was Chicago's first drug store) | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Completed | 1831 |
| Closed | 1851 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 2 |
Sauganash Hotel (originally Eagle Exchange Tavern) was a hotel regarded as the first hotel in Chicago, Illinois. Built in 1831, the hotel was located at Wolf Point in the present-day Loop community area at the intersection of the north, south and main branches of the Chicago River. The location at West Lake Street and North Wacker Drive (formerly Market Street) was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6, 2002.[1] The hotel changed proprietors often in its twenty-year existence and briefly served as Chicago's first theater. It was named after Sauganash, an interpreter in the British Indian Department.
History
[edit]
Mark and Monique Beaubien, the owners and builders of the hotel, were French Indian traders. In 1826 they moved to Chicago on the advice of Mark's elder brother Jean, an established trader who lived next to Fort Dearborn. The Beaubiens settled in a small cabin on Wolf's Point and also traded with the Native Americans and other travelers to the growing settlement.[2] They built a tavern on the east bank of the south branch of the Chicago River at the point where the north and south branches meet.[1][3][4]
The tavern initially was named the Eagle Exchange Tavern.[5] In 1831, they added a frame to the log structure to create Chicago's first hotel, the Sauganash Hotel.[3] When completed, it was one of only two residential structures on the south side of the main branch of the Chicago River, the other being that of his brother, Col. Jean B. Beaubien.[6] The settlement had only twelve houses at the time.[5] The hostelry immediately became famous,[7] and when reconstructed later became the city's largest and finest hotel.[4][8] Immediately adjacent to the hotel's public bar was Chicago's first drug store.[9] The Greek Revival trim of the new hotel contrasted with the other eleven buildings of Chicago. The symmetry of its facade was typical to contemporary Greek Revival practiced on the East Coast. Juliette Kinzie, who came to Chicago from Connecticut in 1831, described it as "a pretentios[spelling?] white two-story building, with bright blue wood shutters, the admiration of all the little circle at Wolf Point".[2] The hostelry's clientele transcended race, with natives and settlers enjoying each other's company.[10]
The flow of travelers and settlers intensified with the end of the Black Hawk War in 1832.[2] In 1833 the hotel housed the election of the first town trustees of the newly formed Town of Chicago.[1] Beaubien kept the Hotel until 1834 and during his ownership he regularly entertained guests with his violin.[8] On August 18, 1835, two years after the Potawatomi natives signed the treaty agreeing to be moved to a reservation beyond the Mississippi River in northwestern Missouri, they selected 800 braves to perform their last war dance parade on a path that passed in front of the hotel.[11][12][13]
In 1835, a Mr. Davis assumed control of the hotel, which subsequently had a series of proprietors.[8] The building briefly served as Chicago's first theater,[1] and hosted the first Chicago Theatre Company in November 1837 in an abandoned dining room.[14][15] By 1839, it returned to service as a hotel,[8] but was destroyed by fire in 1851,[1] and subsequently torn down.[16] The Wigwam was built in its place nine years later.[17]
Honoree
[edit]Billy Caldwell "Sauganash", who served as an interpreter for the Indian Agents,[18] was the honoree of the hotel.[8] Born in approximately 1780, "Sauganash" was half native-American whose father was Colonel Caldwell, an Irish officer in the British Army stationed at Detroit; his mother was a Pottawatomi. He was schooled at a Jesuit school in Detroit, where he learned English and French. Caldwell learned several Indian dialects. Billy Caldwell's Indian Name was "Straight Tree", but he was known by "Sauganash", meaning Englishman in the Potawatomi language. As a warrior, Sauganash was under the influence of Tecumseh until he died in 1813, and he rose to the level of a Captain in the British Indian Department during the War of 1812.[19]
Theater
[edit]In 1834 (three years before Chicago was incorporated as a city), the hotel hosted the first professional public performance in Chicago for $.50 (equivalent to $15.26 in 2023) for adults and $.25 (equivalent to $7.63 in 2023) for children. The show promised a wide variety of talents including ventriloquism. In the following two years, several traveling showmen performed at the hotel. In 1837, the Chicago Theater, which was the first local theater company, set up shop in the hotel's abandoned dining room. Co-managers Harry Isherwood and Alexander McKinzie procured an amusement license for the company from the city council, and it began performing a different billed show every night starting in late October or early November for approximately six weeks. The plays included titles The Idiot Witness, The Stranger, and The Carpenter of Rouen. Production of The Stranger took place in the dining room of the hotel.[20] Following a six-week engagement, the company went on tour until the following spring, when it returned to a different local venue.[14]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "Site of the Sauganash Hotel/Wigwam". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ a b c Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). Chicagoland: city and suburbs in the railroad age. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-42882-6. pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b Berger, Molly (2005). "Hotels". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ a b Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). "Wolf Point and Early Hotels". History of Chicago. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. pp. 629–30. ISBN 1-143-91396-5. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ a b Randall, Frank A. & John Randall (1999). History of the development of building construction in Chicago. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02416-8. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ Wentworth, John (2010). Early Chicago. Fort Dearborn: An Address ... The British Library. p. 68. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ "At this date, Chicago was a village of only twelve houses" – Frank Alfred Randall, John D. Randall (1999). History of the development of building construction in Chicago. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02416-8. p. 8.
- ^ a b c d e Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). "Wolf Point and Early Hotels". History of Chicago. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. p. 633. ISBN 1-143-91396-5. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ Bulletin of pharmacy. Vol. 16. Nabu Press. 2010. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-144-46348-7. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ Vowell, Sarah (2001). Take the cannoli: stories from the New World. Simon & Schuster. p. 100. ISBN 0-7432-0540-5.
- ^ William W. Williams; James Harrison Kennedy (1890). National magazine: a monthly journal of American history. Vol. 12. p. 647. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ Kirkland, Caroline (2010). Chicago yesterdays: a sheaf of reminiscences. Nabu Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-149-32245-1. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ Caton, John Dean (1879). Miscellanies. p. 142. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Adler, Tony (2004). Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). Theater. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 815–6. ISBN 0-226-31015-9. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Joseph H. Willsey, eds. (1895). Harper's book of facts: a classified history of the world; embracing science. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ Sandburg, Carl & Edward C. Goodman (2007). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years. Sterling. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4027-4288-0. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). Chicago: its history and its builders, a century of marvelous growth. University of Chicago Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-226-64431-8. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). "United States Indian Agents And Factors At Chicago". History of Chicago. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. p. 91. ISBN 1-143-91396-5. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). "Chicago From 1816 To 1830". History of Chicago. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. p. 108. ISBN 1-143-91396-5. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ Zietz, Karyl Lynn; Karyl Charna Lynn (1996). The National Trust Guide to Great Opera Houses in America. Wiley. p. 91. ISBN 0-471-14421-5.
41°53′7.3″N 87°38′11.2″W / 41.885361°N 87.636444°W