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{{Short description|15th-century Sanskrit manual on haṭha yoga}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[File:19th century manuscript copy, 15th century Hatha yoga pradipika, Schoyen Collection Norway.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Detail of a 19th century manuscript copy of the 15th century ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'', Schoyen Collection, Norway]]
[[File:19th century manuscript copy, 15th century Hatha yoga pradipika, Schoyen Collection Norway.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Detail of a 19th-century manuscript copy of the 15th century ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'', Schoyen Collection, Norway]]
The '''''Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā''''' ({{Lang-sa|{{IAST|haṭhayogapradīpikā}}, हठयोगप्रदीपिका}} or Light on Hatha Yoga) is a classic fifteenth-century [[Sanskrit]] [[Owners manual|manual]] on [[haṭha yoga]], written by '''Svātmārāma''', who connects the teaching's lineage to [[Matsyendranath]] of the [[Natha]]s. It is among the most influential surviving texts on haṭha yoga, being one of the three classic texts alongside the ''[[Gheranda Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Shiva Samhita]]''.<ref name="uk">{{cite web |author=Master Murugan, Chillayah |publisher=Silambam |title=Veda Studies and Knowledge (Pengetahuan Asas Kitab Veda) |date=20 October 2012 |url=http://www.silambam.asia/veda.html |accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref>
The '''''Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā''''' ({{Langx|sa|{{IAST|haṭhayogapradīpikā}}, हठयोगप्रदीपिका}} or Light on Hatha Yoga) is a classic fifteenth-century [[Sanskrit]] [[Owners manual|manual]] on [[haṭha yoga]], written by '''Svātmārāma<!--redirects here-->''', who connects the teaching's lineage to [[Matsyendranath]] of the [[Natha]]s. It is among the most influential surviving texts on haṭha yoga, being one of the three classic texts alongside the ''[[Gheranda Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Shiva Samhita]]''.<ref name="uk">{{cite web |author=Master Murugan, Chillayah |publisher=Silambam |title=Veda Studies and Knowledge (Pengetahuan Asas Kitab Veda) |date=20 October 2012 |url=http://www.silambam.asia/veda.html |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

More recently, eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to the ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' have been identified.


==Title and composition==
==Title and composition==


{|class="wikitable floatright" width=45%}}
{|class="wikitable floatright" width=45%
! <small>''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' 2.40–41, 2.77, translated by Mallinson & Singleton</small>
! <small>''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' 2.40–41, 2.77, translated by Mallinson & Singleton</small>
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Different manuscripts offer various versions of the text's title. The database of the [[A.C. Woolner]] manuscript project at the [[University of Vienna#The University Library|Library of the University of Vienna]] gives the following variant titles, gleaned from different manuscript [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]]s: ''Haṭhayogapradīpikā'', ''Haṭhapradīpikā'', ''Haṭhapradī'', ''Hath-Pradipika''.<ref name=WoolnerDatabase>{{cite web |title=Svātmārāma - Collected Information |url=http://www.istb.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/smwc/smwc.cgi?uid=default&uniform_entity=uniform_person&edit_nav=119&query_uniform=36&last_ms=&nav=2&subnav=71&subsubnav=99&browse_field=174 |work=A Study of the Manuscripts of the Woolner Collection, Lahore |publisher=University of Vienna |accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref>
Different manuscripts offer different titles for the text, including ''Haṭhayogapradīpikā'', ''Haṭhapradīpikā'', ''Haṭhapradī'', and ''Hath-Pradipika''.<ref name=WoolnerDatabase>{{cite web |title=Svātmārāma - Collected Information |url=http://www.istb.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/smwc/smwc.cgi?uid=default&uniform_entity=uniform_person&edit_nav=119&query_uniform=36&last_ms=&nav=2&subnav=71&subsubnav=99&browse_field=174 |work=A Study of the Manuscripts of the Woolner Collection, Lahore |publisher=University of Vienna |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602132255/https://www.istb.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/smwc/smwc.cgi?uid=default&uniform_entity=uniform_person&edit_nav=119&query_uniform=36&last_ms=&nav=2&subnav=71&subsubnav=99&browse_field=174 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was composed by Svātmārāma in the 15th century as a compilation of the earlier haṭha yoga texts. Svātmārāma incorporates older Sanskrit concepts into his synthesis. He introduces his system as a preparatory stage for physical purification before higher [[meditation]] or [[Raja Yoga]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandit |first=Moti Lal |title=Towards Transcendence: A Historico-analytical Study of Yoga as a Method of Liberation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-0MAAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Intercultural |isbn=978-81-85574-01-1 |page=205}}</ref>

The ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'' was composed by Svātmārāma in the 15th century as a compilation of the earlier haṭha yoga texts. Svātmārāma incorporates older Sanskrit concepts into his synthesis. He introduces his system as a preparatory stage for physical purification before higher [[meditation]] or [[Raja Yoga]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandit |first=Moti Lal |title=Towards Transcendence: A Historico-analytical Study of Yoga as a Method of Liberation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-0MAAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Intercultural |isbn=978-81-85574-01-1 |page=205 }}</ref>


==Summary==
==Summary==
[[File:Yogin in meditation chakras kundalini snake.jpg|thumb|Manuscript painting of a [[yogin]] in meditation, showing the [[chakra]]s and the three main ''[[nadi (yoga)|nāḍīs]]'' (channels) of the [[subtle body]]. A small serpent, representing the [[Kundalini]], climbs from the base of the central nāḍī.]]
[[File:Yogin in meditation chakras kundalini snake.jpg|thumb|Manuscript painting of a [[yogin]] in meditation, showing the [[chakra]]s and the three main ''[[nadi (yoga)|nāḍīs]]'' (channels) of the [[subtle body]]. A small serpent, representing the [[Kundalini]], climbs from the base of the central nāḍī.]]


The ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'' lists thirty-five earlier Haṭha Yoga masters (''[[siddhas]]''), including [[Adi Natha|Ādi Nātha]], [[Matsyendranath|Matsyendranāth]] and [[Gorakhnath|Gorakṣanāth]]. The work consists of 389 ''[[shloka]]s'' (verses) in four chapters that describe topics including purification (Sanskrit: ''[[shatkarma|ṣaṭkarma]]''), posture (''[[asana|āsana]]''), breath control (''[[pranayama|prāṇāyāma]]''), spiritual centres in the body (''[[chakra]]''), coiled power (''[[kuṇḍalinī]]''), force postures (''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]''), energy (''[[shakti|śakti]]''), channels of the [[subtle body]] (''[[nadi (yoga)|nāḍī]]''), and symbolic gestures (''[[mudra|mudrā]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Burley |first=Mikel |title=Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1706-7 |pages=6-7}}</ref>
The ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'' lists thirty-five earlier Haṭha Yoga masters (''[[siddhas]]''), including [[Adi Natha|Ādi Nātha]], [[Matsyendranath|Matsyendranāth]] and [[Gorakhnath|Gorakṣanāth]]. The work consists of 389 ''[[shloka]]s'' (verses) in four chapters that describe topics including purification (Sanskrit: ''[[shatkarma|ṣaṭkarma]]''), posture (''[[asana|āsana]]''), breath control (''[[pranayama|prāṇāyāma]]''), spiritual centres in the body (''[[chakra]]''), ''[[kuṇḍalinī]]'', energetic locks (''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]''), energy (''[[prana|prāṇa]]''), channels of the [[subtle body]] (''[[nadi (yoga)|nāḍī]]''), and energetic seals (''[[mudra|mudrā]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Burley |first=Mikel |author-link=Mikel Burley |title=Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1706-7 |pages=6–7}}</ref>


* Chapter 1 deals with setting the proper environment for yoga, the ethical duties of a yogi, and the ''asanas''.
* Chapter 1 deals with setting the proper environment for yoga, the ethical duties of a yogi, and the ''[[asanas]]''.
* Chapter 2 deals with ''pranayama'' and the ''satkarmas''.
* Chapter 2 deals with ''[[pranayama]]'' and the ''[[satkarma]]s''.
* Chapter 3 discusses the ''mudras'' and their benefits.
* Chapter 3 discusses the ''[[mudra]]s'' and their benefits.
* Chapter 4 deals with [[meditation]] and ''[[samadhi]]'' as a journey of personal spiritual growth.
* Chapter 4 deals with [[meditation]] and ''[[samadhi]]'' as a journey of personal spiritual growth.


It runs in the line of [[Hindu]] yoga (as opposed to the [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] traditions) and is dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha|The First Lord]] (Ādi Nātha), one of the names of Lord [[Shiva|Śiva]] (the Hindu god of destruction and renewal). He is described in several texts from the ''[[Dattatreya Yoga Shastra|Dattātreyayogaśāstra]]'' onwards as having imparted the secret of haṭha yoga to his divine consort [[Pārvatī]].
It runs in the line of [[Hindu]] yoga (as opposed to the [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] traditions) and is dedicated to The First Lord (Ādi Nātha), one of the names of Lord [[Shiva|Śiva]] (the Hindu god of destruction and renewal). He is described in several Nāth texts as having imparted the secret of haṭha yoga to his divine consort [[Pārvatī]].


==== Mechanisms ====
=== Mechanisms ===
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align = center
| align = center
Line 37: Line 38:
| image2 = Late Kundalini Model of Hatha Yoga.svg
| image2 = Late Kundalini Model of Hatha Yoga.svg
| alt2 = Late [[Kundalini]] model
| alt2 = Late [[Kundalini]] model
| footer = The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' presents two contradictory models, one involving stopping the flow of [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]], the other involving [[Kundalini]] and encouraging the flow of [[Amrita]], to explain how Hatha Yoga leads to liberation, without attempting to harmonise them.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}
| footer = The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' presents two contradictory models, one involving stopping the flow of [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]], the other involving [[Kundalini]] and encouraging the flow of [[Amrita]], to explain how Hatha Yoga leads to immortality, without attempting to harmonise them.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}
}}{{-}}
}}{{Clear}}


The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' presents two contradictory models of how Hatha Yoga may lead to liberation (''[[moksha]]''), both culled from other texts, without attempting to harmonise them.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}
The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' presents two contradictory models of how Hatha Yoga may lead to immortality (''[[moksha]]''), both culled from other texts, without attempting to harmonise them.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}


The earlier model involves the manipulation of [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]; it drips continually from the moon centre in the head, falling to its destruction either in the digestive fire of the belly (the sun centre), or to be ejaculated as semen, with which it was identified. The loss of Bindu causes progressive weakening and ultimately death. In this model, Bindu is to be conserved, and the various mudras act to block its passage down the [[Sushumna]] nadi, the central channel of the [[subtle body]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}
The earlier model involves the manipulation of [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]; it drips continually from the moon centre in the head, falling to its destruction either in the digestive fire of the belly (the sun centre), or to be ejaculated as semen, with which it was identified. The loss of Bindu causes progressive weakening and ultimately death. In this model, Bindu is to be conserved, and the various mudras act to block its passage down the [[Sushumna]] nadi, the central channel of the [[subtle body]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}


The later model involves the stimulation of [[Kundalini]], visualised as a small serpent coiled around the base of the Sushumna nadi. In this model, the mudras serve to unblock the channel, allowing Kundalini to rise. When Kundalini finally reaches the top at the [[Sahasrara]] chakra, the thousand-petalled lotus, the store of Amrita, the nectar of immortality stored in the head, is released. The Amrita then floods down through the body, rendering it immortal.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}
The later model involves the stimulation of [[Kundalini]], visualised as a small serpent coiled around the base of the Sushumna nadi. In this model, the mudras serve to unblock the channel, allowing Kundalini to rise. When Kundalini finally reaches the top at the [[Sahasrara]] chakra, the thousand-petalled lotus, the store of [[Amrita]], the nectar of immortality stored in the head, is released. The Amrita then floods down through the body, rendering it immortal.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=32, 180-181}}


==Modern research==
==Modern research==
Line 50: Line 51:
The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' is the hatha yoga text that has historically been studied within [[yoga teacher training]] programmes, alongside texts on classical yoga such as [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras'']].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=ix}} In the twenty-first century, research on the history of yoga has led to a more developed understanding of hatha yoga's origins.<ref>See, e.g., the work of the members of the [http://modernyogaresearch.org/ Modern Yoga Research cooperative]</ref>
The ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' is the hatha yoga text that has historically been studied within [[yoga teacher training]] programmes, alongside texts on classical yoga such as [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras'']].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=ix}} In the twenty-first century, research on the history of yoga has led to a more developed understanding of hatha yoga's origins.<ref>See, e.g., the work of the members of the [http://modernyogaresearch.org/ Modern Yoga Research cooperative]</ref>


[[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] has studied the origins of hatha yoga in classic yoga texts such as the ''[[Khecarīvidyā]]''. He has identified eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to its official formation in the ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika''. This has stimulated further research into understanding the formation of hatha yoga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr James Mallinson |url=http://www.modernyogaresearch.org/people/c-m/dr-james-mallinson/ |website=Modern Yoga Research |accessdate=17 November 2020}}</ref>
[[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] has studied the origins of hatha yoga in classic yoga texts such as the ''[[Khecarīvidyā]]''. He has identified eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to its official formation in the ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika''. This has stimulated further research into understanding the formation of hatha yoga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr James Mallinson |url=http://www.modernyogaresearch.org/people/c-m/dr-james-mallinson/ |website=Modern Yoga Research |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>


Jason Birch has investigated the role of the ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'' in popularizing an interpretation of the Sanskrit word ''haṭha''. The text drew from classic texts on different systems of yoga, and Svātmārāma grouped what he had found under the generic term "haṭha yoga". Examining Buddhist tantric commentaries and earlier medieval yoga texts, Birch found that the adverbial uses of the word suggested that it meant "force", rather than "the metaphysical explanation proposed in the 14th century ''[[Yogabīja]]'' of uniting the sun (''ha'') and moon (''ṭha'')".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Birch |first=Jason |title=The Meaning of haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=2011 |volume=131 |pages=527–554 |jstor=41440511}}</ref>
[[Jason Birch]] has investigated the role of the ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'' in popularizing an interpretation of the Sanskrit word ''haṭha''. The text drew from classic texts on different systems of yoga, and Svātmārāma grouped what he had found under the generic term "haṭha yoga". Examining Buddhist tantric commentaries and earlier medieval yoga texts, Birch found that the adverbial uses of the word suggested that it meant "force", rather than "the metaphysical explanation proposed in the 14th century ''[[Yogabīja]]'' of uniting the sun (''ha'') and moon (''ṭha'')".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Birch |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Birch |title=The Meaning of haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=2011 |volume=131 |pages=527–554 |jstor=41440511}}</ref>


== References==
== References==
Line 59: Line 60:
== Sources ==
== Sources ==


* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}


== External links==
== External links==
Line 66: Line 67:
* [https://archive.org/stream/hathayogapradipika/hatha_yoga_pradipika#page/n0/mode/2up Iyangar et al 1972 Translation with Jyotsnā commentary]
* [https://archive.org/stream/hathayogapradipika/hatha_yoga_pradipika#page/n0/mode/2up Iyangar et al 1972 Translation with Jyotsnā commentary]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/index.htm Sanskrit text and translation of Pancham Sinh edition at sacred-texts.com]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/index.htm Sanskrit text and translation of Pancham Sinh edition at sacred-texts.com]
* [http://static.libripass.com/read/yoga/#/9-1 ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' Pancham Sinh edition from LibriPass]
* [http://static.libripass.com/read/yoga/#/9-1 ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' Pancham Sinh edition from LibriPass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625032512/http://static.libripass.com/read/yoga#/9-1 |date=25 June 2014 }}
* [http://www.yogavidya.com/hyp.html Sample of new translation by Brian Akers]
* [http://www.yogavidya.com/hyp.html Sample of new translation by Brian Akers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216185709/http://rajayoga.home.xs4all.nl/EN/HathaYogaPradipika2003En.pdf 2003 translation with Jyotsnā commentary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216185709/http://rajayoga.home.xs4all.nl/EN/HathaYogaPradipika2003En.pdf 2003 translation with Jyotsnā commentary]
* [https://www.theluminescent.org/2020/12/lightonhathayoga-projectlaunch.html Light on Haṭha Yoga project: a critical edition and translation, 2021]


{{Hatha yoga}}
{{Hatha yoga}}

Latest revision as of 03:57, 7 November 2024

Detail of a 19th-century manuscript copy of the 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Schoyen Collection, Norway

The Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā (Sanskrit: haṭhayogapradīpikā, हठयोगप्रदीपिका or Light on Hatha Yoga) is a classic fifteenth-century Sanskrit manual on haṭha yoga, written by Svātmārāma, who connects the teaching's lineage to Matsyendranath of the Nathas. It is among the most influential surviving texts on haṭha yoga, being one of the three classic texts alongside the Gheranda Samhita and the Shiva Samhita.[1]

More recently, eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to the Hatha Yoga Pradipika have been identified.

Title and composition

[edit]
Hatha Yoga Pradipika 2.40–41, 2.77, translated by Mallinson & Singleton
As long as the breath is restrained in the body, the mind is calm. As long as the gaze is between the eyebrows there is no danger of death. When all the channels have been purified by correctly performing restraints of the breath, the wind easily pierces and enters the aperture of the Sushumna.

At the end of the breath-retention in kumbhaka, make the mind free of support. Through practising yoga thus one attains the rajayoga state.[2]

Different manuscripts offer different titles for the text, including Haṭhayogapradīpikā, Haṭhapradīpikā, Haṭhapradī, and Hath-Pradipika.[3] It was composed by Svātmārāma in the 15th century as a compilation of the earlier haṭha yoga texts. Svātmārāma incorporates older Sanskrit concepts into his synthesis. He introduces his system as a preparatory stage for physical purification before higher meditation or Raja Yoga.[4]

Summary

[edit]
Manuscript painting of a yogin in meditation, showing the chakras and the three main nāḍīs (channels) of the subtle body. A small serpent, representing the Kundalini, climbs from the base of the central nāḍī.

The Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā lists thirty-five earlier Haṭha Yoga masters (siddhas), including Ādi Nātha, Matsyendranāth and Gorakṣanāth. The work consists of 389 shlokas (verses) in four chapters that describe topics including purification (Sanskrit: ṣaṭkarma), posture (āsana), breath control (prāṇāyāma), spiritual centres in the body (chakra), kuṇḍalinī, energetic locks (bandha), energy (prāṇa), channels of the subtle body (nāḍī), and energetic seals (mudrā).[5]

  • Chapter 1 deals with setting the proper environment for yoga, the ethical duties of a yogi, and the asanas.
  • Chapter 2 deals with pranayama and the satkarmas.
  • Chapter 3 discusses the mudras and their benefits.
  • Chapter 4 deals with meditation and samadhi as a journey of personal spiritual growth.

It runs in the line of Hindu yoga (as opposed to the Buddhist and Jain traditions) and is dedicated to The First Lord (Ādi Nātha), one of the names of Lord Śiva (the Hindu god of destruction and renewal). He is described in several Nāth texts as having imparted the secret of haṭha yoga to his divine consort Pārvatī.

Mechanisms

[edit]
Early Bindu model
Late Kundalini model
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika presents two contradictory models, one involving stopping the flow of Bindu, the other involving Kundalini and encouraging the flow of Amrita, to explain how Hatha Yoga leads to immortality, without attempting to harmonise them.[6]

The Hatha Yoga Pradipika presents two contradictory models of how Hatha Yoga may lead to immortality (moksha), both culled from other texts, without attempting to harmonise them.[6]

The earlier model involves the manipulation of Bindu; it drips continually from the moon centre in the head, falling to its destruction either in the digestive fire of the belly (the sun centre), or to be ejaculated as semen, with which it was identified. The loss of Bindu causes progressive weakening and ultimately death. In this model, Bindu is to be conserved, and the various mudras act to block its passage down the Sushumna nadi, the central channel of the subtle body.[6]

The later model involves the stimulation of Kundalini, visualised as a small serpent coiled around the base of the Sushumna nadi. In this model, the mudras serve to unblock the channel, allowing Kundalini to rise. When Kundalini finally reaches the top at the Sahasrara chakra, the thousand-petalled lotus, the store of Amrita, the nectar of immortality stored in the head, is released. The Amrita then floods down through the body, rendering it immortal.[6]

Modern research

[edit]

The Hatha Yoga Pradipika is the hatha yoga text that has historically been studied within yoga teacher training programmes, alongside texts on classical yoga such as Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.[7] In the twenty-first century, research on the history of yoga has led to a more developed understanding of hatha yoga's origins.[8]

James Mallinson has studied the origins of hatha yoga in classic yoga texts such as the Khecarīvidyā. He has identified eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to its official formation in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. This has stimulated further research into understanding the formation of hatha yoga.[9]

Jason Birch has investigated the role of the Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā in popularizing an interpretation of the Sanskrit word haṭha. The text drew from classic texts on different systems of yoga, and Svātmārāma grouped what he had found under the generic term "haṭha yoga". Examining Buddhist tantric commentaries and earlier medieval yoga texts, Birch found that the adverbial uses of the word suggested that it meant "force", rather than "the metaphysical explanation proposed in the 14th century Yogabīja of uniting the sun (ha) and moon (ṭha)".[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Master Murugan, Chillayah (20 October 2012). "Veda Studies and Knowledge (Pengetahuan Asas Kitab Veda)". Silambam. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  2. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 162.
  3. ^ "Svātmārāma - Collected Information". A Study of the Manuscripts of the Woolner Collection, Lahore. University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  4. ^ Pandit, Moti Lal (1991). Towards Transcendence: A Historico-analytical Study of Yoga as a Method of Liberation. Intercultural. p. 205. ISBN 978-81-85574-01-1.
  5. ^ Burley, Mikel (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-81-208-1706-7.
  6. ^ a b c d Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 32, 180–181.
  7. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. ix.
  8. ^ See, e.g., the work of the members of the Modern Yoga Research cooperative
  9. ^ "Dr James Mallinson". Modern Yoga Research. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  10. ^ Birch, Jason (2011). "The Meaning of haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 131: 527–554. JSTOR 41440511.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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